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Background:
Garlic is a common bulb vegetable that is used to flavor and flavor food. The plant contains biologically active components that contribute to its pharmacological properties. This paper attempts to examine the therapeutic uses and potential role in the drug development of garlic for various human diseases.
Methods:
To obtain crucial...
Citations
... The compatibility of these food and medicinal homologues results in a variety of biological activities. Over 70% of AS is composed of dietary fibre, which has pharmacological effects, such as promoting intestinal peristalsis, regulating blood lipids and blood sugar, improving gut microbiota and preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Batiha et al., 2020;Tesfaye, 2021). ZR was shown to contain a number of active ingredients that inhibited weight gain, lipid-related indicators and fat synthase activity in a HFD-induced obese rat model (Heras et al., 2017). ...
Dietary patterns are closely related to obesity, and a balanced diet can prevent obesity more than a single food or nutrient. In this study, we investigated the anti‐obesity effects of food and medicine homologous ingredient complex (FMHIC). The serum biochemical indices related to lipid metabolism were significantly improved in the FMHIC group. Meanwhile, it significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets, improved adipocyte hypertrophy and downregulated gene expression related to lipid production. FMHIC can effectively regulate intestinal flora richness and structural disorder in obese mice and result in a higher abundance of NK4A214_group and Prevotellaceae _UCG_001, and a lower abundance of Negativibacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnoclostridium and GCA_900066575. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a strong correlation between species richness and lipid metabolism and that FMHIC might adjust lipid metabolism by regulating the abundance of intestinal flora. In conclusion, FMHIC regulates lipid metabolism and modulates gut microbiota to regulate high‐fat diet‐induced dysbiosis.
... b. Vindoline: This alkaloid inhibits the contraction of the smooth muscles of the intestine and the uterus 33 . It also reduces the secretion of gastric acid and bile. ...
Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a plant species known for its rich pharmacological and phytochemical properties. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the potential of Madagascar periwinkle as a dietary supplement. A thorough search of relevant databases yielded studies focusing on the pharmacological activities and phytochemical constituents of Madagascar periwinkle. The review highlights the diverse pharmacological effects of Madagascar periwinkle, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, among others. Furthermore, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Despite the promising findings, further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of action, safety profile, and potential interactions of Madagascar periwinkle as a dietary supplement. Overall, this systematic review provides valuable insights into the pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of Madagascar periwinkle, suggesting its potential as a natural dietary supplement with diverse health benefits.
... It also has properties that help in treating asthma, arthritis, chronic fever, tuberculosis, runny nose, malaria, leprosy, skin discoloration, and itching, indigestion, colic, enlarged spleen, hemorrhoids, fistula, bone fracture, gout, urinary tract disease, diabetes, kidney stones, anemia, jaundice, epilepsy, cataract, and night blindness. The researchers concluded that the nutritional content of the plant is significant, and it has incredible therapeutic potential [11]. The influence of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale ethanol extracts on lipid profile when administered in monotherapy and in combination therapy was evaluated using female Wister rat models. ...
Dyslipidemia is a metabolic condition that is marked by abnormal levels of serum cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Elevation of CHO, TG, LDL and VLDL can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In this study, the influence of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale ethanol extracts on the various lipid components when administered in monotherapy and in combination therapy were evaluated using female Wister rat models. Mature female Wister rats (n = 40) were divided into eight groups. Group 1 was the control group and received 10 ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Group 2 and 3 received 530 mg/kg body weight of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum respectively. Groups 4-8 were treated with different ratios of the two herbs administered in combination (Zingiber officinale:Allium sativum). The ratios were 2;8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, and 8:2. On the 91st day post treatment, blood samples were collected from the animals in all the groups and analyzed for the lipid components notably CHO, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. It was observed that Alliun sativum given alone had the best effects on all the lipid components which was significant (P ˂ 0.05). It can be concluded that Allium sativum administered alone exhibited the greatest potentials in lowering bad cholesterol (TG, TC, LDL and VLDL) as well as increasing the good cholesterol (HDL) than Zingiber officinale or combination of the two herbs administered in all proportions.
... Traditional homemade remedies, such as garlic, have been used for the treatment of pain, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Scientific research exploring the medicinal properties of garlic, focuses on allicin, diallyl sulfate and other diallyls (1). The Allium species, including garlic, contain sulfoxides with unique medicinal properties, including antioxidant (2), anti-cancer (3), anti-viral, anti-microbial (4) and anti-fungal properties (5), and have been used in the treatment of diabetes (6,7) and periodontal disease (8,9) and for potentially preventing cardiovascular (10)(11)(12) and neurodegenerative diseases (13,14). ...
Allicin is a thiosulphate molecule produced in garlic (Allium sativum) and has a wide range of biological actions and pharmaceutical applications. Its precursor molecule is the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulphoxide). The alliin biosynthetic pathway in garlic involves a group of enzymes, members of which are the γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase isoenzymes, Allium sativum γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase AsGGT1, AsGGT2 and AsGGT3, which catalyze the removal of the γ-glutamyl group from γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine to produce S-allyl-L-cysteine. This removal is followed by an S-oxygenation, which leads to the biosynthesis of alliin. The aim of the present study is to annotate previously discovered genes of garlic γ-glutamyl-transpeptidases, as well as a fourth candidate gene (AsGGT4) that has yet not been described. The annotation includes identifying the loci of the genes in the garlic genome, revealing the overall structure and conserved regions of these genes, and elucidating the evolutionary history of these enzymes through their phylogenetic analysis. The genomic structure of γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase genes is conserved; each gene consists of seven exons, and these genes are located on different chromosomes. AsGGT3 and AsGGT4 enzymes contain a signal peptide. To that end, the AsGGT3 protein sequence was corrected; four indel events occurring in AsGGT3 coding regions suggested that at least in the garlic variety Ershuizao, AsGGT3 may be a pseudogene. Finally, the use of protein structure prediction tools allowed the visualization of the tertiary structure of the candidate peptide.
... Garlic also has anti-inflammatory properties, which can be beneficial for patients with inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [21]. It contains a compound called allicin, which has been shown to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms [22]. In addition to its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, garlic has been linked to heart health [22]. ...
... It contains a compound called allicin, which has been shown to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms [22]. In addition to its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, garlic has been linked to heart health [22]. Studies have shown that regular consumption of garlic can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke [18][22] [19]. ...
... Garlic is a major source of antioxidants. These compounds help protect the body from harmful free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases [22]. Another benefit of garlic is its potential for improving athletic performance. ...
Garlic is a versatile vegetable commonly grown in subtropical and highland groecosystems, which is utilized for its culinary, medicinal, and spice properties. The use of garlic as a medicinal aid can be traced back to ancient times. The health benefits of garlic production are attributed to its antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. The use of garlic is prevalent in both traditional and modern healthcare systems, where it is used to treat a wide range of conditions. Numerous studies have reported the therapeutic properties of garlic, and its effectiveness has been demonstrated in clinical trials. The growing global interest in health and wellness, the widespread use of garlic as a spice, and its potential economic, social, and health benefits have contributed to a surge in its demand worldwide. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature on the morphological descriptions of garlic and its nutritional and health significance.
... A study was conducted to test the efficacy of a garlic product containing allicin [139]. However, the allicin component of garlic has antihelmintic properties against Ascaridia galli in chickens [140]. Garlic has shown efficacy against various parasites in poultry (Figure 2 and Figure 3). ...
... Pharmacological Effects: Allium sativumhas strong activity against protozoal, viral, inflammation, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and bacteria etc. It also possesses fungicidal, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and antibacterial properties that make it a proven medicinal plant (Table 3) [26,27]. ...
Background
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that poses a significant threat to human health due to its widespread presence in the environment, affecting millions worldwide. Sources of arsenic exposure are diverse, stemming from mining activities, manufacturing processes, and natural geological formations. Arsenic manifests in both organic and inorganic forms, with trivalent meta-arsenite (As3+) and pentavalent arsenate (As5+) being the most common inorganic forms. The trivalent state, in particular, holds toxicological significance due to its potent interactions with sulfur-containing proteins.
Objective
The primary objective of this review is to consolidate current knowledge on arsenic toxicity, addressing its sources, chemical forms, and the diverse pathways through which it affects human health. It also focuses on the impact of arsenic toxicity on various organs and systems, as well as potential molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced pathogenesis.
Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted, encompassing studies from diverse fields such as environmental science, toxicology, and epidemiology. Key databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched using predetermined criteria to select relevant articles, with a focus on recent research and comprehensive reviews to unravel the toxicological manifestations of arsenic, employing various animal models to discern the underlying mechanisms of arsenic toxicity.
Results
The review outlines the multifaceted aspects of arsenic toxicity, including its association with chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurotoxicity. The emphasis is placed on elucidating the role of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and epigenetic modifications in arsenic-induced cellular damage. Additionally, the impact of arsenic on vulnerable populations and potential interventions are discussed.
Conclusions
Arsenic toxicity represents a complex and pervasive public health issue with far-reaching implications. Understanding the diverse pathways through which arsenic exerts its toxic effects is crucial to developing effective mitigation strategies and interventions. Further research is needed to fill gaps in our understanding of arsenic toxicity and to inform public health policies aimed at minimising exposure.
Arsenic toxicity is a crucial public health problem influencing millions of people around the world. The possible sources of arsenic toxicity includes mining, manufacturing processes and natural geological sources. Arsenic exists in organic as well as in inorganic forms. Trivalent meta-arsenite (As3+) and pentavalent arsenate (As5+) are two most common inorganic forms of arsenic. Trivalent oxidation state is toxicologically more potent due to its potential to interact with sulfur containing proteins. Humans are exposed to arsenic in many ways such as environment and consumption of arsenic containing foods. Drinking of arsenic-contaminated groundwater is an unavoidable source of poisoning, especially in India, Bangladesh, China, and some Central and South American countries. Plenty of research has been carried out on toxicological manifestation of arsenic in different animal models to identify the actual mechanism of aresenic toxicity. Therefore, we have made an effort to summarize the toxicology of arsenic, its pathophysiological impacts on various organs and its molecular mechanism of action.
... Allium sativum contains hundreds of phytochemicals, including sulfur-containing compounds such as ajoenes (E-ajoene, Z-ajoene), thiosulfinate (allicin), vinyldithiins (2-vinyl-(4H)-1,3-dithiin, 3-vinyl-(4H)-1,2-dithiin), sulfides (diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS)) and others that accounted 82% of the overall A. sativum sulfur content 23 . Allium sativum is reported to be an incredible medicinal plant owing to its preventive characteristics in cardiovascular diseases, regulating blood pressure, lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels, effective against bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, and enhancing the immune system 24 . It has been noticed that A. sativum brought down the pulse and cholesterol level and has solid antimicrobial action. ...
One of the primary uses of medicinal plants is as a diuretic. Both mono- and polyherbal-based diuretic formulations have been used in various parts of the world, including in India. One estimate states that more than 650 mono- and polyherbal formulations are in clinical use, including decoctions, tinctures, pills, and capsules made from over 75 plants. Many studies have been conducted supporting the diuretic properties of conventional herbal remedies. This article discusses many herbal plants from India that have historically been used as diuretics and identifies the chemical components with diuretic activity. In addition, this brief review also discusses several plant drugs and their pharmacological profile, concentrating on the administered dose and the bioactive extracts involved in the diuresis process. For researchers, searching for the best therapeutic plants for diuretic research may be a significant turning point in using various herbs from India.
... Garlic (Allium sativum) is known for its nutritional components, including vitamins C, B6, B1, B2, B3, and B9, and minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, and selenium. Garlic also contains sulfur compounds, vitamin C, and phenolic compounds, contributing to its diverse health benefits, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic, liverprotective, anticancer, and immune-boosting properties (Tesfaye, 2021). Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) is a plant species rich in vitamins (A, C, B1, B9) and minerals (calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, and manganese). ...
Microgreens contain an abundance of antioxidants (glucosinolates, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds), vitamins (C, E, and K), minerals (iron and magnesium), and other nutrients (fibre and omega‐3 fatty acids). They have been shown to promote cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, combat cancer, manage diabetes, protect the nervous system, and improve digestion. This review investigates the antioxidant content and health implications of microgreens, providing current insights and prospective outlooks. The types of antioxidants found in microgreens, as well as the factors that influence their content, such as species, growing conditions, and harvesting time, are discussed. The review highlights antioxidants' role in cardiovascular health, inflammation reduction, cancer defence, diabetes management, and nervous system protection. The antioxidant properties of microgreen varieties are discussed. The bioavailability of antioxidants from microgreens, culinary applications, and incorporation into the diet are elaborated. The section of future perspectives covers the commercial potential of microgreens, optimal harvest timing, research directions, and potential functional food and nutraceutical uses. The aim and scope of this review are to provide a comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant content in microgreens and their associated health benefits. It also seeks to identify gaps in current research and suggest avenues for future studies, especially concerning their relevance in human health and nutrition.
... As an example, garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the medicinal plants most used by Asian and Eastern cultures, and also by the pre-Hispanic cultures of America. In recent decades, the curative properties and beneficial effects against hypertension, cancer [1] and diabetes among others [2,3] have been widely studied. ...
Garlic (Allium sativum) possesses healing properties for diseases like systemic arterial hypertension, cancer and diabetes, among others. Its main component, allicin, binds to the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1). In this study, we investigated TRPV1′s involvement in the regulation of various molecules at the systemic and aortic levels in Wistar rats treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and garlic to activate the receptor. The experimental groups were as follows: 1) Control, 2) LPS, 3) Garlic, and 4) LPS + Garlic.
Using Uv–visible spectrophotometry and capillary zone electrophoresis, we measured the levels of nitric oxide (NO), biopterins BH2 and BH4, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidizing capacity (OXCA). We also analyzed molecules related to vascular homeostasis such as angiotensin Ang 1–7 and Ang II, as well as endothelin ET-1. In addition, we assessed the inflammatory response by determining the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and galectin-3 (GTN-3). For cell damage assessment, we measured levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), malonate (MTO) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8HO2dG).
The results showed that LPS influenced the NO pathway at both systemic and aortic levels by increasing OXCA and reducing TAC. It also disrupted vascular homeostasis by increasing Ang-II and ET-1, while decreasing Ang1-7 levels. IL-6, TNFα, GTN-3, as well as MDA, MTO, and 8HO2dG were significantly elevated compared to the control group. The expression of iNOS was increased, but TRPV1 remained unaffected by LPS. However, garlic treatment effectively mitigated the effects of LPS and significantly increased TRPV1 expression.
Furthermore, LPS caused a significant decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the aorta, which was counteracted by garlic treatment. Overall, TRPV1 appears to play a crucial role in regulating oxidative stress and the molecules involved in damage and inflammation induced by LPS. Thus, studying TRPV1, CGRP, and allicin may offer a potential strategy for mitigating inflammatory and oxidative stress in sepsis.
