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Biochemical and growth characteristics of bacterial strain Lep1
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Methylquinolines and related N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds are common contaminants associated with the use of hydrocarbons in both coal gasification and wood treatment processes. These compounds have been found in groundwater, and many are known mutagens. A stable, five-member bacterial consortium able to degrade 4-methylquinoline was establish...
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... strain forming red colonies, however, was identified as Methylobacterium extorquens with a similarity value of 0.81. Results of other biochemical and growth tests on strain Lep1 are listed in Table 1. Lep1 was able to grow on modified MBS medium supplemented with 1 g of a range of simple carbon sources, including glucose and succinate, liter 1 and was also able to utilize alanine and aspartate as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen when growing in the absence of any growth fac- tors. ...
Context 2
... member of the consortium, strain Lep1, was able to degrade 4-methylquinoline in pure culture. Com- parison of results listed in Table 1 with characteristics given in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (14) suggests that Lep1 is a Pseudomonas or Xanthomonas species. Sequencing of 16S rDNA or fatty acid analysis would allow for a phylogeneti- cally based classification. ...
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Citations
... This confirms the report by Meyer and Steinhart (2000) and Willumsen et al. (2001) in heterocyclic compounds and azaarenes degradation, respectively. In support, Sutton et al. (1996) recorded 15 d lag phase in aerobic degradation of 4methylquinoline. ...
... In this current study, N-PAHs impacts were observed with increase in chemical concentration. The observed concentration related effect is in agreement with the findings of Willumsen et al. (2001) who reported inhibitory effect of chemical concentration on azaarene degradation; Sutton et al. (1996), who observed complete inhibition in the degradation of 4-methylquinoline by soil bacterium at 172 mg L -1 . In conformity, Anyanwu and Semple, 2015b;2016a, 2016b reported concentration-specific impacts of N-heterocyclic aromatics (especially B [h]Q and 1,7-Phen) in soil, over time. ...
... This confirms the report by Meyer and Steinhart (2000) and Willumsen et al. (2001) in heterocyclic compounds and azaarenes degradation, respectively. In support, Sutton et al. (1996) recorded 15 d lag phase in aerobic degradation of 4-methylquinoline. ...
... In this current study, N-PAHs impacts were observed with increase in chemical concentration. The observed concentration related effect is in agreement with the findings of Willumsen et al. (2001) who reported inhibitory effect of chemical concentration on azaarene degradation; Sutton et al. (1996), who observed complete inhibition in the degradation of 4-methylquinoline by soil bacterium at 172 mg L -1 . In conformity, Anyanwu and Semple, 2015b;2016a, 2016b ...
It is now acknowledged that aromatic hydrocarbons present in contaminated soils occur in mixtures. The effect of single, binary and quinary mixtures of phenanthrene and selected nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) were investigated on the survival, growth and behavioural index of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) over a 21-day incubation in soil. The results showed that the LC50 values ranged from (not detected) ND–329.3 mg kg⁻¹ (single mixture), ND–219.8 mg kg⁻¹ (binary mixtures) to 148.4 mg kg⁻¹ (quinary mixture), while the EC50 values (based on weight loss) ranged from 13.3–148.4 mg kg⁻¹ (single mixture), 63.8–148.4 mg kg⁻¹ (binary mixture) to 24.2 mg kg⁻¹ (quinary mixture). Greater impacts were recorded where N-PAHs are present with phenanthrene. Further, behavioural index of E. fetida was affected after 24-h exposure to N-PAH-amended soils. Among the N-PAHs however, benzo[h]quinoline recorded the greatest impact on the survival, growth and behavioural index of E. fetida in soil. Findings from this study showed that three ring-N-PAHs are more toxic than phenanthrene as expected from their physico-chemical properties. The binary and quinary mixtures of phenanthrene and N-PAHs in soil intensified toxicity, suggesting that PAHs-N-PAHs mixtures represent greater risk to soil biota.
... These prolonged lag phases are likely to be a consequence of the low solubility of PQS in aqueous media (∼1 mg l −1 in water at pH 7; Lépine et al., 2003) that results in a lack of permeation into the cells, since promotion of bacterial growth generally requires cellular uptake. Furthermore, prolonged lag phases have been observed in bacterial utilization of quinoline and other bicyclic compounds related to the AQs (Sutton et al., 1996). In the enrichment experiments, growth, pink pigmentation and biofilm at the air liquid interface were only observed in PQS-containing medium. ...
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, quorum sensing (QS) regulates the production of secondary metabolites, many of which are antimicrobials that impact on polymicrobial community composition. Consequently, quenching QS modulates the environmental impact of P. aeruginosa. To identify bacteria capable of inactivating the QS signal molecule 2-heptyl-3- hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (PQS), a minimal medium containing PQS as the sole carbon source was used to enrich a Malaysian rainforest soil sample. This yielded an Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain (Q19) that inactivated PQS, yielding a new fluorescent compound (I-PQS) confirmed as PQS-derived using deuterated PQS. The I-PQS structure was elucidated using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as 2-heptyl-2-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline- 3,4-dione (HHQD). Achromobacter xylosoxidans Q19 oxidized PQS congeners with alkyl chains ranging from C1 to C5 and also N-methyl PQS, yielding the corresponding 2-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,4- diones, but was unable to inactivate thePQSprecursor HHQ. This indicates that the hydroxyl group at position 3 in PQS is essential and that A. xylosoxidans inactivates PQS via a pathway involving the incorporation of oxygen at C2 of the heterocyclic ring. The conversion of PQS to HHQD also occurred on incubation with 12/17 A. xylosoxidans strains recovered from cystic fibrosis patients, with P. aeruginosa and with Arthrobacter, suggesting that formation of hydroxylated PQS may be a common mechanism of inactivation.
... These prolonged lag phases are likely to be a consequence of the low solubility of PQS in aqueous media (∼1 mg l −1 in water at pH 7; Lépine et al., 2003) that results in a lack of permeation into the cells, since promotion of bacterial growth generally requires cellular uptake. Furthermore, prolonged lag phases have been observed in bacterial utilization of quinoline and other bicyclic compounds related to the AQs (Sutton et al., 1996). In the enrichment experiments, growth, pink pigmentation and biofilm at the air liquid interface were only observed in PQS-containing medium. ...
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS) regulates the production of secondary metabolites, many of which are antimicrobials that impact on polymicrobial community composition. Consequently, quenching QS modulates the environmental impact of P.aeruginosa. To identify bacteria capable of inactivating the QS signal molecule 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (PQS), a minimal medium containing PQS as the sole carbon source was used to enrich a Malaysian rainforest soil sample. This yielded an Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain (Q19) which inactivated PQS yielding a new fluorescent compound (I-PQS) confirmed as PQS-derived using deuterated-PQS. The I-PQS structure was elucidated using MS and NMR as 2-heptyl-2-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,4-dione (HHQD). A. xylosoxidans Q19 oxidized PQS congeners with alkyl chains ranging from C1 to C5 and also N-methyl PQS yielding the corresponding 2-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,4-diones, but was unable to inactivate the PQS precursor HHQ. This indicates that the hydroxyl group at position 3 in PQS is essential and that A.xylosoxidans inactivates PQS via a pathway involving the incorporation of oxygen at C2 of the heterocyclic ring. The conversion of PQS to HHQD also occurred on incubation with 12/17 A.xylosoxidans strains recovered from cystic fibrosis patients, with P.aeruginosa and with Arthrobacter, suggesting that formation of hydroxylated PQS may be a common mechanism of inactivation.
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... Quinoline presents risks of being carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic to humans (Sideropoulos and Secht 1984;Minako et al. 1977), and it can bioaccumulate through the food chain (Bleeker et al. 1998). Therefore, degradation of quinoline and its derivatives is receiving increasing attention (Miethling et al. 1993;Sutton et al. 1996). ...
Biofilm biodegradation was coupled with ultra-violet photolysis using the internal loop photobiodegradation reactor for degradation of quinoline. Three protocols-photolysis alone (P), biodegradation alone (B), and intimately coupled photolysis and biodegradation (P&B)-were used for degradation of quinoline in batch and continuous-flow experiments. For a 1,000 mg/L initial quinoline concentration, the volumetric removal rate for quinoline was 38 % higher with P&B than with B in batch experiments, and the P&B kinetics were the sum of kinetics from the P and B experiments. Continuous-flow experiments with an influent quinoline concentration of 1,000 mg/L also gave significantly greater quinoline removal in P&B, and the quinoline-removal kinetics for P&B were approximately equal to the sum of the removal kinetics for P and B. P&B similarly increased the rate and extent of quinoline mineralization, for which the kinetics for P&B were nearly equal to the sum of kinetics for P and B. These findings support that the rate-limiting step for mineralization was transformation of quinoline, which was accelerated by the simultaneous action of photolysis and biodegradation.
... [13] Sutton et al. isolated Pseudomonas putida QP from the consortium, which could utilize 4-methylquinoline as the sole carbon source and energy source. [14] Kilbane et al. isolated Pseudomonas ayucida IGTN9m from petroleum contaminated soil and water samples utilizing quinoline as the sole nitrogen source but not the carbon source. [15] They found that Pseudomonas ayucida IGTN9m converted quinoline to 2-quinolinone and subsequently to 8-hydroxycoumarin. ...
Bacterial strain Klebsiella pneumoniae TJ-A, which was capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source, was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Effects of temperature and initial pH on the biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by Klebsiella pneumoniae TJ-A were investigated. The optimal temperature and initial pH were 30°C and 7.5, respectively. The degradation process was well described by the Haldane model. Then 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine were metabolites detected during the degradation of 2-methylquinoline. 2-Methylquinoline was initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then to form 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of heterocyclic ring between the position 2 and 3 produced 2, 3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond between the position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring cleaved and then formed 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism might result in the formation of N-butyl-benzenamine. The 4-ethyl-benzenamine was produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from N-butyl-benzenamine. The bacterial strain Klebsiella pneumoniae TJ-A was the priority species in the aerobic activated sludge responsible for the degradation of 2-methylquinoline.
... inolines, but could not degrade them, nor could they transform 2-methylquinoline, isoquinoline, and pyridine. Moreover, they found Pseudomonas sp. MQP could degrade 2-methylquinoline. Pseudomonas aeruginosa QP was able to degrade or transform quinoline and a few methylquinolines in a complex heterocyclic nitrogen-containing fraction of a shale oil. Sutton et al. (1996) isolated Pseudomonas putida QP from the consortium, which could utilize 4-methylquinoline as the carbon source and energy source. During the degradation of 4-methylquinoline by the isolated strain, they found two important intermediates: 2-hydroxy-4- methylquinoline and hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. Kilbane et al. (2000) isolated Pseudomona ...
Bacterial strain Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. The ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was investigated under denitrifying conditions. Under optimal conditions of temperature (35 degrees C) and initial pH 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/L was degraded within 176 hr. The degradation of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D could be well described by the Haldane model (R2 > 0.91). During the degradation period of 2-methylquinoline (initial concentration 100 mg/L), nitrate was almost completely consumed (the removal efficiency was 98.5%), while nitrite remained at low concentration (< 0.62 mg/L) during the whole denitrification period. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine, N-butyl-benzenamine, N-ethyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were metabolites produced during the degradation. The degradation pathway of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was proposed. 2-Methylquinoline is initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then forms 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring at positions 2 and 3 produces 2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond at position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring may cleave and form 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism may result in the formation of 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine. 4-Ethyl-benzenamine and N-ethyl-benzenamine were produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from the above molecules.
... This could be explained due to higher recovery of HQ in sterile soil when treated with 80 (41.7%), 160 (36.5%) or 240 (39.5%) mg HQ/g soil compared to non-sterile soil treated with 80 (23.6%), 160 (24.5%) or 240 (31.1%) mg HQ/g (Figure 2). The observed higher recovery of HQ in sterile soil compared to non-sterile soil could be due to microbial or chemical transformation of HQ in non-sterile environment192021222324. The primary metabolites of quinoline microbial transformations were reported to be 8-hydroxycoumarin, 2-hydroxyquinoline, 2,8- dihydroxyquinoline and 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid [20,25,26]. ...
Allelopathic functions of plant-released chemicals are often studied through growth bioassays assuming that these chemicals will directly impact plant growth. This overlooks the role of soil factors in mediating allelopathic activities of chemicals, particularly non-volatiles. Here we examined the allelopathic potential of 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ), a chemical reported to be exuded from the roots of Centaurea diffusa.
Growth bioassays and HQ recovery experiments were performed in HQ-treated soils (non-sterile, sterile, organic matter-enriched and glucose-amended) and untreated control soil. Root growth of either Brassica campestris or Phalaris minor was not affected in HQ-treated non-sterile soil. Soil modifications (organic matter and glucose amendments) could not enhance the recovery of HQ in soil, which further supports the observation that HQ is not likely to be an allelopathic compound. Hydroxyquinoline-treated soil had lower values for the CO(2) release compared to untreated non-sterile soil. Soil sterilization significantly influenced the organic matter content, PO(4)-P and total organic nitrogen levels.
Here, we concluded that evaluation of the effect of a chemical on plant growth is not enough in evaluating the ecological role of a chemical in plant-plant interactions. Interaction of the chemical with soil factors largely determines the impact of HQ on plant growth.
... omonas aeruginosa QP and P. putida QP lead to production of 2-hydroxyquinoline as degradation metabolite and the hydroxylation was accompanied by the formation of a pink water soluble pigment, which showed an absorption maxima at 480 nm, the pink compound was transient in nature and turned dark brown on continued incubation (Aislabie et al., 1990). Sutton et al. (1996) have done the pioneering work on aerobic biodegradation of 4-methylquinoline wherein they had established a stable, 5-membered bacterial consortium, which could utilise 4-methylquinoline as sole source of carbon and energy during growth in liquid medium. Biodegradation of quinoline in crude oil is also reported using Comamonas sp. TKV3- ...
Heterocyclic nitrogenous bases are one of the most important class of compounds containing N as a heteroatom, like pyridine and its derivatives. These compounds are of immense concern from point view of environment since they are known for their toxic and carcinogenic properties, lethal effect on natural biogenic environment and severe odour potential. There is a need to control these compounds from getting discharged into the environment. This paper addresses the different natural/anthropogenic sources which generate these pollutants, their toxicity profile, different physico-chemical treatment methods and especially focuses on biological methods of treatment and combination of these for the efficient removal to achieve a treated effluent quality fit for disposal without causing any damage to the environment.
... If we suppose that half of the carbon in IAA is used for the generation of energy, the remaining C/N ratio is 4.3, which is close to the C/N of 3.6 for a typical bacterium (28). Another interesting observation is that, under optimal conditions (Fig. 2), the growth rates of P. putida 1290 on IAA are surprisingly high compared to those reported for bacteria growing aerobically on similar N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds (40,44). This combination of high nutritional value and easy digestibility make IAA, in principle, a potent selector for the presence and expansion of P. putida 1290 populations in locales where IAA is present. ...
We have isolated from plant surfaces several bacteria with the ability to catabolize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). One of them,
isolate 1290, was able to utilize IAA as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. The strain was identified by its 16S
rRNA sequence as Pseudomonas putida. Activity of the enzyme catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was induced during growth on IAA, suggesting that catechol is an intermediate
of the IAA catabolic pathway. This was in agreement with the observation that the oxygen uptake by IAA-grown P. putida 1290 cells was elevated in response to the addition of catechol. The inability of a catR mutant of P. putida 1290 to grow at the expense of IAA also suggests a central role for catechol as an intermediate in IAA metabolism. Besides
being able to destroy IAA, strain 1290 was also capable of producing IAA in media supplemented with tryptophan. In root elongation
assays, P. putida strain 1290 completely abolished the inhibitory effect of exogenous IAA on the elongation of radish roots. In fact, coinoculation
of roots with P. putida 1290 and 1 mM concentration of IAA had a positive effect on root development. In coinoculation experiments on radish roots,
strain 1290 was only partially able to alleviate the inhibitory effect of bacteria that in culture overproduce IAA. Our findings
imply a biological role for strain 1290 as a sink or recycler of IAA in its association with plants and plant-associated bacteria.
