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![Biatoropsis minuta. A–D – Basidiomata on the thallus of Usnea lapponica. E – Basidia. F – Basidiospores. [A, E–F: Aragón s.n. (holotype); B: Goward 91-16; C–D: Goward 91-13]. – Scales: A–B = 200 µm; C–D = 500 µm; E = 10 µm; F = 5 µm.](profile/Mats-Wedin/publication/311582129/figure/fig5/AS:438490853842946@1481555774154/Biatoropsis-minuta-A-D-Basidiomata-on-the-thallus-of-Usnea-lapponica-E-Basidia-F.png)
Biatoropsis minuta. A–D – Basidiomata on the thallus of Usnea lapponica. E – Basidia. F – Basidiospores. [A, E–F: Aragón s.n. (holotype); B: Goward 91-16; C–D: Goward 91-13]. – Scales: A–B = 200 µm; C–D = 500 µm; E = 10 µm; F = 5 µm.
Source publication
Three new species of Biatoropsis are formally described based on our previous molecular studies, and on additional molecular, morphological, and ecological data. Biatoropsis protousneae sp. nov. is confined to Protousnea dusenii. Biatoropsis minuta sp. nov. is characterized by the small and brown to black basidiomatal galls, and by growing on Usnea...
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Citations
... Moreover, further south it occurs in Abruzzo, Calabria and Sicilia (Aleffi et al. 2020 , where it causes the formation of typical pale to medium orange galls, containing 1-septate basidia with laterally elongating cells. This species is known from several countries in Europe and Macaronesia (Millanes et al. 2016;Roux et al. 2020;Diederich et al. 2022). At the site it was found on epiphytic thalli of U. cornuta growing on branches and trunks of Quercus ilex L. in a dense mature forest. ...
In this contribution, new data concerning algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algal genera Chara and Nitella , the bryophyte genera Brachythecium , Didymodon , Fissidens , Physcomitrium , and Riccia , the fungal genera Biatoropsis , Cantharellus , Coprinellus , Dacrymyces , Inosperma , Nigropuncta , Urocystis , and Xanthoriicola , and the lichen genera Arthonia , Bellemerea , Circinaria , Lecania , Lecanora , Lecidella , Mycobilimbia , Naetrocymbe , Parmelia , Peltigera , Porpidia , Scytinium , and Usnea .
... Moreover, further south it occurs in Abruzzo, Calabria and Sicilia (Aleffi et al. 2020 , where it causes the formation of typical pale to medium orange galls, containing 1-septate basidia with laterally elongating cells. This species is known from several countries in Europe and Macaronesia (Millanes et al. 2016;Roux et al. 2020;Diederich et al. 2022). At the site it was found on epiphytic thalli of U. cornuta growing on branches and trunks of Quercus ilex L. in a dense mature forest. ...
In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and exclusions to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Anacyclus , Anthyllis , Bolboschoenus , Catapodium , Festuca , Hordeum , Lavandula , Ophrys , Pseudopodospermum , Rosa , Sorbus and Spergula . Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrigenda are provided as Suppl. material 1.
... Still, lichenicolous Tremella species are highly specific towards their hosts, usually growing on a single species or genus (Diederich et al. 2018), which has been useful for species circumscription (Diederich 1996;Millanes et al. 2015;Zamora et al. 2016;Diederich et al. 2022). Evidence suggests that speciation is driven by host selection rather than by geographical isolation (Werth et al. 2013;Millanes et al. 2014Millanes et al. , 2015Millanes et al. , 2016Diederich & Ertz 2020;Diederich et al. 2022). ...
Tremella caloplacae (Zahlbr.) Diederich is a species complex including at least nine different species. Here, we formally describe the new species Tremella elegantis , T. nimisiana , T. parietinae , T. pusillae and T. sorediatae . Tremella elegantis induces galls in the hymenium of Rusavskia elegans and forms 2-celled basidia, where cells rarely elongate and sometimes give the appearance of two immature, independent basidia. Tremella nimisiana has small basidiomata (less than 1 mm diam.), narrowly ellipsoid to pyriform 2-celled, occasionally clavate to subcylindrical 3-celled basidia, and grows in the hymenium of Xanthocarpia species. Tremella parietinae is characterized by the exclusive growth in the hymenium of Xanthoria parietina , the broadly fusiform to ellipsoid probasidia, and the subspherical, pyriform or ellipsoid 2(–3)-celled basidia. Tremella pusillae has ellipsoidal probasidia, 2(–3)-celled pyriform or ellipsoidal basidia that sometimes are constricted at the septum, and grows only on Calogaya pusilla . Tremella sorediatae is characterized by inducing galls on the thallus of Rusavskia sorediata and by pyriform to ellipsoid basidia that sometimes are constricted at the septum. Three species are not formally described and are left unnamed as Tremella sp. 13 on Calogaya biatorina , Tremella sp. 14 on Calogaya decipiens and Tremella sp. 15 on Polycauliona sp. Tremella caloplacae in the strict sense is re-circumscribed as a species confined to Variospora species.
... Moreover, to solely rely on genetic data to set species boundaries could lead to inaccurate species delimitations, and using different lines of evidence, including ecology is also recommendable (Yang and Rannala, 2010;Carstens et al., 2013;Luo et al., 2018;Rannala and Yang, 2020). Lichenicolous Tremella species are usually confined to a particular fungal host genus or species, and host selection has proved to be a good indicator of species boundaries (Millanes et al., , 2016bZamora et al., 2016;Diederich et al., 2022). The Tremellomycetes are in general a poorly known group where further studies are needed to disentangle their diversity, and where much is still uncertain on how host-specific different species are (Hawksworth, 2003;Lawrey and Diederich, 2003; Tuovinen et al., 2021). ...
Lichenicolous fungi are a heterogeneous group of organisms that grow exclusively on lichens, forming obligate associations with them. It has often been assumed that cospeciation has occurred between lichens and lichenicolous fungi, but this has been seldom analysed from a macroevolutionary perspective. Many lichenicolous species are rare or are rarely observed, which results in frequent and large gaps in the knowledge of the diversity of many groups. This, in turn, hampers evolutionary studies that necessarily are based on a reasonable knowledge of this diversity. Tremella caloplacae is a heterobasidiomycete growing on various hosts from the lichen-forming family Teloschistaceae, and evidence suggests that it may represent a species complex. We combine an exhaustive sampling with molecular and ecological data to study species delimitation, cophylogenetic events and temporal concordance of this association. Tremella caloplacae is here shown to include at least six distinct host-specific lineages (=putative species). Host switch is the dominant and most plausible event influencing diversification and explaining the coupled evolutionary history in this system, although cospeciation cannot be discarded. Speciation in T. caloplacae would therefore have occurred coinciding with the rapid diversification – by an adaptive radiation starting in the late Cretaceous – of their hosts. New species in T. caloplacae would have developed as a result of specialization on diversifying lichen hosts that suddenly offered abundant new ecological niches to explore or adapt to.
... In 2013, Zhurbenko (2013) for the first time reported 42 species of lichenicolous fungi from Jammu & Kashmir (including Ladakh). Later, several publications pertaining to lichenicolous fungi came from Diederich & Ertz (2018); S. Joshi et al. (2013); Joseph & Sinha (2015); Y. Joshi (2018Joshi ( , 2020Joshi ( , 2021a, Y. Joshi et al. (2015aJoshi et al. ( , b, 2016aJoshi et al. ( , b, c, 2017aJoshi et al. ( , b, c, 2018Joshi et al. ( , 2020aJoshi et al. ( , b, 2021, Millanes et al. (2016), Singh et al. (2017), Singh & Singh (2018), thus raising the tally of these fungi to c. 200 in India. ...
Three species of lichenicolous fungi: Polycoccum lecanorum Y.Joshi sp. nov. (on Lecanora frustulosa), Toninia lobothalliae Y.Joshi sp. nov. (on Aspicilia almorensis and Lobothallia praeradiosa) and Zwackhiomyces protoparmeliopsidis Y.Joshi sp. nov. (on Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii) are described in detail with notes on their distribution, ecology and taxonomy, and compared with similar species.
... The lichenicolous species are in general widespread and follow the geographical distribution of their lichen hosts. Evidence suggests that speciation in investigated lichenicolous Tremellomycetes and Cystobasidiomycetes is rather driven by host selection rather than by geographical isolation (Werth et al. 2013;Millanes et al. 2014bMillanes et al. , 2015Millanes et al. , 2016bSpribille et al. 2016;). ...
... A large amount of overlooked diversity is probably also hidden in several species complexes of lichenicolous and mycoparasitic taxa. Millanes et al. (2014b) confirmed that Biatoropsis usnearum included several independent lineages some of which were later described as species based on molecular and morphological evidence (Millanes et al. 2016b;Diederich and Ertz 2020), and a few others remain undescribed awaiting for thorough morphological characterization. Other examples of species initially discovered as 'cryptic' that have been later characterized and described based on morphological traits include Tremella cetrariellae and Tremella tubulosae (Millanes et al. 2015;. ...
Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.
... Tremella s.l. includes approximately 90 species and about 50 are recognized as lichenicolous species (Kobayasi 1939;Bandoni 1958Bandoni , 1987Lowy 1971;Bandoni and Oberwinkler 1983;Diederich 1996;Chen 1998;Kirk et al. 2008;Pippola and Kotiranta 2008;Millanes et al. 2011Millanes et al. , 2012Millanes et al. , 2014Millanes et al. , 2015Millanes et al. , 2016Malysheva et al. 2015;Zamora et al. 2016;Zhao et al. 2019). Tremella s.l. is polyphyletic and was divided into five groups by Chen (1998) including Mesenterica group, Fuciformis group, Indecorata group, Foliacea group and Aurantia group based on morphological characteristics and molecular data of ITS rDNA and nLSU rDNA sequencing. ...
Samples of species close to Tremella fibulifera from China and Brazil are studied, and T. fibulifera is confirmed as a species complex including nine species. Five known species ( T. cheejenii , T. fibulifera s.s., T. “ neofibulifera ”, T. lloydiae-candidae and T. olens ) and four new species ( T. australe , T. guangxiensis , T. latispora and T. subfibulifera ) in the complex are recognized based on morphological characteristics, molecular evidence, and geographic distribution. Sequences of eight species of the complex were included in the phylogenetic analyses because T. olens lacks molecular data. The phylogenetic analyses were performed by a combined sequence dataset of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the partial nuclear large subunit rDNA (nLSU), and a combined sequence dataset of the ITS, partial nLSU, the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2). The eight species formed eight independent lineages with robust support in phylogenies based on both datasets. Illustrated description of the six species including Tremella fibulifera s.s., T. “ neofibulifera ” and four new species, and discussions with their related species, are provided. A table of the comparison of the important characteristics of nine species in the T. fibulifera complex and a key to the whitish species in Tremella s.s. are provided.
... Another intriguing aspect of the association between Tremella and lichens is specificity. Lichen-associated Tremella species have been considered to be rather specific regarding their ascomycete lichen symbionts, a trait that has been used as an initial character for the species identification of Tremella basidiomata occurring on a certain lichen (Diederich, 1996;Millanes et al., 2014Millanes et al., , 2015Millanes et al., , 2016Diederich et al., 2018). To our knowledge, lichenassociated Tremella for which reference sequences are available are largely lacking from environmental sequence data (Li et al., 2020), which supports the hypothesis that at least some of them indeed are restricted in their occurrence to the lichen symbiosis and do not likely occur freely in the surrounding environment. ...
Dimorphism is a widespread feature of tremellalean fungi in general, but a little‐studied aspect of the biology of lichen‐associated Tremella. We show that T. macrobasidiata and T. variae have an abundant and widespread yeast stage in their life cycles that occurs in Lecanora lichens. Their sexual filamentous stage is restricted to a specific lichen: T. macrobasidiata only forms basidiomata on L. chlarotera hymenia and T. variae only on L. varia thalli. However, the yeast stage of T. macrobasidiata is less specific and can occur in L. varia lichens, whilst all life stages of T. variae may be specific to L. varia. Contrary to the hyphal stages, the yeasts are distributed across the thalli and hymenia of Lecanora lichens, and not limited to specimens with basidiomata. Tremella macrobasidiata was present in all studied L. chlarotera, and in 59% of L. varia specimens. Only in 8% of the L. varia thalli could none of the two Tremella species be detected. Our results indicate that lichen‐associated Tremella may be much more abundant and widespread than previously assumed leading to skewed estimations about their distribution ranges and lichen specificity, and raise new questions about their biology, ecology and function in the symbiosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... We chose the Biatoropsis-Usnea system to explore early stages of speciation and to investigate mechanisms generating diversity and found that co-speciation was not a main evolutionary event in this system. Instead, divergence resulting from host specialization seemed to occur frequently through host-switch speciation (Millanes et al. 2014b(Millanes et al. , 2016a. Similarly, our earlier population haplotype and coalescentbased studies on lichenicolous Tremellales in Macaronesia revealed that host species and not geography influenced the genetic structure of Tremella lobariacearum (Werth et al. 2013). ...
... In contrast, herbarium specimens currently assigned to C. lichenicola probably represent a heterogeneous assemblage of several species, some of which are possibly host-specific. Host selection is an important factor that characterizes monophyletic groups in other mycoparasitic basidiomycetes (Millanes et al. 2015(Millanes et al. , 2016a and this might also be the case in Crittendenia. ...
The lichenicolous ‘heterobasidiomycetes’ belong in the Tremellomycetes (Agaricomycotina) and in the Pucciniomycotina. In this paper, we provide an introduction and review of these lichenicolous taxa, focusing on recent studies and novelties of their classification, phylogeny and evolution. Lichen-inhabiting fungi in the Pucciniomycotina are represented by only a small number of species included in the genera Chionosphaera , Cyphobasidium and Lichenozyma . The phylogenetic position of the lichenicolous representatives of Chionosphaera has, however, never been investigated by molecular methods. Phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear SSU, ITS, and LSU ribosomal DNA markers reveal that the lichenicolous members of Chionosphaera form a monophyletic group in the Pucciniomycotina, distinct from Chionosphaera and outside the Chionosphaeraceae . The new genus Crittendenia is described to accommodate these lichen-inhabiting species. Crittendenia is characterized by minute synnemata-like basidiomata, the presence of clamp connections and aseptate tubular basidia from which 4–7 spores discharge passively, often in groups. Crittendenia , Cyphobasidium and Lichenozyma are the only lichenicolous lineages known so far in the Pucciniomycotina, whereas Chionosphaera does not include any lichenicolous taxa.
... PCR amplifications were performed using Illustra™ Hot Start PCR beads according to the manufacturer's instructions, with the primer combinations and settings described in Millanes et al. (2011). Sequencing followed Millanes et al. (2016). Five new nuITS or 28S rDNA sequences were obtained for Biatoropsis millanesiana (Table 1). ...
... squamosa, mainly from Arup et al. (2013). In addition to 24 Biatoropsis specimens representing all known species in the genus and the seven clades studied in Millanes et al. (2014Millanes et al. ( , 2016, seven additional specimens from the Indian Ocean were included in the molecular study (Table 1). ...
... Notes. Millanes et al. (2014; Millanes et al. (2016) are not considered here, owing to the deviating morphology of basidiomatal galls (broad, almost disk-like, concolorous to the host thallus), and will be treated elsewhere. The available nice and richly fertile material from Mauritius and Rodrigues pemits us to describe the species formally here. ...
A first checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Republic of Mauritius is presented. It is based on older literature reports and on collections made by the authors, mainly in 2016, from the isles of Mauritius and Rodrigues. A total of 216 species are accepted, either as relevant specimens have recently been critically studied or revised by lichen taxonomists, or as we have collected and identified such material ourselves. A further 226 taxa have been reported from Mauritius but are not accepted here, either as no relevant herbarium material has recently been examined, or as previous records are dubious or erroneous; 111 taxa have been newly described from Mauritius in the past, plus 12 of which the Mauritian origin is dubious. Here we report 56 taxa as new for the island of Mauritius, and we describe two new genera (Baidera, Serusiauxia) and eight new species (Baidera mauritiana, Biatoropsis millanesiana, Chapsa alletii, Collemopsidium mauritiae, Nyungwea pyneei, Porina florensii, Pyrenula muriciliata, Serusiauxia inexpectata). Two new combinations are proposed: Loekoesia apostatica (≡ Lecanora apostatica) and Sticta flavireagens (≡ Stictina flavireagens). Phylogenetic analyses are presented for species of Arthoniales, Biatoropsis, Porinaceae, Pyrenulaceae and Teloschistales.
