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Kasiolarn, H. (2005). Biological control of Thielaviopsis bud rot of Hyophorbe lagenicaulis in the field. Journal of Agricultural Technology 1 (2): 235-245. Thielaviopsis Bud Rot was first reported to infect the Bottle Palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis) in Thailand and causes a range of symptoms e.g. Stem Bleeding, Bitten Leaf, Dry Basal Rot and Heart R...
Citations
... Although several reports have used beneficial fungi (e.g., Trichoderma and Chaetomium species) as BCAs to control date palm pathogens (Soytong et al., 2005;Sánchez et al., 2007;Ammar, 2011;Nishad and Ahmed, 2020), no rhizosphere actinobacterial isolates have been identified against SDS. The endophytic Streptomyces coeruleoprunus, on the other hand, has been considered a biocontrol potential against F. solani on date palm trees in the UAE (Alblooshi et al., 2022). ...
In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), sudden decline syndrome (SDS) is one of the major fungal diseases caused by Fusarium solani affecting date palm plantations. To minimize the impact of the causal agent of SDS on date palm, native actinobacterial strains isolated from rhizosphere soils of healthy date palm plants were characterized according to their antifungal activities against F. solani DSM 106836 (Fs). Based on their in vitro abilities, two promising biocontrol agents (BCAs), namely Streptomyces tendae UAE1 (St) andStreptomyces violaceoruber UAE1 (Sv), were selected for the production of antifungal compounds and cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), albeit their variations in synthesizing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (ACCD). Although both isolates showed antagonism when applied 7 days before the pathogen in the greenhouse experiments, the ACCD-producing Sv was relatively superior in its efficacy against SDS over the non-ACCD-producing St. This was evident from the symptoms of SDS in diseased date palm seedlings which were greatly reduced by Sv compared to St. On a scale of 5.0, the estimated disease severity indices in Fs-diseased seedlings were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 4.8 to 1.5 and 0.5 by St and Sv, respectively. Thus, the number of conidia of Fs recovered from plants pre-treated with both BCAs was comparable, but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared to plants without any BCA treatment. In addition, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in ACC levels of both the root and shoot tissues was detected inSv + Fs seedlings to almost similar levels of healthy seedlings. However, in planta ACC levels highly increased in seedlings grown in soils infested with the pathogen alone or amended with St prior to F. solani infestation (St + Fs). This suggests a major role of ACCD production in relieving the stress of date palm seedlings infected with F. solani, thus supporting the integrated preventive disease management programs against this pathogen. This is the first report of effective rhizosphere actinobacterial BCAs to provide protection against SDS on date palm, and to help increase agricultural productivity in a more sustainable manner in the UAE and the other arid regions.
... To elucidate the nature and pathogenicity of the potential pathogen, we inoculated tissue-cultured greenhouse-grown date palm plants with the three isolates of the pathogen. Our data were very similar to the data obtained from previous pathogenicity studies of T. paradoxa on Dracaena marginata [35], Butia capitate [36], Hyophorbe lagenicaulis [37], and Cocos nucifera [38]. Hence, based upon the morphology and sporulation characteristics, it is difficult to distinguish both Thielaviopsis spp., and a DNA-based molecular characterization of the most conserved regions of these fungal pathogens can be an alternative species-specific detection method for black scorch disease in date palm. ...
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the most important edible fruit crop in Saudi Arabia.
Date palm cultivation and productivity are severely affected by various fungal diseases in date
palm-producing countries. In recent years, black scorch disease has emerged as a devastating disease
affecting date palm cultivation in the Arabian Peninsula. In the current survey, leaves and root
samples were collected from deteriorated date palm trees showing variable symptoms of neck
bending, leaf drying, tissue necrosis, wilting, and mortality of the entire tree in the Al-Ahsa region
of Saudi Arabia.
... To elucidate the nature and pathogenicity of the potential pathogen, we inoculated tissue-cultured greenhouse-grown date palm plants with the three isolates of the pathogen. Our data were very similar to the data obtained from previous pathogenicity studies of T. paradoxa on Dracaena marginata [35], Butia capitate [36], Hyophorbe lagenicaulis [37], and Cocos nucifera [38]. Hence, based upon the morphology and sporulation characteristics, it is difficult to distinguish both Thielaviopsis spp., and a DNA-based molecular characterization of the most conserved regions of these fungal pathogens can be an alternative species-specific detection method for black scorch disease in date palm. ...
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the most important edible fruit crop in Saudi Arabia. Date palm cultivation and productivity are severely affected by various fungal diseases in date palm-producing countries. In recent years, black scorch disease has emerged as a devastating disease affecting date palm cultivation in the Arabian Peninsula. In the current survey, leaves and root samples were collected from deteriorated date palm trees showing variable symptoms of neck bending, leaf drying, tissue necrosis, wilting, and mortality of the entire tree in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. During microscopic examination, the fungus isolates growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media produced thick-walled chlamydospores and endoconidia. The morphological characterization confirmed the presence of Thielaviopsis punctulata in the date palm plant samples as the potential agent of black scorch disease. The results were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic dendrograms of partial regions of the ITS, TEF1-α, and β-tubulin genes. The nucleotide sequence comparison showed that the T. punctulata isolates were 99.9–100% identical to each other and to the T. punctulata isolate identified from Iraq-infecting date palm trees. The pathogenicity of the three selected T. punctulata isolates was also confirmed on date palm plants of Khalas cultivar. The morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity results confirmed that T. punctulata causes black scorch disease in symptomatic date palm plants in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, seven commercially available fungicides were also tested for their potential efficacy to control black scorch disease. The in vitro application of the three fungicides Aliette, Score, and Tachigazole reduced the fungal growth zone by 86–100%, respectively, whereas the in vivo studies determined that the fungicides Aliette and Score significantly impeded the mycelial progression of T. punctulata with 40% and 73% efficiency, respectively. These fungicides can be used in integrated disease management (IDM) strategies to curb black scorch disease.
... The fungus has also been reported as the causal agent of bunch discoloration disorder in most date palm-producing countries, including Saudi Arabia [9][10][11], Iraq, Kuwait [12], Qatar [13], and Egypt [14]. Additionally, this fungus has been reported as the causal agent of bud rot in Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (bottle palm tree) in Thailand [15], as well as in other palm species, such as Areca catechu, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Phoenix africanus, Rhapis sp., Roystonea elata, Sabal palmetto, Syagus romanzoffiana, and Washingtonia filifera [4,16,17]). Additionally, the pathogen has been described as the causal agent of basal stem rot in ornamental oil palms in China [18]. ...
... With local infiltration and drip of the endoconidial suspension, wet necrotic lesions developed around the inoculation site and advanced through the petiole towards the spear leaf. Disease symptoms caused by infiltration and drip were similar to those observed in the field and described in other studies [15,19]. ...
... The results with agar disc and cutting methods were different from other studies. The agar disc method was modified because it was considered a very aggressive method, making a punch wound of 5 mm in diameter and 5 mm deep to inoculate the PDA disc with mycelium and endoconidia, as described previously [14,15,27]. The cutting method with scissors impregnated with an endoconidia suspension had the drawback of causing considerable variation in spore distribution, precluding the determination of a mean inoculum concentration and volume, in addition to producing an injury of significant size. ...
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. and Elaeis Oleifera Cortes) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Colombia is the fourth-largest oil palm producer worldwide. However, oil palm diseases are a significant factor affecting yield. Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Höhn is a pathogen that affects young palm trees, causing spear rot. Four disease establishment methods were studied to replicate, in a controlled environment, the symptoms of the disease found in the field. Young palm trees were inoculated with a suspension of endoconidia using either local infiltration, drip, scissor cut, or direct contact with agar blocks bearing mycelia and conidia. The effects of the inoculation methods were studied in dose-method-disease severity experiments conducted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. All four methods resulted in T. paradoxa infections and the development of symptoms of the disease. The disease severity was correlated with the method and dose of inoculation. In trials to test Koch’s postulates, T. paradoxa was isolated from areas of disease progression in the inoculated trees, but the teleomorph Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) Moreau was not observed. A photographic record of the infection process at different times post-infection was compiled. Given that establishing the disease through artificial inoculation is essential for assessing plant pathogenesis, this study determined that the local infiltration method (1 × 106 endoconidia mL−1) and a 3–7 day incubation period were critical for the development of symptoms as severe as those observed in natural infections in the field.
... It is obvious that in case of foliar diseases caused by soil borne pathogens, chemical control is less effective and also may have hazardous effects (Yourman and Jeffers 1999;Mercier and Manker 2005). Therefore, use of alternative methods such as resistant varieties and biological control using antagonists (Chaetomium spp., Tricoderma spp., Clonostachys spp.) proved to be effective control methods for pathogenic fungi (Weindling 1932;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Schroers et al. 1999;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Dev and Dawande 2010;Schroers 2001;Whipps and Lumsden 2001;Sanchez et al. 2007;Chakrabarty et al. 2013;Soytong et al. 2005;Benítez et al. 2004;Rojo et al. 2007). ...
Kingdom fungi is a wide-ranging group of living organisms with rapidly varying and evolving genetic fashion which makes this group more diverse and complex domain of life. Fungi effect and interact other domains of life in different modes and tiers. For plants, they may be a good friends or even worst enemies. They make relation in symbiosis and interact in worsen way as pathogen. It has been established that among diseases, fungal diseases are the cynosure coercions to ornamental palms. Keeping in view this perspective, fungal disease of ornamental palms have tried to be spotlighted in this chapter. A touch base of fungal diseases, which hit majorly ornamental palms has provided in this chapter. Besides integrated management, their molecular diagnosis has tried to be insighted briefly. The chapter provides a brief and comprehensive insight about fungal diseases on the palm in general.
... It is obvious that in case of foliar diseases caused by soil borne pathogens, chemical control is less effective and also may have hazardous effects (Yourman and Jeffers 1999;Mercier and Manker 2005). Therefore, use of alternative methods such as resistant varieties and biological control using antagonists (Chaetomium spp., Tricoderma spp., Clonostachys spp.) proved to be effective control methods for pathogenic fungi (Weindling 1932;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Schroers et al. 1999;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Dev and Dawande 2010;Schroers 2001;Whipps and Lumsden 2001;Sanchez et al. 2007;Chakrabarty et al. 2013;Soytong et al. 2005;Benítez et al. 2004;Rojo et al. 2007). ...
Palm tree species are one of the most common, well established and expensive ornamental plants. A number of palm tree species have their importance for specific attributes. They are important as ornamentals, air cleaners, source of medicinal and industrial uses. Palm trees are affected by several fungal pathogens which cause leaf spots, blights, butt rots, bud rots and wilts. Leaf spots of varying colors are developed on leaves which might be of several shapes. Blights are also usually developed on leaves which are more devastating than the leafspots. Butt rots and bud rots are also important diseases which affect leaves and stem. The palm trees that are affected by wilts are attacked by different species of Fusarium. These pathogens gain entry in the plant from the roots and get established in the vascular bundle which are late on clogged by the physical presence or the exudates released by the pathogen. Fungicides are mostly helpful in protecting the plants from fungal diseases, however, they are not much effective after the plant is infected. All these diseases are well controlled only by good management practices.
... It is obvious that in case of foliar diseases caused by soil borne pathogens, chemical control is less effective and also may have hazardous effects (Yourman and Jeffers 1999;Mercier and Manker 2005). Therefore, use of alternative methods such as resistant varieties and biological control using antagonists (Chaetomium spp., Tricoderma spp., Clonostachys spp.) proved to be effective control methods for pathogenic fungi (Weindling 1932;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Schroers et al. 1999;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Dev and Dawande 2010;Schroers 2001;Whipps and Lumsden 2001;Sanchez et al. 2007;Chakrabarty et al. 2013;Soytong et al. 2005;Benítez et al. 2004;Rojo et al. 2007). ...
Palms numerous fungal pathogens show symptoms that are similar and common to many diseases, such as leaf spots and blights. The most susceptible stages of Chamaedorea cataractarum, C. seifrizii and C. costaricana palms are seedlings and juvenile plants. In addition to these problem, soil borne Fusarium solani is also an important threat to these palms, together with many other soil and air borne fungi. It is very important to understand the etiology of these diseases, in order to properly plan suitable management strategies. This chapter summarizes updated information about fungal diseases of palms species in the Chamaedorea genus.
... It is obvious that in case of foliar diseases caused by soil borne pathogens, chemical control is less effective and also may have hazardous effects (Yourman and Jeffers 1999;Mercier and Manker 2005). Therefore, use of alternative methods such as resistant varieties and biological control using antagonists (Chaetomium spp., Tricoderma spp., Clonostachys spp.) proved to be effective control methods for pathogenic fungi (Weindling 1932;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Schroers et al. 1999;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Dev and Dawande 2010;Schroers 2001;Whipps and Lumsden 2001;Sanchez et al. 2007;Chakrabarty et al. 2013;Soytong et al. 2005;Benítez et al. 2004;Rojo et al. 2007). ...
Royal palm (Roystonea regia) belongs to family Roystoneae. It is an attractive ornamental plant present all around the tropical and sub-tropical regions. Where it provides nutrition and shelter to several birds, bats, and frogs. Its seed is consumed by livestock for oil and feed purpose, and the trunk is used in construction of huts, simple shelters, bridges. The palm is susceptible to several diseases that can be avoided or minimized by adopting various cultural practices. Fusarium wilt is one of the most severe disease of this palm. Necrosis from one side of the pinnae followed by brown striping around the rachis and dieback from leaf tip is the characteristic symptom of this disease. Application of bio-fungicides at seedling stage may help in preventing the disease. Premature dropping of fruit following foliar necrosis is the initial symptom of lethal yellowing caused by phytoplasmas. Injection of OTC antibiotic in the palm tree trunk reduces the disease severity. Helmintosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Cylindrocladium or Cercospora may cause leaf spot disease in palms that can be managed by avoiding overhead irrigation and several other cultural practices. False smuts (Graphiola leaf spots, due to Graphiola spp.) appear as sorus initially turn black producing yellowish spores and small emerging fibres. Cultural practices help to reduce the disease as no fungicide is yet recommended for its management. Ganoderma rot due to the fungus Ganoderma zonatum shows severe wilting and logging of lower leaves. Discarding the conk may be required to supress the disease dissemination. Phytophtora spp., Pythium spp. or Thielaviopsis spp. maybe involved in bud rot disease of the palm and can be managed by avoiding overhead irrigation and applying copper-based fungicides.
... It is obvious that in case of foliar diseases caused by soil borne pathogens, chemical control is less effective and also may have hazardous effects (Yourman and Jeffers 1999;Mercier and Manker 2005). Therefore, use of alternative methods such as resistant varieties and biological control using antagonists (Chaetomium spp., Tricoderma spp., Clonostachys spp.) proved to be effective control methods for pathogenic fungi (Weindling 1932;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Schroers et al. 1999;Harman 2000Harman , 2006Dev and Dawande 2010;Schroers 2001;Whipps and Lumsden 2001;Sanchez et al. 2007;Chakrabarty et al. 2013;Soytong et al. 2005;Benítez et al. 2004;Rojo et al. 2007). ...
Palm tree species are one of the most common, well established and expensive ornamental plants. A number of palm tree species have their importance for specific attributes. They are important as ornamentals, air cleaners, source of medicinal and industrial uses. Palm trees are affected by several fungal pathogens which cause leaf spots, blights, butt rots, bud rots and wilts. Leaf spots of varying colors are developed on leaves which might be of several shapes. Blights are also usually developed on leaves which are more devastating than the leafspots. Butt rots and bud rots are also important diseases which affect leaves and stem. The palm trees that are affected by wilts are attacked by different species of Fusarium. These pathogens gain entry in the plant from the roots and get established in the vascular bundle which are late on clogged by the physical presence or the exudates released by the pathogen. Fungicides are mostly helpful in protecting the plants from fungal diseases, however, they are not much effective after the plant is infected. All these diseases are well controlled only by good management practices.
... Chaetomium species are strictly saprophytic organism and have been shown to be antagonist against several plant pathogens, e.g. Thielaviopsis paradoxa (Soytong et al., 2005), Phytophthora palmivora, (Hung et al., 2015), P. infestans (Shanthiyaa et al., 2013), Pythium ultimum (Kean et al., 2010), Alternaria brassicicola (Vannacci and Harman, 1987), Pyricularia oryzae (Song et al., 2016, Cochliobolus sativus (Aggarwal et al., 2004. ...
