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取得学位：博士(工学)，学位授与番号：博甲第895号，学位授与年月日：平成19年3月22日
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This report describes the earthquake data collected from October 2005 to December 2005 from the Hanford Seismic Network
Citations
... Numerous studies, including dynamic testing of suspended ceiling systems [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], investigation of the seismic behavior of partition walls [16][17][18][24][25][26][27]22,[28][29][30][31][32] and seismic response of facade walls and cladding panels [17,26,22,28,29,33], have been done to evaluate the seismic performance of the non-structural architectural components. The seismic performance of different equipment in laboratories and hospital facilities was described in [34][35][36][37][38]. ...
The seismic performance of the lighting systems is rarely reported in the literature, although previous studies indicate that they could be vulnerable during an earthquake. This study investigated the effect of various connectors on the seismic performance of an innovative wireway vibration attenuation system for raceway light fixtures using shaking table tests based on ICC-ES AC156 standard. The floor spectrum was created, and its compatible floor motion time history was employed as the input motion. Four typical prototypes were prepared with connectors suitable for mounting on a variety of structural components, including ceiling, H-beam frame, wall, and beam and column. The test results demonstrated that the specimens with the direct connectors (Wall and H-beam frame) had excellent seismic performance, 1.4–2.0 times higher than those with the pole connectors (Ceiling and Beam-column). Therefore, the direct connectors are proposed for this innovative system to decrease the danger of system failure during an earthquake.
... Therefore, the building-independent method is widely used as a compromise. For this method, one just considers the installation boundaries of the equipment while ignoring the structural response (Achour 2007;Cosenza et al. 2015;Di Sarno et al. 2019;Konstantinidis and Makris 2009;Kuo et al. 2011). Some researchers selected floor acceleration time histories recorded for buildings during past earthquakes or generated them from nonlinear time history analyses. ...
... The results revealed the sliding of equipment (up to 600 mm) as the primary response mode of the tested incubator and refrigerator. Achour (2007) performed shaking table tests on shelves under several shelf connections and nurse tables supported on wheels equipped with locked and unlocked brakes. The results indicated the stability of the shelf increased with the attachment degree, and the unlocked setting was observed to be more stable than the locked setting. ...
The severe damage and functionality loss of hospitals resulting from damage to hospital nonstructural components and medical equipment are frequently reported following earthquakes. Thus, there is an increasing need to understand the performance of medical equipment during an earthquake. In the current study, we conducted a series of shaking table tests to evaluate the seismic performance of three different types of freestanding hospital cabinets. Several earthquake inputs and floor finishing materials were considered to investigate seismic responses, including the acceleration, displacement, and rotation of the cabinets. The seismic damage limit states of the hospital cabinets and inside contents were identified based on test results. Moreover, the corresponding seismic fragility curves of the hospital cabinets under different damage states were developed based on experimental data. The developed seismic fragility models of hospital cabinets can be used in the seismic performance assessments and seismic resilience evaluations of hospital buildings.
... Researchers have been actively studying surge capacity each from their own point of view. For example, Achour (2007), Zhong, Clark, Hou, Zang, and FitzGerald (2014) and Jacques et al. (2014) developed comprehensive approaches to evaluate the resilience of hospital buildings. In addition to these academic studies, experts recently revised the WHO Hospital Safety Index (WHO, 2015) which also provides a good combination of structural and non-structural safety and emergency and disaster management. ...
... This denotes that resilience needs to go beyond strengthening the infrastructure (Achour et al., 2011) to include other aspects that are essential for maintaining the continuity of the service. These aspects could be finding ways to reduce the impact of other infrastructures' failures , empowering people to interact more with other emergency agencies (Achour, Pascale, Sources: Achour (2007Achour ( , 2015. Soetanto, & Price, 2015), and developing strategies to improve response to major hazards (Achour & Price, 2010). ...
... Concerns were expressed by the interviewees regarding continuous hospital utility supplies stating that 'most of the government hospitals in Istanbul have all the emergency power generators, all the medical supplies and communication system at the bottom of the hospital' (interviewee). This is a sensible solution for a hospital located in an earthquake prone area because equipment tend to destabilise in upper levels (Achour, 2007). However, because Istanbul is also exposed to floods, generators, and fuel supply should ideally be in adjacent locations above flood levels (Achour, Buxton, & Price, 2009;Stover, 2009). ...
... Although the connection between geo-physical hazards and global warming is still under debate, there is an urgent need to design more resilient and sustainable buildings and infrastructures able to cope with natural hazards and sustainable enough to mitigate the impact on global warming and climate change. Researchers such as Mileti (1999), Achour (2007, Achour and Price (2010) and Moe (2012) have linked disaster risk reduction and sustainability; for example: […] community that wants to become more sustainable will: maintain and, if possible, enhance, its residents' quality of life; enhance local economic vitality; ensure social and intergenerational equity; maintain and, if possible, enhance, environmental quality; incorporate disaster resilience and mitigation; and use a consensus-building, participatory process when making decisions (Mileti, 1999) due to the close interrelationship between disaster reduction and sustainable development, which was already recognised at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and taken into account in Agenda 21 (UN General Assembly, 1994). However, in practice, individuals tend to treat these two important aspects separately, which could compromise environmental preservation and/or resilience. ...
Purpose
– This study aims to explore the challenges associated with the integration of resilience and sustainability, and propose a workable solution that ensures resilient and sustainable buildings. Recent research outcomes suggest that the number of natural hazards, both environmental and geophysical, will increase due to the effect of global warming. Various approaches have been investigated to reduce environmental degradation and to improve the physical resilience to natural hazards. However, most of these approaches are fragmented and when combined with cultural barriers, they often result into less-efficient assessment tools.
Design/methodology/approach
– The primary source of information used to develop this paper has been research publications, policy papers, reports and tool guidelines. A set of questions were developed to guide the review which was complemented with information distilled from the HFA 2005-2015 to develop an integration process to evaluate 10 international sustainability appraisal tools.
Findings
– The major finding of this research is that, from a technical point of view, resilience and sustainability could be integrated. However, it requires a long and thorough process with a multidisciplinary stakeholder team including technical, strategic, social and political parties. A combination of incentives and policies would support this process and help people work towards the integration. The Japanese model demonstrates a successful case in engaging stakeholders in the process which led to the development of a comprehensive appraisal tool, CASBEE®, where resilience and sustainability are integrated.
Practical implications
– Although data have been sought through literature review (i.e. secondary data), the research is expected to have significant impact, as it provides a clear theoretical foundation and methods for those wishing to integrate resilience within current sustainability appraisal tools or develop new tools.
Social implications
– This paper provides original concepts that are required to reduce fragmentation in the way resilience and sustainability are addressed. It sets up a new research agenda which has the potential to have a strong impact due the fact that sustainability and resilience are getting higher on the political priority scale.
Originality/value
– This paper provides findings of an original idea to reduce fragmentation in the way resilience and sustainability are addressed. It sets up a new research agenda which has the potential to have a strong impact due the fact that sustainability and resilience are getting higher on the political priority scale.
... In [18], the identification of the essential equipment component in critical facilities is discussed. The performance of different equipment during the past earthquakes is also described, whereas in [19, 20], methodologies for the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of critical facilities are proposed. Achour [20] studied the stability of freestanding equipment, focusing on medical equipment (e.g., nurse tables and cabinets), using both experimental and theoretical modeling. ...
... The performance of different equipment during the past earthquakes is also described, whereas in [19, 20], methodologies for the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of critical facilities are proposed. Achour [20] studied the stability of freestanding equipment, focusing on medical equipment (e.g., nurse tables and cabinets), using both experimental and theoretical modeling. The fragility curves of equipment, which are placed on top of a nurse table and shelves/cabinets, are also provided. ...
Health care facilities may undergo severe and widespread damage that impairs the functionality of the system when it is stricken by an earthquake. Such detrimental response is emphasized either for the hospital buildings designed primarily for gravity loads or without employing base isolation/supplemental damping systems. Moreover, these buildings need to warrant operability especially in the aftermath of moderate‐to‐severe earthquake ground motions.
The provisions implemented in the new seismic codes allow obtaining adequate seismic performance for the hospital structural components; nevertheless, they do not provide definite yet reliable rules to design and protect the building contents. To date, very few experimental tests have been carried out on hospital buildings equipped with nonstructural components as well as building contents.
The present paper is aimed at establishing the limit states for a typical health care room and deriving empirical fragility curves by considering a systemic approach. Toward this aim, a full scale three‐dimensional model of an examination (out patients consultation) room is constructed and tested dynamically by using the shaking table facility of the University of Naples, Italy. The sample room contains a number of typical medical components, which are either directly connected to the panel boards of the perimeter walls or behave as simple freestanding elements. The outcomes of the comprehensive shaking table tests carried out on the examination room have been utilized to derive fragility curves based on a systemic approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Consequently, many hospitals were equipped with alternative supply networks, which increased their resilience and helped in the continuity of medical services; however, the inappropriate choice of equipment and the interdependency between systems caused disruption and even evacuation of facilities. For example, the weakness of the electric power generator in the Ishimaki Emergency Center (Japan) caused the X-ray service to halt (Achour, 2007); the loss of electric power in the Tohoku Koseinenkin Hospital (Japan) caused a shortage of water that needs filtering; and the shortage of water caused the emergency power generators to switch off (fear of overheating), which in turn caused the closure of the Kobe Medical College (Japan) after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Shinozuka et al., 1995). Inaccessibility is frequently a major problem following most natural disasters: earthquakes often demolish buildings which results in a narrowing of roads; and flood water submerge roads such as in the cases of the Ben Taub General Hospital and the Texas Medical Center, both of which experienced reduced accessibility during the 2001 Huston Flood due to flooded roads (Sirbaugh et al., 2002)., 2002). ...
This article has no abstract
... Consequently, many hospitals were equipped with alternative supply networks, which increased their resilience and helped in the continuity of medical services; however, the inappropriate choice of equipment and the interdependency between systems caused disruption and even evacuation of facilities. For example, the weakness of electric power generator in the Ishimaki Emergency Center (Japan) caused X-ray service to halt (Achour, 2007); the loss of electric power in the Tohoku Koseinenkin Hospital (Japan) caused shortage of water that needs filtering; and the shortage of water caused the emergency power generators to switch off (fear of overheating), which in turn caused the closure of the Kobe Medical College (Japan) after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Shinozuka et al., 1995). Inaccessibility is frequently a major problem following most natural disasters: earthquakes often demolish buildings which results in a narrowing of roads; and flood water submerge roads such as in the cases of the Ben Taub General Hospital and the Texas Medical Center, both of which experienced reduced accessibility during the 2001 Huston Flood due to flooded roads (Sirbaugh et al., 2002), 2002). ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore UK healthcare resilience strategies, define gaps and provide suggestions based on international best practice.
Design/methodology/approach
– The study adopted a pluralistic qualitative research approach to achieve its purpose including: research papers, governmental and non‐governmental reports, code and guidance documents and databases. In addition, two case studies were visited in May 2009: the first was one of the major hospitals in the UK; and the second is a major health facility located at the south of Taiwan. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the hospitals responsible and/or emergency officers to clarify the strategies setup to respond to emergencies.
Findings
– The results show that despite the “robust” emergency planning in the UK, many issues could have been avoided if international experience was reviewed carefully. This is due to the failure of not working closer with multi‐disciplinary experts, who provide technical and tactical help and lessons learned from international best practices, in addition to limiting accessibility of experts to information. The study also suggests that climate change must be addressed comprehensively through fusing resilience and sustainability strategies into a more comprehensive strategy of adaptation.
Originality/value
– The paper provides a significant contribution in terms of reducing the fragmentation of healthcare resilience‐related work done previously; constructive criticism of UK healthcare resilience strategies and evidence of better practice from local and international facilities which will help in enhancing the resilience of healthcare facilities in the UK and elsewhere in the world.
Emergency authorities are concerned with how to effectively deliver patients to different hospitals for treatment while not overwhelming any single hospital during emergencies. This study proposes an optimization model for the real-time dispatching and treating schedule to evaluate the seismic resilience of the interdependent transportation-healthcare system. The functionality of the road network, the service of hospitals, and emergency management are comprehensively considered in the model. A series of case studies were used to test the applicability of the method and quantify the resilience under three seismic intensities.
Hospitals are a fundamental component of a country’s health system and are considered essential facilities for dealing with the consequences of natural disasters. Nevertheless, hospitals may be highly vulnerable structures. Despite the importance of these facilities, many hospitals have resulted severely damaged, and some of them have lost functionality even when subject to moderate earthquakes. In order to better understand the impact and influence of the seismic performance of non-structural components and systems on health facilities loss of function, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the loss of function degree observed in 17 hospitals affected by earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) ranging between 5.1 and 8.8, located in countries such as the United States, Taiwan, Türkiye, Chile, Italy, El Salvador, Peru, Spain, Ecuador, and Mexico. The observed losses of function are correlated with structural and non-structural damages and the seismic demands imposed by the earthquakes, estimated from the accelerograms recorded at the closest seismological stations. As a result, the seismic demands triggering the non-structural damage states, and consequently the degree of function loss of the health infrastructure, are presented. Loss of function is classified as low or null, temporary, and permanent. It is observed that the seismic demands that limit the operation during earthquakes correspond to average roof drifts in the order of 1.0‰ and average peak floor accelerations in the range 0.16–0.23 g, highlighting the need for using seismic isolation technologies and implementing strict nonstructural design measures.
