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The draft fourth edition of the Australian bed bug code of practice
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This is the final fourth edition of the Australian bed bug code of practice
Citations
... The resurgence of the bed bug as an important human ectoparasite has gained attention recently due to its re-emergence after a long period of disappearance in many countries. 24 Different control strategies, mainly chemical insecticides, were employed against these bugs. 25 The extensive use of chemicals against bed bugs coupled with their rapid spread has resulted in the development of insecticidal resistance. ...
This study evaluates the use of chitosan–silver nanocomposites (CSN) as an insecticide against the bed bug ( Cimex lectularius). Adult bed bugs were collected from infested residential areas and identified using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CSN were prepared and photographed for characterization using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. The insecticidal effect of different concentrations of CSN (400–1000 ppm) was compared to that of 0.1% cypermethrin as a positive control and normal saline as a negative control. The bugs ( n = 25) were immersed for 20 min in the corresponding medium, dried with filter papers, and then incubated at 27–28°C and 70% RH with a 12:12 h light–dark photoperiod. The mortality rates were recorded at different time intervals (2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h post-incubation (hPI)), and the entire experiment was repeated five times. Image analysis showed round- to spherical-shaped CSN ranging in size from 34 to 72 nm. The mortality rates were positively associated with increasing concentrations of CSN. The mortality rate first reached 100% for concentrations of 800 ppm at 24 hPI and 1000 ppm at 12 hPI. The calculated LC 50 was found at a concentration of 1165 ppm at 2 hPI, and the LC 99 was found at a concentration of 1914 ppm at 2 hPI. The positive control, cypermethrin, induced 100% mortality among the bugs at 2 hPI, while the negative control caused no mortality. These results clearly show the potential of CSN as an insecticide against C. lectularius. Future studies on best practices for implementing these particles in clinical settings are recommended.
... The program also enabled TPH to contract with private agencies to undertake unit preparation and extreme cleaning, both of which help ensure successful eradication of bed bugs.* [11][12][13][14][15] Although Ontario's bed bug program funding ended March 31, 2012, both the City of Toronto and the Province of Ontario have recognized the importance of the work undertaken in controlling bed bugs and both are moving toward providing permanent, sustainable funding. ...
... DSP Montréal, in collaboration with the housing corporations and the CSSS, started a randomized controlled trial aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness of providing assistance in the preparation of dwellings of vulnerable households, as inadequate preparation is often cited as a reason for ineffective bed bug eradication. [12][13][14]22 Funding is provided in part by the Quebec Health Ministry; given additional funding, DSP Montréal plans to evaluate issues in implementation and intervention. ...
To share four Canadian cities' experiences with bed bug infestations and to explore public health roles in managing them.
We summarize presentations from a workshop at the 2010 Canadian Public Health Association Conference which examined the re-emergence of bed bugs in Canada and compared management approaches of municipal and public health authorities in four large Canadian cities. We include updates on their activities since the workshop.
Cities across Canada have observed an increase in complaints of bed bug infestations over recent years. Toronto Public Health considers bed bugs to be a threat to health and has been heavily involved in the front-line response to bed bug complaints. In Winnipeg, Montreal and Vancouver, city inspectors are responsible for investigating complaints, and public health plays a supporting or secondary role. We identified factors that may contribute to successful management of bed bugs: sufficient funding, partnerships among many stakeholders, training and education, and surveillance and evaluation.
Various public health agencies in Canadian cities have played key roles in the fight against bed bugs through new initiatives, education, and encouragement and support for others. By working with the public, owners, tenants, the health sector and other stakeholders, public health practitioners can begin to curb the resurgence of bed bugs and the social strains associated with them.
... Luggage and accommodations. To avoid bringing home bed bugs, travellers can take a number of precautions (Doggett 2011). Accommodations should be checked for signs of bed bugs (blood spots, feces, molted skins, etc.), especially on mattress seams and the headboard and mattress interface. ...
... Assistance from trained pest management professionals is essential for providing treatment options and for monitoring the effectiveness. Preparation of occupied spaces is a necessary first step for treatment (Doggett 2011;Michigan Bed Bug Working Group 2010; Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 2011). Generally, eradication of bed bugs requires both chemical and nonchemical treatments and takes more than one application, so follow-up, usually after a two-week period, is often necessary due to the emergence of nymphs from surviving eggs laid before the initial treatment (National Center for Healthy Housing 2010). ...
... Diatomaceous earth dehydrates bed bugs, but it takes days or weeks to kill them, and it cannot be applied as widely as other products (Benoit et al. 2009b;Wang et al. 2009a). Nevertheless, its residual activity, long shelf life and lower risk of inducing resistance due to its physical mechanism of action are advantageous properties (Doggett 2011). Limestone is not as effective in the field and one study found that it took eight weeks to achieve high mortality (Moore and Miller 2008). ...
In the past decade, bed bug infestations have been increasing worldwide. Historically, studies have failed to provide evidence for the transmission of human diseases through bed bugs, but recent evidence is lacking. Although physical reactions to bed bug bites continue to be documented, evidence regarding the mental health effects arising from bed bug infestations is limited to anecdotes and case reports. This report provides an update and summary of the bed bug management strategies discussed during a workshop at the 2010 Canadian Public Health Association Conference. “Best practices” regarding prevention, identification, and treatment options are presented, using evidence from existing evaluative studies. Awareness of bed bug behaviour and proper building maintenance can prevent transfer of bed bugs from belongings, including second-hand items, and reduce entry points and harbourage sites. In addition to inspection by trained professionals, early recognition of clinical symptoms and environmental signs of an infestation are important to avoid further spread of bed bugs and to allow implementation of safe and effective treatment options. Early findings may indicate a need for special support for vulnerable individuals with mental health issues potentially exacerbated by bed bug infestations. Preparing units for treatment, including the removal of clutter, is essential. However, physical and financial limitations are challenges for managing bed bug infestations, especially for vulnerable populations. Current treatment options such as application of heat or pesticides can be effective when properly implemented, but there are concerns with pesticide resistance. An Integrated Pest Management approach is recommended and should include ongoing monitoring and prevention that are essential for positive treatment outcomes. Regulatory officials, building management, and pest management professionals are encouraged to collaborate using a systematic approach to address bed bug infestations.
