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Bayesian tree based on combined data set of ITS, LSU, TUB and RPB1 sequences. Bayesian posterior probability
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... electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) in a work with an ISSN or ISBN will represent a published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and hence the new names contained in the electronic publication of a PLOS ONE article are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone, so there is no longer any need to provide printed copies. In addition, new names contained in this work have been submitted to MycoBank from where they will be made available to the Global Names Index. The unique MycoBank number can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the MycoBank number contained in this publication to the prefix . mycobank.org/MB/. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS. For ITS alignment, 34 sequences with 623 characters were used. Of 100 identical topological MP trees produced by PAUP, one is shown in Fig 1; isolates generated in this study are shown in bold. The ITS tree was 613 steps in length with consistency index (CI) of 0.6558 and retention index (RI) of 0.8316. Average standard deviation of split frequencies from Bayesian analysis were below 0.01 after 5 000 000 generations. The tree produced by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed similar topology that agreed on clustering and branching patterns; the Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) are shown along with bootstrap support (BS) on the branches of the tree (Fig 1). According to ITS analysis, three isolates, GLMMZZ4, GLZJXJ41 and GLGZXJ9B, separated with C . olivacea , clustered as a new branch with high support (BS = 100; BPP = 1.0), and resolved as a unique clade. Another isolate obtained in this study, CHCJHBJBLM, differed from C . guyanensis with 76% bootstrap support. However, no Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) was given as the value was not strong enough. The third cluster (HLHNZWYZZ08) formed a new branch with high support (0.98 and 100% for BPP and BS, respectively). Twenty base pair differences separated this cluster from C . europaea strain CBS 101466. The combined gene alignment of ITS, LSU, TUB and RPB1 included 2513 characters, of which 774 were parsimony-informative. The RPB1 sequences of C . olivacea and C . sessilis were missing as we did not obtain these sequences from GenBank. Eight identical topological MP trees were produced with 2721 steps in length; the consistency index (CI) was 0.5524 and the retention index (RI) was 0.7936. The tree obtained from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis shared a similar topology with MP trees and is shown in Fig 2 The four-locus dataset alignment generated a topology tree similar to those inferred in the ITS analysis, but support for branches in the combined phylogeny was generally stronger. The isolates obtained in this work were identi- fied as three new species of Cyphellophora based on their morphology in culture, growth characteristics and DNA sequence (ITS, LSU, TUB and RPB1) ...
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... Members of the genus Cyphellophora colonize different habitats including, in addition to humans, plant debris, ant nests and abiotic substrates [22]. Our species is genetically close to C. capiguarae, described as living in association with ants (Atta capiguara), and to C. oxyspora from decaying leaves [30, 31]. Other members of Cyphellophora originate from mild cutaneous infections in humans, ...
... mostly from skin and nails [22]. Cyphellophora europaea in particular has been encountered globally as an agent of mild skin disease and onychomycosis [31] and was noted co-occurring with dermatophytes, mainly Trichophyton rubrum affecting the skin of diabetic patients [32]. Environmental strains of this species were found in indoor wet cells, such as bathrooms and washing machines [33, 34] . ...
... Members of the genus Cyphellophora colonize different habitats including, in addition to humans, plant debris, ant nests and abiotic substrates [22]. Our species is genetically close to C. capiguarae, described as living in association with ants (Atta capiguara), and to C. oxyspora from decaying leaves [30, 31]. Other members of Cyphellophora originate from mild cutaneous infections in humans, ...
... mostly from skin and nails [22]. Cyphellophora europaea in particular has been encountered globally as an agent of mild skin disease and onychomycosis [31] and was noted co-occurring with dermatophytes, mainly Trichophyton rubrum affecting the skin of diabetic patients [32]. Environmental strains of this species were found in indoor wet cells, such as bathrooms and washing machines [33, 34] . ...
The human mutilating disease chromoblastomycosis is caused by melanized members of the order Chaetothyriales. To assess population diversity among 123 clinical strains of agents of the disease in Brazil we applied sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, and partial cell division cycle and β-tubulin genes. Strains studied were limited to three clusters divided over the single family Herpotrichiellaceae known to comprise agents of the disease. A Fonsecaea cluster contained the most important agents, among which F. pedrosoi was prevalent with 80% of the total set of strains, followed by 13% for F. monophora, 3% for F. nubica, and a single isolate of F. pugnacius. Additional agents, among which two novel species, were located among members of the genus Rhinocladiella and Cyphellophora, with frequencies of 3% and 1%, respectively.
Covering 70 % of Earth, oceans are at the same time the most common and the environment least studied by microbiologists. Considering the large gaps in our knowledge on the presence of marine fungi in the oceans, the aim of this research was to isolate and identify the culturable fungal community within three species of sponges, namely Dysidea fragilis, Pachymatisma johnstonia and Sycon ciliatum, collected in the Atlantic Ocean and never studied for their associated mycobiota. Applying different isolation methods, incubation temperatures and media, and attempting to mimic the marine and sponge environments, were fundamental to increase the number of cultivable taxa. Fungi were identified using a polyphasic approach, by means of morpho-physiological, molecular and phylogenetic techniques. The sponges revealed an astonishing fungal diversity represented by 87 fungal taxa. Each sponge hosted a specific fungal community with more than half of the associated fungi being exclusive of each invertebrate. Several species isolated and identified in this work, already known in terrestrial environment, were first reported in marine ecosystems (21 species) and in association with sponges (49 species), including the two new species Thelebolus balaustiformis and Thelebolus spongiae, demonstrating that oceans are an untapped source of biodiversity.
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma kruticianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
