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Bayesian phylograms based on the analysis of morphological data with (right) and without (left) the monophyly of Moraceae enforced as a topological constraint. Posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 are indicated by an asterisk above the branches.
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The mulberry family Moraceae comprises 37 genera and approximately 1,100 species distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Moraceae exhibit a complex array of inflorescence architectures, breeding systems, and pollination syndromes, which forms the basis of traditional taxonomic classification. However, morphologically based...
Contexts in source publication
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... G = 1.49 ( Fig. 4 ). Although morphology provided little resolution of relationships among genera, the monophyly of many genera in which more than one species was sampled was recovered with strong boot- strap support and posterior probability ( Figs. 3, 4 ). ...
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... constrained Bayesian analysis identified a tree with a score of -lnL = 2,513.824 ( Fig. 4 ), which was not significantly less likely than the unconstrained tree. ...
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... strongly support Castilleae sensu Datwyler and Weiblen (2004) . Additionally, both phylogenetic analysis of morphol- ogy alone and of molecular data support a close relation- ship of figs and Castilleae ( Figs. 4, 5 ), adding weight to the assertion of Corner (1978) that Castilleae, and Antiaropsis and Sparattosyce in particular, share features indicative of a close relationship to the figs. ...
Citations
... The mulberry family, Moraceae, envelops 49 genera and >1,000 species distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions of the world (POWO, 2023). The family has been placed under the order Rosales with six tribes namely, Artocarpeae, Castilleae, Dorstenieae, Ficeae, Maclureae, and Moreae, exhibiting a wide diversity of morphological traits, particularly in inflorescence architectures, pollination syndromes and breeding systems (APG, 2016;Clement & Weiblen, 2009;Zerega et al., 2005). The genus Ficus Tourn ex L. (fig) belongs to Ficeae which contains 877 species distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world (POWO, 2023). ...
The Siwalik flora is important in understanding the orogeny of the Himalayas and the resulting climate change. Though the fossil records from the eastern Himalayan Siwalik of Nepal are sparse, we report a fossil leaf impression/ compression of Ficus precunea Lakhanpal from the Middle Siwalik (upper Miocene-lower Pliocene) sediments of eastern Nepal. The characteristic leaf venation pattern and morphological details suggest its strong affinity with the extant species of F. semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. The fossil assemblage indicates the presence of seasonal forests during the depositional period in the region.
... The genus Ficus L., commonly referred to as figs, represents the largest genus within Moraceae Gaudich., with over 800 species [1]. It is distributed across both tropical and temperate regions, encompassing various vegetative types including trees, creepers, stranglers, rheophytes, and lithophytes [2]. ...
Plastome sequences are crucial in plant studies due to their role in examining genomic evolution, understanding phylogenetic relationships, and developing molecular markers. Despite the collection of information about Korean figs, their genomic data remain underexplored. We utilize next-generation sequencing and PCR techniques to investigate genomic data and to develop and validate molecular markers. In this study, we characterize the complete plastomes of Korean figs: F. erecta, F. erecta var. sieboldii, F. sarmentosa var. nipponica, and F. sarmentosa var. thunbergii, which range in length from 160,276 to 160,603 bp. These genomes comprise 78 plastid protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA, with the exception of one pseudogene, infA. We discovered that F. erecta and F. erecta var. sieboldii share identical plastome sequences. Phylogenomic analysis indicates the monophyly of Ficus, although the relationships among its subgenera remain unclear. We discovered that Ficus possesses 467 molecular diagnostic characters in its plastid protein-coding genes compared to other Moraceae groups, and F. erecta exhibits 33 molecular diagnostic characters. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ndhD, petA, and rbcL were effectively used to develop molecular markers for distinguishing F. erecta from other figs. Additionally, we provided a straightforward PCR protocol for utilizing these newly developed molecular markers.
... However, the study of [4] indicated that the family includes 70 genera and 1,500 species. The study of Clement & Weiblin, [5] stated that the members of the family Moraceae occur in tropical and temperate regions and include 37 genera and 1,100 species. However, the work of Patil & Patil, [6] suggests that the species are restricted to the warm tropical regions of the world, which include about 73 species and 1000 species, but Zhou and Gilbert, [7] mentions that the family has 37-43 genera and 1100-1400 species, which are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical zone. ...
A study on foliar epidermis was conducted on nine species belonging to the Moraceae family to investigate diverse micromorphological characteristics that hold taxonomic importance in leaf epidermis. Based on LM (light microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy), it was found that the shape of epidermal cells in the studied members is rectangular, irregular, polygonal, and pentagonal on both leaf epidermal surfaces. The common shape of the epidermal cells is polygonal in most species. The length and width of the epidermal cell varies from species to species. The wall of the epidermal cells is thick in most species, except in Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. and Morus alba L., and Morus laevigata Wall. ex Brandis, where the epidermal cells are thin on both leaf surfaces. It was found that most plants are hypostomatic, i.e., the adaxial surface of the leaves has no stomata. Most species have anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The cyclocytic stomata were found only in Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. and Ficus benjamina L. The stomata type, rare in the studied species, is cyclocytic, laterocytic, and paracytic. We found variations in the shape and size of leaf epidermal cells and stomata on both leaf surfaces in all selected species. The most important element of the leaf is the stomatal index, which serves as a geographic indicator and shows the transpiration rate of the leaf. The stomatal index ranges from (76.7%) in B. papyrifera to (2.13%) in F. benjamina on the adaxial surface, while on the abaxial surface, it is highest (61.8%) in Ficus religiosa L. and lowest (3.06%) in Ficus virens Aiton. The identification of the plants at both genus and specific levels was found to be taxonomically appropriate based on the epidermal architecture of the leaves. Thus, the current study aims to clarify the qualitative and quantitative properties of the leaf epidermis to give information for Moraceae family species identification and categorization.
... These trends suggest that the fleshiness of fruits (including increased water and sugar contents, bright colors, fragrances, and softened cell walls at maturity) can be combined with fruits with different numbers of seeds and is independent of whether the ancestral dry fruit was apocarpous or syncarpous, dehiscent or indehiscent. The relative ease of the adoption of a genetic program for fleshiness in fruit development is also supported by the development of analogously fleshy fruits from non-ovary tissues, such as the receptacle (strawberry; Liu et al., 2020), inflorescence stem/tissues (pineapple and fig; Clement and Weiblen, 2009), and insectinduced fruit-like galls from even vegetative organs (stems and leaves; Schultz et al., 2019;Takeda et al., 2021). Alternatively, different genetic programs might be responsible for the parallel evolution of fleshy fruits in separate clades, possibly due to the selective advantages of fleshy fruits in seed dispersal by animals. ...
Fruit functions in seed protection and dispersal and belongs to many dry and fleshy types, yet their evolutionary pattern remains unclear in part due to uncertainties in the phylogenetic relationships among several orders and families. Thus we used nuclear genes of 502 angiosperm species representing 231 families to reconstruct a well supported phylogeny, with resolved relationships for orders and families with previously uncertain placements. Using this phylogeny as a framework, molecular dating supports a Triassic origin of the crown angiosperms, followed by the emergence of most orders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous and their rise to ecological dominance during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. The robust phylogeny allowed an examination of the evolutionary pattern of fruit and ovary types, revealing a trend of parallel carpel fusions during early diversifications in eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids. Moreover, taxa in the same order or family with the same ovary type can develop either dry or fleshy fruits with strong correlations between specific types of dry and fleshy fruits; such associations of ovary, dry and fleshy fruits define several ovary‐fruit “modules” each found in multiple families. One of the frequent modules has an ovary containing multiple ovules, capsules and berries, and another with an ovary having one or two ovules, achenes (or other single‐seeded dry fruits) and drupes. This new perspective of relationships among fruit types highlights the closeness of specific dry and fleshy fruit types, such as capsule and berry, that develop from the same ovary type and belong to the same module relative to dry and fleshy fruits of other modules (such as achenes and drupes). Further analyses of gene families containing known genes for ovary and fruit development identified phylogenetic nodes with multiple gene duplications, supporting a possible role of whole‐genome duplications, in combination with climate changes and animal behaviors, in angiosperm fruit and ovary diversification.
... The (mulberry) family Moraceae contains 37 genera and about 1,100 species that are found in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions of the world in both wild and cultivated forms (Clement & Weiblen, 2009). The genus Morus species are found in Southern Europe, the South of North America, the Northwest of South America, and some regions of Africa. ...
... They are also known as mulberries. Morus species are highly adaptable to a variety of ecological conditions (Clement & Weiblen, 2009;Ercisli & Orhan, 2007). According to the APG IV classification system (APG IV, 2016) the Family Moraceae is a member of the Order Rosales. ...
... The family is thought to have radiated during the mid-Cretaceous with an estimated date of 89.1 million years ago (mya), suggesting that it probably diversified after the break-up of Africa and South America (105 mya) [8]. Dorstenia species are distinct from the majority of the Moraceae family in morphological characteristics as well as geographic distribution. ...
ABSTRACT
Dorstenia foeteda, which is a succulent plant in the genus Dorstenia, is typical traditional medicinal
plant in Amhara and Benishangul regions, Ethiopia used for treatment of most of fungal and protozoan
diseases. The purpose of this study was to conduct phytochemical screening and evaluate Total antioxidant
capacity (TAC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), Total phenolic content (TPC), and microbial activities of leaf
extracts of Dorstenia foeteda. The phytochemical screening result showed the presence of most secondary
metabolites in the extracts. The TAC, TFC, and antioxidant analysis result also showed a strong positive
correlation between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant power of the extracts. The DPPH, FRAP, and Phosphomolybdate
assays revealed significant antioxidant activity of the plant extracts. DPPH scavenging activities leaf extracts lied
from, 49.57 ± 1.35 (in hexane) to 76.63 ± 1.40 µg AAE /mL (in acetone). While Ferric reducing power leaf
extracts varied from 331 ± 0.02 (hexane) to 554.3 ± 0.02 mg AAE /50g (in acetone). Phosphomolybdate total
reducing the power of extracts varied from 32 ± 0.64 g(in hexane) to 38.4 ± 0.50 g AAE /kg (in acetone) dried
powder of extract. Similarly, the TFC of extracts of Dorstenia varied from 47 ± 0.017 (hexane) to 64.3 ± 0.044 mg
QE/g (in methanol) for the extracts dry powder of extracts. Surprisingly methanol crude extract showed the
highest zone of inhibition (mm) which was better than the standard disc gentamycin and tetracycline in both
grams negative and positive bacteria. 30.60 ± 0.03, 27.20 ± 0.5, 26.60 ± 0.69, 27.00 ± 0.53 Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus Pyogenes respectively. The cumulative
investigation of the study leads us to the conclusion that the plat has metabolites that contribute medicinal value.
Therefore, it is recommended strongly that to isolate metabolites and antioxidant components.
Key-words: antioxidant, Dorstenia foeteda, DPPH assay, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content,
total flavonoid content
... These features partly account for the subdivision of the family into five tribes: Moreae, Artocarpeae, Dorstenieae, Castilleae, and Ficeae (Berg, 2001;Datwyler and Weiblen, 2004;Clement and Weiblen, 2009). ...
The current study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress biomarkers, such as 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins, and total antioxidant capacity, as well as antioxidant defenses (activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, ceruloplasmin) in the equine erythrocytes and plasma to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract derived from leaves of Ficus sagittata Vahl collected at two Botanic Gardens, i.e. M.M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) and the Botanic Garden of Ivan Franko National University in Lviv (Lviv, Ukraine). Freshly collected leaves were washed, weighed, crushed, and homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (in the proportion of 1 : 19, w/w) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and used for analysis. A volume of 0.1 mL of the plant extracts was added to 1.9 mL of clean equine erythrocytes or plasma (the final concentration of the extract was 5 mg.mL-1). For positive control, 0.1 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was used. The treatment of equine plasma and erythrocytes by extracts derived from leaves of F. sagittata resulted in reduced carbonyl derivatives of the oxidatively modified protein. When equine erythrocytes were incubated with the extract derived from leaves of F. sagittata collected in NBG (Kyiv), the TBARS levels were significantly increased compared to the untreated samples. The incubation of equine plasma with an extract derived from leaves of F. sagittata resulted in an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase with a simultaneous decrease of ceruloplasmin level. The level of total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased after the treatment by extract derived from leaves of F. sagittata collected in NBG. However, further detailed investigation, especially in vivo and in vitro antioxidant studies is needed to justify the use of extract derived from leaves of F. sagittata as a natural source of antioxidants.
... El árbol Ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz), conocido comúnmente también como ojite, ojuch, mojú u oxx (vocablo maya), es un árbol endémico de la familia de las Moraceae y con una amplia distribución en Mesoamérica (Clement & Weiblen, 2009). Su semilla, su follaje, su látex y su madera tienen un alto potencial económico, tanto para la alimentación (animal y humana) como para los usos medicinales y culturales (Ramírez-Sánchez et al., 2017), sin embargo, pese a ser una especie útil, se distribuye mayormente de manera silvestre en selvas perennifolias y caducifolias (Santillán Fernández et al., 2021). ...
La especie forestal Brosimum alicastrum se distribuye de manera natural en ausencia de un manejo silvícola. Por su alto potencial para la alimentación animal y humana, su demanda se ha incrementado y, con ello, la necesidad de generar investigación sobre su propagación en los viveros. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes consorcios micorrícicos y del tipo de fertilización en la calidad de plántula producida mediante semilla en vivero. Se evaluaron tratamientos factoriales de cinco niveles de micorrizas (comercial, Hopelchén, Conkal, Ramón y sin micorriza), dos tipos de fertilizantes (Osmocote®, y Bio2®) y un tratamiento control (sin micorriza y sin fertilizante). Las principales variables evaluadas fueron peso seco aéreo y radical como indicadores de la calidad de plántulas. Por su parte, la fertilización mejoró la calidad de las plántulas, mientras que el consorcio micorrícico y la asociación de estos con el fertilizante no fueron significativos. Otro resultado se relacionó con la calidad de las plantas, ya que esta fue mejor en aquellos tratamientos que incluyeron fertilizantes orgánicos y para el tratamiento control y también se encontró que la especie no tolera pH ácidos de los factores empleados en su propagación. Hasta el momento, el efecto de las micorrizas en la calidad de plántulas producidas en viveros no había sido documentado para esta especie, por lo tanto, estos resultados pueden ayudar a mejorar la calidad de plántulas en vivero de una especie con reciente potencial económico.
... Mulberry (Morus spp.) has been commercially exploited as the host of the monophagous pest silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). It belongs to the Moraceae family, which comprises 37 genera, with more than 1,100 species (Clement and Weiblen, 2009). The genus Morus has over 10 species with more than 1,000 cultivated varieties spanning Asia, Europe, Africa, and the United States (He et al., 2013). ...
Studies on chromosomal status are the fundamental aspect of plant cytogenetics and breeding because changes in the number, size, and shape of chromosomes act on plant physiology/performance. Despite its significance, the classical cytogenetic study is now frequently avoided because of its terrifying job. In general, root meristems were used to study the mitotic chromosome number, even though, using root tips counting of chromosomes for tree species was restricted because of the sample availability, processing, and lack of standard protocols. Moreover, to date, the protocol using shoot tips has not yet been achieved to estimate chromosome numbers of tree species germplasm with a large number of accessions like mulberry (Morus spp.). Here, we provide a step-by-step economically feasible protocol for pretreatments, fixation, enzymatic treatment, staining, and squashing of meristematic shoot tips. The protocol is validated with worldwide collections of 200 core set accessions with a higher level of ploidy variation viz. diploid, (2n=2x=28), triploid (2n=3x=42), tetraploid (2n=4x=56) hexaploid (2n=6x=84) and decosaploid (2n=22x=308) belong to nine species of Morus spp. Furthermore, accession from each ploidy group was subjected to flow cytometry (FCM) analysis for confirmation. Moreover, the present protocol will help to optimize metaphase plate preparation and estimation of chromosome number using meristematic shoot tips of tree species regardless of their sex, location/resources.
... Introduction Mulberry (Morus spp.) has been commercially exploited as the host of monophagous pest silkworm, Bombyx mori L. [1,2]. It belongs to the Moraceae family comprised of 37 genera with more than 1,100 species [3]. The genus Morus has over 10 species with more than 1,000 cultivated varieties spanning Asia, Europe, Africa, and the United States [4,5]. ...
Elucidation of genome size (GS), genetic and phenotypic variation is the fundamental aspect of crop improvement programs. Mulberry is a cross-pollinated, highly heterozygous tree eudicot, and comprised of huge ploidy variation with great adaptability across the world. However, because of inadequate information on GS, ploidy-associated traits, as well as the correlation between genetic and phenotypic variation hinder the further improvement of mul-berry. In this present research, a core set of 157 germplasm accessions belonging to eight accepted species of Morus including promising functional varieties were chosen to represent the genetic spectrum from the whole germplasm collection. To estimate the GS, accessions were subjected to flow cytometry (FCM) analysis and the result suggested that four different ploidies (2n = 2x, 3x, 4x, and 6x) with GS ranging from 0.72±0.005pg (S-30) to 2.89 ±0.015pg (M. serrata), accounting~4.01 fold difference. The predicted polyploidy was further confirmed with metaphase chromosome count. In addition, the genetic variation was estimated by selecting a representative morphologically, diverse population of 82 accessions comprised of all ploidy variations using simple sequence repeats (SSR). The estimated average Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) and expected heterozygosity showed high levels of genetic diversity. Additionally, three populations were identified by the model-based population structure (k = 3) with a moderate level of correlation between the populations and different species of mulberry, which imply the effect of genetic variation instead of ploidy on trait plasticity that could be a consequence of the high level of heterozy-gosity imposed by natural cross-pollination. Further, the correlation between ploidies, especially diploid and triploid with selected phenotypic traits was identified, however, consistency could not be defined with higher ploidy levels (>3x). Moreover, incite gained here can serve as a platform for future omics approaches to the improvement of mulberry traits.
