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Basidiospore drawings of the species from the Antrodia serialis group: A. alaskana (Vlasák 0309/13), A. angusta (holotype), A. calcitrosa (holotype), A. flavimontis (holotype), A. infirma (holotype), A. kmetii (Vampola MJ131), A. leucaena (Spirin 9948), A. morganii (Niemelä 4119), A. primaeva (holotype), A. serialiformis (Miettinen 14816), A. serialis (neotype), A. serrata (holotype: the two basidiospores on the left; Miettinen 17186: the two basidiospores on the right), A. variiformis (Spirin 8406).
Source publication
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Antrodia serialis group are revised with morphological, ecological, and geographic data, partial translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) gene sequences, and nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S sequences. The group contains 13 species found in boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. The species are limited to ce...
Citations
... We were able to demonstrate the presence of occasionally branched skeletals in residual Antrodia spp. outside Antrodia sensu stricto (Spirin et al. 2016(Spirin et al. , 2017 and now confirm it for the rest of the dimitic species in the whole Daedalea -Fomitopsis group. ...
... Basidia and basidiospores in the Daedalea -Fomitopsis group are on average smaller than in Antrodia sensu stricto, in almost all species not exceeding 25 μm and 10 μm long, respectively, when considered in combination (both characters found in the same species (Spirin et al. 2013a). Antrodia variiformis produces encrusted cystidioles and distinctly coloured hyphae in the uppermost part of context (Spirin et al. 2017); these features rule out Antrodia sensu stricto. Antrodia madronae is a soft, fleshy polypore with hyphae easily dissolving in both KOH and IKI (Vlasák et al. 2012). ...
... 0.5-3 per mm) possess well-developed skeletocystidia, which are either apically clearly inflated or acute. Only a single representative of the Daedalea -Fomitopsis clade, the small-pored Antrodia serialiformis, has more or less regularly branched hyphidia similar to those in Antrodia sensu stricto (Spirin et al. 2017), while they are normally unbranched in all other species of the clade. We illustrate with further examples why the macrogeneric approach is preferable to the microgeneric one. ...
Based on seven-and three-gene datasets, we discuss four alternative approaches for a reclassification of Fomitopsidaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota). After taking into account morphological diversity in the family, we argue in favour of distinguishing three genera only, viz. Anthoporia, Antrodia and Fomitopsis. Fomitopsis becomes a large genus with 128 accepted species, containing almost all former Fomitopsis spp. and most species formerly placed in Antrodia, Daedalea and Laccocephalum. Genera Buglossoporus, Cartilosoma, Daedalea, Melanoporia, Neolentiporus, alongside twenty others, are treated as synonyms of Fomitopsis. This generic scheme allows for morphologically distinct genera in Fomitopsidaceae, unlike other schemes we considered. We provide arguments for retaining Fomitopsis and suppressing earlier (Daedalea, Caloporus) or simultaneously published generic names (Piptoporus) considered here as its synonyms. Taxonomy of nine species complexes in the genus is revised based on ITS, ITS + TEF1, ITS + TEF1 + RPB1 and ITS + TEF1 + RPB2 datasets. In total, 17 species are described as new to science, 26 older species are reinstated and 26 currently accepted species names are relegated to synonymy. A condensed identification key for all accepted species in the genus is provided.
... Neoantrodia was segregated from Antrodia s.l. by Audet (2017f). Morphologically, Neoantrodia differs from Antrodia s.l. by its smaller pores and basidia, hyphoid to bullet-or bottle-shaped cystidioles encrusted with a crystal crown (Spirin et al. 2017;Audet 2017f). ...
... Antrodia serialis (Fr.) Donk is one of the most common polypore species in boreal conifer forests of Europe (Spirin et al. 2017). The taxonomy and phylogeny of the A. serialis group were revised based on morphological, ecological, and geographic data by Spirin et al. (2017), and the results showed that this group contains 13 species found in boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. ...
... Donk is one of the most common polypore species in boreal conifer forests of Europe (Spirin et al. 2017). The taxonomy and phylogeny of the A. serialis group were revised based on morphological, ecological, and geographic data by Spirin et al. (2017), and the results showed that this group contains 13 species found in boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. ...
The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems; they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling. Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important economic value as medicinal or edible mushrooms. Recent studies showed that the ability to produce brown rot has evolved independently at least five times. Nevertheless, the Polyporales contains the vast majority of the species of the brown-rot fungi. In this study, the classification system of the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales is revised. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are analysed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The study showed that the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales formed fourteen lineages, which are assigned at family level, including four new families: Auriporiaceae, Piptoporellaceae, Postiaceae, Taiwanofungaceae, and ten existing families: Adustoporiaceae, Dacryobolaceae, Fibroporiaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Laetiporaceae, Laricifomitaceae, Phaeolaceae, Pycnoporellaceae, Sarcoporiaceae, and Sparassidaceae. Meanwhile, eleven new genera, viz., Austroporia, Aurantipostia, Austropostia, Daedalella, Nothofagiporus, Pseudoantrodia, Pseudofomitopsis, Rhodoantrodia, Tenuipostia, Wolfiporiella and Wolfiporiopsis are proposed; eighteen new species, viz., Amyloporia nivea, Antrodia subheteromorpha, Aurantipostia macrospora, Austropostia hirsuta, A. plumbea, A. subpunctata, Cystidiopostia subhibernica, Daedalella micropora, Fuscopostia subfragilis, Lentoporia subcarbonica, Melanoporia tropica, Neolentiporus tropicus, Phaeolus fragilis, Postia crassicontexta, Pseudoantrodia monomitica, Pseudofomitopsis microcarpa, Resinoporia luteola and Rhodonia subrancida are described; and twelve new combinations, viz., Austroporia stratosa, Austropostia brunnea, A. pelliculosa, A. punctata, Nothofagiporus venatus, Rhodoantrodia tropica, R. yunnanensis, Tenuipostia dissecta, Wolfiporiella cartilaginea, W. curvispora, W. dilatohypha and Wolfiporiopsis castanopsidis, are proposed. Illustrated descriptions of the new species are provided. Notes on the genera of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are provided.
... However, they belong to 11 orders according to the current phylogeny and taxonomy. The materials used in the present study mostly according to polypore data in China (Dai, 2012), North America (Zhou et al., 2016), Europe (Ryvarden and Melo, 2017), recent studies in the three land masses (D€ ammrich et al., 2017;Spirin et al., 2017;Consiglio and Setti, 2018;Korhonen et al., 2018;Cui et al., 2019;Runnel et al., 2019Runnel et al., , 2021Shen et al., 2019;Chen et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2022) with some modifications if distinct misidentifications existed, and databases of Index Fungorum and MycoBank for new polypores from the three land masses during 2012-2022. The species diversity of polypores in the three land masses is mostly verified according to current taxonomy accepted mostly in two databases, Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfung ...
Background
Polypores as components of forest ecosystems are an important group of wood-inhabiting fungi playing a key role in forest regeneration. Previously, studies on polypore funga and diversity were focused on limited areas within one land mass only. What are the polypore funga and species composition for large-scale of China, North America and Europe? The funga and species composition of polypores in the three land masses will supply an important source of reference for the distribution patterns of polypores at species level or higher taxa. In the present study the diversity and species composition of polypores in China, North America and Europe are compared based on published data.
Methods
The species diversity, species composition, major genera and nutritional modes of polypores in the three land masses are comparatively analyzed.
Results
A grand total of 1,337 polypore species, belonging to 11 orders, 43 families and 168 genera, have been recorded in these three land masses of the Northern Hemisphere, of which 854 species occur in China, 547 species in North America, and 432 species in Europe. Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Russulales are the three major orders, and Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, and Fomitopsidaceae are the three major families. The brown rot fungi Antrodia and Postia have highest number of species at generic level in the three land masses. The proportionally highest number of white rot polypore species is in China (78.81%), followed by North America (73.86%) and then Europe (67.82%); conversely, the proportion of brown rot polypores is highest in Europe (28.47%) then North America (21.39%) and then China (15.57%).
Conclusions
China had the highest polypore diversity followed by North America, and then Europe although North America is around twice as big as China and Europe. White rot is the major nutritional mode of all the polypores in China, North America and Europe accounting for 77.04% of all polypore species. The white rot species as a proportion of all polypores in each of the three land masses are highest in China, followed by North America and then Europe. The polypore diversity patterns are probably due to tree species diversity and the distribution patterns of angiosperm and gymnosperm trees in the three land masses. More tree species and diverse forest types are in China than those in North America and Europe, and these factors may correspond polypore funga and species composition in the three land masses.
... The ecology and distribution of these related species are similar. Antrodia variiformis appears on dead conifers, mostly on Picea, in montane coniferous forests (Spirin et al. 2017 geographical classification) and Spain. Kotlaba (1985) presented three collections of A. variiformis in Czechoslovakia and regarded the species to be extremely rare. ...
... Karadelev et Rusevska (2016) present only one record of A. labyrinthica from Macedonia, on fir. Spirin et al. (2017) also associate the species (under name of A. kmetii) with fallen trunks of fir, besides Abies alba also A. pinsapo. ...
... Several DNA-based studies have reported remarkable species diversity within previously recognized morphospecies-including Antrodia spp. (Spirin et al. 2015a(Spirin et al. , 2016a(Spirin et al. , 2017, Ceriporia purpurea (Spirin et al. 2016b), Jahnoporus hirtus (Spirin et al. 2015b), Laetiporus sulphureus (Lindner and Banik 2008; Song et al. 2014Song et al. , 2018, Skeletocutis nivea (Korhonen et al. 2018), Sparassis crispa (Hughes et al. 2014), and Wolfiporia cocos (Wu et al. 2020a). One of the most striking examples of hidden species diversity revealed by molecular phylogenetic studies was observed in Cyanosporus (previously: Postia caesia complex). ...
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology. Biodiversity undertakings, for instance, require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable. However, a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi. Here, we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota, the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and jelly fungi. In general, best practice is to delimitate species, publish new taxa, and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible, that is, by applying a so-called unifying (or integrative) conceptual framework. However, the types of data used vary considerably from group to group. For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota, and for each provide: (i) a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition, (ii) species concepts and methods for species delimitation, and (iii) community recommendations and conclusions.
... Polypores are an extensively studied group of Basidiomycota, and more than 1500 species have been recorded in the world [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Molecular phylogenies have demonstrated that more new taxa exist in the world [43][44][45][46][47], and more crypto species will be confirmed after molecular analyses of some traditional species in sensu lato. Thus, in order to understand the diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the fungi, future taxonomic and phylogenetic work should be based on both molecular and morphological characteristics. ...
The genus Sidera is a polypore genus with resupinate, white to cream or buff fresh basidioma, poroid or hydnoid hymenophore, a monomitic or dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, the presence of rosette-like crystals and allantoid to lunate basidiospores. We study the phylogeny and diversity of Sidera herein by using both morphological and molecular methods. Phylogenetic analyses are based on the ITS dataset, the combined 2-locus dataset (5.8S + nLSU) and 7-locus dataset (ITS + nLSU + RPB1 + RPB2 + TEF1 + mtSSU + nSSU) of 15 taxa of Sidera all over the world. Among them, four species are new to science and described and illustrated in this paper, viz. S. inflata, S. malaysiana, S. punctata and S. roseo-bubalina. In addition, three taxa were treated as Sidera vulgaris sensu lato. An identification key of the 14 accepted species
of Sidera worldwide is provided.
... And five species were included in the A. malicola group: Antrodia malicola sensu stricto, A. kuz ana (2016: 6), A. c clopis (2016: 5), A. minuta (2007: 150) and A. tu ensis (2016: 10). Then taxonomy and phylogeny of the Antrodia serialis group were revised with morphological, ecological, and geographic data, partial tef1, ITS and nLSU sequences, and 13 species discovered in boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere were contained in this group (Spirin et al. 2017). Runnel et al. (2019) showed that a corticioid species with a smooth hymenophore, Phlebia griseofla escens (Litsch.) ...
A new polypore, Antrodia yunnanensis, collected from southwestern China, is described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. It is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiocarps with greyish blue to dark greyish blue pore surface upon drying, round to angular pores measuring 2–3 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, subicular hyphae bearing fine crystals, and cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring 7–9.9 × 2.5–3.1 µm. Molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS and nLSU sequence data showed that samples of A. yunnanensis formed a distinctive lineage in Antrodia sensu lato, and it nested a sister group with A. tropica.
... DNA methods have recently revealed hitherto unknown new species of wood-inhabiting fungi, even in well-studied genera (Korhonen et al., 2018;Miettinen and Niemel€ a, 2018;. Furthermore, the standard DNA marker for identifying fungi (nrDNA internal transcribed spacer; ITS) is not always sufficiently variable to delimit closely related species in basidiomycetes, or the differences are so minor (1e2 base pairs) that they may have been interpreted as intraspecific variation (Spirin et al. 2015(Spirin et al. , 2017Korhonen et al., 2018). Consequently, ITS-based species concepts may have to be revised in the future, which introduces risks in any decisions based on current knowledge. ...
Unlike for many other organism groups, conservation translocations of fungi are still rare. Encouraged by recent successful translocations, there is a growing interest in applying this conservation tool to threatened wood-inhabiting fungi. When combined with other conservation or restoration measures, translocation can be an effective measure for preventing further population decline in the short term, and species extinctions in the long term. Translocations can be appropriate for rare and specialist fungal species that occur as small local populations in isolated patches across fragmented landscapes, where there is a low likelihood of successful dispersal between distant host trees that have special qualities and are situated in suitable conditions. As species translocations are a controversial topic, the pros and cons of translocation as a conservation tool for threatened fungi need careful consideration. We highlight the uncertainties and risks that are connected to fungal translocations, and propose ten principles adhering to the precautionary principle.
... The sole attempt to revise the whole polyphyletic genus has been proposed without providing any new data, adequate phylogenetic analyses, or comparisons with recent taxonomic work and hence was poorly grounded (see Audet 2017). As no phylogenetically reliable taxonomic division has yet been proposed, several studies have for the time being chosen to retain the application of the name in the old polyphyletic sense (e.g., Spirin et al. 2015Spirin et al. , 2017. However, Antrodia s. str. ...
... Herbarium abbreviations followed Thiers [continuously updated]. Macroscopic descriptions followed Spirin et al. (2013Spirin et al. ( , 2017, and micromorphological analyses followed Miettinen et al. (2018). In short, all microscopical structures were measured with 1250× magnification (oil immersion) and phase-contrast illumination using cotton blue in lactic acid (CB). ...
Most known brown rot-producing species of Polyporales belong to the so-called "Antrodia clade" that largely consists of poroid species. In this study, we use three genetic markers to revise Antrodia s. str., the core group of this clade. We show that a corticioid species with a smooth hymenophore, Phlebia griseoflavescens, belongs to Antrodia s. str. Accordingly, we revise the generic concept of Antrodia s. str. to accommodate this species and two recently described poroid taxa, A. tenerifensis and A. multiformis. In addition, we describe two new poroid species within Antrodia s. str., A. latebrosa from Africa and A. peregrina from East Asia, and provide new documentation for the Southeast Asian species A. parvula based on recent collections from the type location.
... Recently, many studies focused on the taxonomy and phylogeny of different brown-rot fungal groups in the antrodia clade (Binder et al. 2005, Lindner & Banik 2008, Rajchenberg et al. 2011, Cui & Dai 2013, Ortiz-Santana et al. 2013, Pildain & Rajchenberg 2013, Spirin et al. 2013a, b, 2015, 2016a, b, Cui et al. 2014, Song et al. 2014, Han et al. 2016, Spirin 2016, Chen et al. 2017, Justo et al. 2017, Song & Cui 2017, and species of Postia s.lat. were included in different subclades in the antrodia clade (Binder et al. 2005 The phylogenies inferred from the combined datasets of 3-gene sequences ( Fig. 1) and 7-gene sequences (Fig. 2) strongly support the segregation of Amaropostia, Calcipostia, Cyano sporus, Cystidiopostia, Fuscopostia, Spongiporus from Postia s.str. ...
Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on the brown-rot fungi Postia and related genera, are carried out. Phylogenies of these fungi are reconstructed with multiple loci DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit (nLSU) and the small subunit (nSSU) of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). Ten distinct clades of Postia s.lat. are recognized. Four new genera, Amaropostia, Calcipostia, Cystidiopostia and Fuscopostia, are established, and nine new species, Amaropostia hainanensis, Cyanosporus fusiformis, C. microporus, C. mongolicus, C. piceicola, C. subhirsutus, C. tricolor, C. ungulatus and Postia sublowei, are identified. Illustrated descriptions of the new genera and species are presented. Identification keys to Postia and related genera, as well as keys to the species of each genus, are provided.
