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Basidiomata of Paraxerula ellipsospora and P . hongoi. a P . ellipsospora (holotype); b , c P . ellipsospora (HKAS 48467); d P . hongoi (HKAS 61794, by courtesy of X.H. Wang)
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A new species, Paraxerula ellipsospora, is described from southwestern China using both morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. This species differs phenotypically from the three known species in the genus by its greyish colored pileus, ellipsoid to elongate basidiospores, and a distribution in pine forests in Yunnan. Geographical diverg...
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... m, Q =(1.43) 1.54 – 2.0 (2.30), Q =1.76±0.16, ellipsoid to elongate, thin-walled, colorless hyaline, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia (Figs. 3b; 4b) 45 – 85 × 7.5 – 11 μ m, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia (Figs. 3c; 4b) fairly abundant, 65 – 93×11 – 18 μ m, nearly subventricose, subcapitate, or attenuate towards apex, thin- to slightly thick-walled (walls ≤ 0.5 μ m thick). Lamellar edge fertile, cheilocystidia scattered, similar to pleurocystidia in size and form. Pileipellis ( Fig. 3d) 40 – 60 μ m thick, a hymenoderm composed of clavate to broadly clavate cells (20 – 60×10 – 25 μ m), with grey-brown to yellow- brown vacuolar pigment. Pileocystidia (hairs, Fig. 3d – e) very abundant, lanceolate, (60) 120 – 400 (420)×10 – 15 (18) μ m, thick-walled (walls ≤ 3 μ m thick), nearly colorless or with yellowish to light brown cell walls; base usually enlarged; apex narrowly rounded, rarely acute. Caulocystidia (hairs, Fig. 3c) numerous, lanceolate, 100 – 500 × 10 – 20 μ m, nearly colorless and hyaline, sometimes with brownish cell wall, thin- to thick- walled (walls ≤ 2 μ m thick); apex narrow and rounded; basal part often enlarged. Clamp connections common in all parts of basidioma. Habitat and known distribution: fruiting in forests domi- nated by Pinus spp. (e.g., Pinus densata and P . armandii ); in summer at alt. 2,700 – 3,200 m in southwestern China. Additional specimens examined: China, Yunnan Province: Shangri-La County, Haba Snow Mountain, 12 Aug 2008, Y. C. Li 1443 (HKAS 56283); Shangri-La County, Haba Snow Mountain, Mianshaba, alt. 3,200 m, 13 Aug 2008, B. Feng 309 (HKAS 55420); Yulong County, Xiangshan, alt. 2,700 m, 1 Aug 1985, E. Horak 2890 (HKAS 15134, as O. caussei by Yang and Zang 1993); Yulong County, Yulong Snow Mountain, Ganhaizi, 4 Aug 1995, M. Zang 12550 (HKAS 30116); Yulong County, Yulong Snow Mountain, Heibaishui, alt. 2,900 m, 30 Jul 2001, Zhu L. Yang 3111 (HKAS 38288); Yulong County, Yulong Snow Mountain, alt. 3,100 m, 4 Aug 2005, Zhu L. Yang 4524 (HKAS 48467); Yulong County, Yulong Snow Mountain, Ganhaizi, alt. 3,200 m, 10 Aug 2008, B. Feng 293 (HKAS 55404). Specimen of P. americana examined : USA: New Mexico, 29 Aug 1995, R. Halling 7504 (NY, and HKAS 43810). Specimen of P. caussei examined : Denmark: Sjaelland, Køge, Lellinge Skevhusvaenge, in Fagus forest,19 Sep 1999, T. Læssøe 5589 (UTM, and HKAS 45056). Specimens of P. hongoi examined : Japan: Hokkaido, 18 Sep 2005, S. Takehashi 19 (HKAS 51969). China: Heilongjiang Province, Mulan County, Dagui Town, 11 Aug 2010, X. H. Wang 2593 (HKAS 61794). Paraxerula ellipsospora was misidentified as O. caussei by Yang and Zang (1993). Both P . caussei and P . ellipsospora share similar slender pleurocystidia (Fig. 4b; d). However, our study showed that the spores of P . caussei are [20/1/1] (7) 7.5 – 9.5 (10)×6 – 7 μ m; Q =(1.14) 1.16 – 1.47 (1.50); Q =1.32±0.10 (Fig. 4c), which is generally consistent with other reports, viz., 8.5 – 12×7 – 8.5 μ m, Q =1.4 in Pegler and Young (1987), and 10 – 12×7 – 8 μ m, Q =1.47 in type studies of Petersen and Hughes (2010). Additionally, P . hongoi (Fig. 2d) and P . americana were also arranged in the genus (Petersen and Hughes 2010). The two species have much longer and broader distinctly capitate pleurocystidia (Fig. 4f; h) than P . caussei and P . ellipsospora. Paraxerula hongoi is characterized by its rudimental pseudorhiza, encrusted pleurocystidia and the subglobose to broadly ovate spores (Fig. 4e; Yang 2000; Mizuta 2005; Petersen and Hughes 2010). For P . americana , we found the spores to be [10/1/1] 9 – 10 (11.5)× (6.5) 7 – 8 (8.5) μ m, Q =(1.22) 1.26 – 1.35 (1.46), Q =1.32±0.10 (Fig. 4g). Pegler and Young (1987) reported the spores of P . americana as 9 – 12.5×7 – 8.5 μ m, while Petersen and Hughes (2010) stated the spores of the holotype of P . americana as 9 – 11.5×7 – 8.5 μ m, Q =1.36. Both reports are consistent with our observations. The color of the basidioma of P . ellipsospora (brownish grey to greyish) also makes it distinct from P . americana , P . caussei and P . hongoi . The colors of the later three species are usually darker (from nearly black to brown series, “ snuff brown ” , “ olive brown ” , “ greyish brown ” , “ nut brown ” , “ to- bacco brown ” or “ sayal brown ” ) (Fig. 2; Ridgway 1912; Petersen and Hughes 2010). The four species also differ in ecology: Paraxerula ellipsospora was only found in Pinus densata and P . armandii forests (Fig. 2a – c), while P . americana is usually associated with Populus spp. (Petersen and Hughes 2010); Paraxerula hongoi was reported from Abies and Rhododendron (Yang 2000) or mixed hard- woods of Castanopsis , Celtis , Ilex , Quercus , Pinus densifolia and Alnus (Petersen and Hughes 2010); and Paraxerula caussei grows in Fagus sylvatica forests (Petersen and Hughes 2010). Three additional names, viz. Oudemansiella nigra Dörfelt, O. renati Clémençon and O. xeruloides Bon, may be men- tioned in connection to Paraxerula . The former two names were treated as synonyms of P . caussei (under the name of O. caussei by Boekhout and Bas 1986; Pegler and Young 1987; Boekhout 1999; Contu 2000; Ronikier 2003; Petersen and Hughes 2010). The last one, O. xeruloides , originally described from France, differs from P . ellipsospora by its larger, broadly amygdaliform or ovate spores (Bon 1975; Clémençon 1979; Dörfelt 1983; Reid 1985). Although O. xeruloides was transferred to Hymenopellis by Petersen and Hughes (2010), its systematic position is still unsettled. It ’ s worth noting that the four species within Paraxerula show strong geographical divergences in the Northern Hemisphere. On one hand, P . ellipsospora has so far only been found in southwestern China of East Asia, while its sister taxon P . caussei was only reported in Europe. On the other hand, P . americana occurs in the Rocky Mountains of North America, while its closest relative, P . hongoi , is distributed in East Asia (Japan, far-eastern Russia and China). The related species or species pairs observed in East Asia-Europe and East Asia-North America may indicate broad historical exchange of Paraxerula , as documented in many other saprophytic, and ectomycorrhizal fungi (Redhead 1989; Mueller et al. 2001; Geml et al. 2006; 2008; Li et al. 2009; Feng et al. 2012; Zhao et al. ...
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... Additional file 1: Collection data for the specimens used in the phylogenetic analyses and GenBank accession numbers for the corresponding sequence data, both generated for this study and obtained from previous studies [10,64,83,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step: ...
Background
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Results
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Conclusions
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Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0877-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Three new and one previously described species of Physalacria (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales) are reported from China. Specimens of two additional species described from Malaysia and North America were studied for comparison. Placements of these species were corroborated based on morphological observations and molecular evidence from partial sequences of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and the 28S D1-D3 region, and genes for translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1α) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). These new species of Physalacria distributed in subtropical China were found on rotten wood of broadleaf trees or bamboo and possess stipitate-capitate basidiomata with four-spored basidia, clamp connections and smooth, inamyloid basidiospores. To facilitate studies of the genus in Asia, a key is provided for all Physalacria species reported from this region.
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