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Basidiomata of Inocybe squarrosoluteaa, b MHHNU8536 c MHHNU31006, and d MHHNU31427. Scale bars: 10 mm.
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Some species of Inocybe s. str. caused neurotoxic poisoning after consumption around the world. However, there are a large number of species in this genus that have not been studied for their toxicity or toxin content. In this study, we report two new toxic yellow Inocybe s. str. species from China based on morphological characteristics, phylogenet...
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Citations
... Clamp connections are present. Based on macroscopic and microscopic examination, our Inocybe specimen was considered rare with yellow lamellae and posed a highly similar character to I. squarrosolutea described from China by Li et al. (2021). The delimitation was based on its large-sized basidiomata, bright yellow coloration, scaly pileus, and presence of orange fibrillose veil remnants on the stipe. ...
... Marfi (2018), exploring Inocybe in the Pinus merkusii Forest of the Village Matarawa, Watopute District, Muna Regency, Retnowati, et al. (2021) found and identified I. stellata as one of the new records on the island of Sulawesi, Putra & Nurhayat (2022) explored Inocybe sp. in the Haurbentes Research Forest Area (West Java). The Inocybe which was found in the current study was new information for Indonesia and similar to those reported by Li et al. (2021), has been determined to be a toxic mushroom. The research by Kosentka et al. (2013) and Isiloglu et al. (2009) reported that many Inocybe species contain toxins, specifically muscarine and psilocybin. ...
The exploration of ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity around the campus could provide insights into the presence and distribution of these symbiotic fungi in the area. This study aimed to observe, identify, and provide information regarding ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity in the IPB University Campus Forest. The sampling sites represent various tree species including forests, parks, and green spaces. The exploration was done using opportunistic sampling method. The obtained basidiomata were examined for macromorphological and micromorphological examination to identify the ectomycorrhizal fungi. The identification results based on the morphological characteristics confirmed our specimens as Inocybe cf. squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido and Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel. The Inocybe was characterized by having small to medium-sized, pileus squamules, dry surface, light brown to yellowish cap, lamellae crowded, cylindrical or attenuated stipe towards the apex, clavate basidia, and hemispheric knobs basidiospores. The Suillus was distinguished by having a cap that is convex in shape with a slightly brownish yellow color and the surface texture of the cap is smooth, lamella in the form of pores that are quite large and angular, brownish yellow in color, yellow tubular stipe, clavate basidia, and oval spores. These two macrofungi are new records in the sampling area and I. cf. squarrosolutea could be the new information for Indonesia. Our finding provides valuable information for ecological studies and contributes to the additional data on Indonesian ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity.
... Inocybe s. str. remains the largest genus of Inocybaceae, comprising an estimated 850 species distributed worldwide , with an increasing number of species being discovered as more areas are explored and morphological examinations of specimens are conducted (Deng et al. 2021;Li et al. 2021;Mešić et al. 2021). The presence of pleurocystidia and the basidiospores (typically with distinct apiculus) ranging from amygdaliform, elliptic, subcylindrical, angular, nodulose to spinose help distinguishing species of Inocybe from those of other genera in the family. ...
... , showed that the Inocybaceae was taxonomically and genetically very diverse, which led to a revised classification with the introduction of additional genera. Additional studies have continued to reveal new taxa of Inocybaceae worldwide (Matheny & Kudzma 2019;Bandini et al. 2021;Li et al. 2021;Khan et al. 2022). During our survey of Basidiomycetes in tropical forests of northern Thailand, we discovered a new species of Inocybe, I. hopeae sp. ...
... Over the past decade, only a single study (Horak et al. 2015) documented the diversity of Inocybe in Thailand, as compared to the other Southeast Asian regions from which several new species of Inocybe have been described (Yu et al. 2020;Li et al. 2021). With the high diversity of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes in northern Thailand and their limited documentation (Horak et al. 2015;Thongbai et al. 2018;Vadthanarat et al. 2021), further studies may yet uncover additional new species of Inocybaceae. ...
Based on genetic studies, supported further by morphological and ecological differences, we present a taxonomic novelty (Inocybe hopeae Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov.) and a new geographical record (Pseudosperma keralense) from forests of Northern Thailand. Inocybe hopeae is characterized by medium-sized basidiomes, brownish orange to brown pileus that is darker towards the margin, off-white to pale brown context, light brown to dark brown stipe with off-white basal mycelium and pale brown to grayish brown lamellae. A three-gene phylogeny (LSU, tef1, rpb2) coupled with macroscopic / microscopic descriptions and illustrations are provided confirming the species’ positions in their respective generic clades. Inocybe hopeae was sister to I. thailandica with strong support (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0). Our Thai collections of OR1629 had similar morphological characters and 100% identical sequences with the holotype of Pseudosperma keralense from India.
... Xu et al. (2020b) reported that the muscarine content of I. serotina Peck in a poisoning incident was 324.0 ± 62.4 mg/kg wet weight. Li et al. (2021b) reported that the muscarine content in I. squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido and I. squarrosofulva S.N. Li, Y.G. ...
... Although some studies showed that the toxin amount in the cap is higher than in the stipes (Hu et al. 2012;Garcia et al. 2015;Sun et al. 2018Sun et al. , 2019, the mechanism of such difference is still not clear. Li et al. (2021b) reported that the muscarine content of Inocybe squarrosolutea varied a lot in different specimens. However, in this study, the muscarine content in the mushroom samples collected from the same or three different places showed no significant difference. ...
In this study, Pseudosperma arenarium is proposed as a new species, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence. The new species grows on sandy ground under Populus and Pinus sylvestris in north-western China and northern Europe, respectively. It is characterised by the combination of the robust habit, nearly glabrous pileus, large cylindrical basidiospores, thin-walled cheilocystidia and ecological associations with Populus alba × P. berolinensis and Pinus sylvestris and unique phylogenetic placement. Additionally, a comprehensive toxin determination of the new species using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted. Results showed that it was a muscarine-positive species. The content were approximately five times higher in the pilei [4012.2 ± 803.1–4302.3 ± 863.2 mg/kg ( k = 2, p = 95%)] than in the stipes [850.4 ± 171.1–929.1 ± 184.2 mg/kg ( k = 2, p = 95%)], demonstrating the severity of mushroom poisoning when patients consumed different parts of the poisonous mushroom. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin and psilocin were not detected.
... Among these diverse groups of poisonous mushrooms, Inocybaceae is supposed to contain a large number of muscarine-containing taxa. The species diversity of Inocybaceae was documented by a series of studies in China (Fan and Bau, 2010, 2014a,b, 2016Bau and Fan, 2018;Yu et al., 2020;Deng et al., 2021a,b;Li et al., 2021b). Inosperma genus only includes a few toxic species, but a high level of muscarine was frequently detected (Kosentka et al., 2013;Sailatha et al., 2014;Latha et al., 2020;Deng et al., 2021a;Patocka et al., 2021) and was reported constantly in mushroom poisoning incidents from tropical Asia (Chandrasekharan et al., 2020;Parnmen et al., 2021;Li et al., 2022). ...
... Brown et al. (1962) found that the contents of muscarine differ in different collections of certain species. Li et al. (2021b) detected two toxic Inocybe from China, discovering that the muscarine contents in Inocybe squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido and Inocybe squarrosofulva (S.N. Li, Y.G. ...
Currently, mushroom poisoning still poses a huge problem to humans' health and life globally. Poisoning incidents caused by Inosperma spp. were reported continuously in tropical China in recent years. In this study, a new poisonous Inosperma species, discovered from a poisoning incident, was described in tropical China based on morphological, molecular, and toxin detection evidence; detailed descriptions, photographs, and comparisons to closely related species were provided. For qualitative analysis, through targeted screening using ultra-high liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), the new species contains muscarine and no other toxins (two isoxazole derivatives, two tryptamine alkaloids, three amatoxins, and three phallotoxins). For quantitative analysis, muscarine contents in the pileus and the stipe were 2.08 ± 0.05 and 6.53 ± 1.88 g/kg, respectively.
The Clitocybaceae is a recently established family. Currently, the infrafamilial divisions and relationships within the family are vague due to limited sampling and genes employed for phylogenetic analysis. Some mushrooms of the family contain the neurotoxic muscarine, which has caused many severe and even deadly poisonings worldwide. However, the taxonomic distribution and evolution of the toxin within the family is largely unknown. In this study, phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of ITS and of six molecular loci (ITS, LSU, TEF1, RPB1, RPB2 and ATP6), plus a phylogenomic analysis based on 485 single-copy orthologous genes, were performed to reconstruct the framework of Clitocybaceae. BEAST analysis was used to estimate the divergence times within the family. Additionally, biochemical analysis for muscarine was conducted of 32 representative species. Based on these analyses, an updated classification of Clitocybaceae into six genera (Clitocybe, Collybia, Dendrocollybia, Lepista, Pseudolyophyllum, and Singerocybe) is proposed. The genus Collybia is emended to accommodate four subgenera (Collybia, Crassicybe, Leucocalocybe, and Macrosporocybe). Seventeen new Chinese species and 15 new combinations are proposed. Keys to the genera of Clitocybaceae and the subgenera of Collybia, as well as to the known species of Clitocybe and Collybia subgen. Collybia in China, are presented. In addition, muscarine was detected in 18 species, and these muscarine-containing species formed a major monophyletic clade within Collybia subgen. Collybia. Finally, our phylogenetic, phylogenomic, chemotaxonomic and molecular dating results indicate that the Clitocybaceae is a natural group estimated to have arisen some 60 million years ago, and in this family, muscarine has evolved only once circa 20 million years ago without later losses.
In the present study, we describe a new nodulose-spored Inocybe species based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidences. The new species is discovered in a Carpinus forest in Hainan Province, tropical China. It is characterized by a small and slender habit, brown to umber brown pileus with an acutely pointed umbo, sub-distant lamellae, brownish stripes covered with appressed vesture, nodulose to sub-stellate basidiospores, and slightly thick-walled hymenial cystidia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis revealed its unique phylogenetic position and placed the new species in a well-supported clade comprising a series of nodulose-and spiny-spored taxa. A detailed description, color photos of different development stages of basidiomata and its micro-structures, and a discussion on its closely related taxa are provided.
Inocybe viscida sp. nov., a novel species found in a forest with old trees of Pinus brutia and tertiary relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis in coastal area of southwestern Turkey, is described and illustrated. We present this new species based on morphological and
molecular data from nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8SITS2 = ITS) and the portions of nuc 28S rRNA (LSU) gene. Comprehensive description, field photographs, line drawings of the microscopic features and comparisons with phenetically similar taxa and phylogenetically related species are discussed.
