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Basic structure of organophosphorus insecticides (a) and examples of organophosphorus insecticides, which are (b) chlorfenvinphos, (c) parathion, (d) azinphos, (e) quinalphos, (f) dimethoate, (g) diazinon and (h) chlorpyrifos
Source publication
Organophosphorus insecticides, such as parathion-ethyl, quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos or diazinon, are still widely used for pest control on crops. These compounds are extremely toxic to humans, and, even though specific legislation exists that controls the use of these substances, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal events and the exis...
Citations
... However, few studies have considered the role of oxidative stress as the main toxicological mechanism of pesticides in this process. Besides, previous studies have been mostly limited to specific regions and times, with few large-scale, longterm, and cross-sectional studies [10,21]. ...
Background
The large-scale application of pyrethroids and organophosphorus pesticides has great benefits for pest control. However, the increase of cancer incidence rate in recent years has also caused public concern about the health risks of pesticides. Hence, we utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the association and risk between pesticide exposure and several cancers, along with the comprehensive impact of oxidative stress. In this study, six cancers and six common pesticides were included to analyze their correlation and risk. And the levels of eight oxidative stress marks and two inflammatory markers were used for stratified analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Machine learning prediction models were established to evaluate the importance of different exposure factors.
Results
According to the data analyzed, each pesticide increased the risk of three to four out of six cancers on average. Iron, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma glutamyl transferase levels positively correlated with cancer risk in most cases of pesticide exposure. Except for demographic factors, factors such as AST, iron, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid showed high contributions to the random forest model, which was consistent with our expectations. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the prediction model had sufficient accuracy (74.2%).
Conclusion
Our results indicated that specific pesticide exposure increased the risk of cancer, which may be mediated by various oxidative stress mechanisms. Additionally, some biochemical indicators have the potential to be screened for cancer prevention.
... The enzyme acetate breaks down the acetylcholine neurotransmitter at the synapse of the autonomous nervous system as well as the neuromuscular junctions of the peripheral nervous systems. 6 The inhibition of enzymes restricts the dehydration of the neurotransmitter, leading to its accumulation in cholinergic sites and causing alterations in the normal operation of the brain. When a cholinergic molecule is continuously hindered, the only way to restore its function is by creating a new enzyme during synthesis. ...
... detection and rapid detection [14]. Therefore, researchers have tried to use various rapid detection methods in analysis to detect pesticide residues in samples [15]. The biosensor, as a rapid detection technology, exhibits advantages of low cost, simple operation, and fast detection in identifying pesticide residues. ...
The accumulation of pesticide residues poses a significant threat to the health of people and the surrounding ecological systems. However, traditional methods are not only costly but require expertise in analysis. An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was developed using chitosan and molybdenum disulfide (CTS-MoS2), along with acetylene black (AB@CTS) for the rapid detection of malathion residues. Due to the weak interaction force, simple composite may lead to uneven dispersion; MoS2 and AB were dissolved in CTS solution, respectively, and utilized the biocompatibility of CTS to interact with each other on the electrode. The MoS2 nanosheets provided a large specific surface area, enhancing the utilization rate of catalytic materials, while AB exhibited excellent conductivity. Additionally, the dendritic polylysine (PLL) contained numerous amino groups to load abundant luminol to catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The proposed ECL aptasensor obtained a low detection limit of 2.75 × 10−3 ng/mL (S/N = 3) with a good detection range from 1.0 × 10−2 ng/mL to 1.0 × 103 ng/mL, demonstrating excellent specificity, repeatability, and stability. Moreover, the ECL aptasensor was successfully applied for detecting malathion pesticide residues in authentic samples with recovery rates ranging from 94.21% to 99.63% (RSD < 2.52%). This work offers valuable insights for advancing ECL sensor technology in future applications.
... Various combinations of complex suicide has been reported globally covering approximately 1-5% of all suicide cases in forensic autopsies [14]. Literature exists for simultaneous determination of cyperthrin and chlorpyrifos by different instrumental techniques GC-MS and ATR-FTIR showing high suitability of these techniques when employed to carry out chemical analysis [29][30][31][32][33][34], but their detection of poison in single cases along with asphyxia due to hanging is rare. ...
Complex suicides involve two separate method of self inflicted harm to take ones own life. Toxicological analysis of these medico-legal cases are encountered by the forensic analyst for chemical examination to ascertain cause of death. Statistical data for complex suicides is at present largely unrecorded though National Crime Records Bureau records suggest 53.6% by hanging followed by 25.8% deaths by poisoning in India. Compared to death by hanging, fatal cases due to pesticide intake with hanging are barely seen. Here in, we are reporting a rare case where the deceased had used this complex combination of suicide to terminate his life. A complete forensic investigation, including the scene of crime and autopsy examination, was observed wherein 44-year-old man had hung himself at his residence. Chemical examination to ascertain presence of any poison in visceral tissues to rule out intoxication was conducted. The chemical tests, Thin Layer Chromatography analysis, ATRFTIR and GC-MS instrumental analysis established the presence of pesticides (Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid) in his visceral organs. The cause of death as stated by the medical expert was anti-mortem hanging, but after detection of massive amount of pesticides in visceral tissues and post mortem blood, suggests ingestion of pesticides as well as asphyxia that led to the death of the deceased. Thus, the method of death was more toward planned complex definite suicide which is alarming and needs severe attention from various sections of society.
... The limit of detection (LOD) for Ca, Ph, and Ro was estimated to be 1 ng/mL (1 ppb), while the LOD for Ma, Pa, and Pho was 2.5 ng/mL (or 2.5 ppb). According to China's national food safety standard for OPs [54,55], our results are lower than the set national limits. In addition, the six OPs had correlation coefficients (R 2 ) greater than 0.93, with linear ranges of 10-200 ng/mL for Pa, Ro, and Pho and 25-200 ng/mL for Ca, Ma, and Ph, respectively. ...
In modern agricultural practices, organophosphorus pesticides or insecticides (OPs) are regularly used to restrain pests. Their limits are closely monitored since their residual hinders the capability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and brings out a threatening accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), which affects human well-being. Therefore, spotting OPs in food and the environment is compulsory to prevent human health. Several techniques are available to identify OPs but encounter shortcomings like time-consuming, operating costs, and slow results achievement, which calls for further solutions. Herein, we present a rapid colorimetric sensor for quantifying OPs in foods using TMB as a substrate, a multi-enzyme cascade system, and the synergistic property of core-shell Palladinum@Platinum (Pd@Pt) nanoparticles. The multi-enzyme cascade response framework is a straightforward and effective strategy for OPs recognition and can resolve the previously mentioned concerns. Numerous OPs, including Carbofuran, Malathion, Parathion, Phoxim, Rojor, and Phosmet, were successfully quantified at different concentrations. The cascade method established using Pd@Pt had a simple and easy operation, a lower detection limit range of (1–2.5 ng/mL), and a short detection time of about 50 min. With an R2 value of over 0.93, OPs showed a linear range of 10–200 ng/mL, portraying its achievement in quantifying pesticide residue. Lastly, the approach was utilized in food samples and recovered more than 80% of the residual OPs.
... However, the middle of the twentieth century marked the advent of the use of pesticides as synthetic compounds [1]. Pesticides are chemical agents used for crops or plant protection [2]. ...
The prevalent occurrence of organophosphate pesticides in the environment is widely accompanied by severe adverse impacts on environmental matrices and humans owing to their bioaccumulation in the food chain or direct exposure. Despite the intervention of regulatory agencies on the levels of pesticide residues, studies have shown that these pesticide congeners are still present in human blood serum and urine as well as soil, sediments, water, and air. This, therefore, requires the adoption of both conventional and newly developed methods for the total mitigation of pesticides in environmental matrices. The ubiquitous nature of this group of xenobiotics in both environmental and biological matrices, particularly at alarming concentrations as reported in the reviewed studies, is responsible for its attendant adverse health and ecological impacts. Based on available evidence, the predominant source of organophosphate pesticides in the environment is agricultural application. Although this class of persistent organic pollutants is relatively less persistent in the environment than their organochlorine counterparts, nevertheless, their neurotoxic effects on humans cannot be undermined. Adequate measures must be taken to regulate the storage and usage of these pesticides on farmlands. It is also recommended that more eco-friendly and sustainable approaches should be developed to circumvent the distressing effects of organophosphate pesticides. In this review article, special attention is given to the occurrence of these pesticide residues in biological and environmental matrices. This article comprehensively discusses recent advances in the remediation of organophosphate pesticides whilst exploring future perspectives for these remedial approaches.
... Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) accounted for half of the total pesticide usage in the USA (Kazemi et al. 2012;Weiss et al. 2004). Because of their reasonable prices and highly effective resistance to pests, some OPPs, such as chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon, are broadly applied in agriculture (Barr et al. 2005a;Soares et al. 2019). They usually are detected in water, air, food, and human urine samples (Fernández et al. 2020, Kumari and John 2019, Si et al. 2021, Syafrudin et al. 2021. ...
Substantial evidence has shown that organophosphate pesticide (OPP) exposure altered the reproductive system functions, such as prolonged menstrual cycles, sexual hormone imbalance, and changes in ovarian weight. However, the association of OPP exposure with female infertility is unclear. We explored the relationships of four single OPP metabolites and their mixed exposure with self-reported infertility among women aged 20–50 in the USA using the data from two cycles (2015–2016 and 2017–2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) by multiple logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and quantile g-computation (QGC). Eventually, 659 females were included in our study. Among these females, 77 participants were ever infertile. Multiple logistic regression showed that the odds ratios (ORs) in the second and third tertiles of dimethylphosphate (DMP) for female infertility were 2.53 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.20–5.32, P value = 0.016) and 2.96 (95%CI: 1.18–7.47, P value = 0.023) compared to the lowest tertile after adjusting for all covariates (P for trend = 0.022). A significantly positive association between the mixed OPP metabolites and infertility was observed in the BKMR model, in which DMP had the highest posterior inclusion probability (PIP = 0.741). The QGC model showed similar results, in which OPP metabolite mixtures increased the risk of female infertility, with DMP as a significantly positive contributor to the outcome. This study revealed the potential harm of OPP mixtures for female infertility in the USA, and DMP played the most critical role in female infertility risk among all OPP metabolites.
... PQ (5 and 10 mg/mL) did not affect body bends after 3 h of treatment (Fig. 1C). Unlike organic phosphorus pesticides, which are acetylcholinesterases with rapid onset of immediate symptoms following ingestion (Soares et al., 2019), ingestion of a moderate dose of PQ usually produces no symptoms except for possible corrosive lesions during the first phase of PQ poisoning (Dinis-Oliveira et al., 2008). Therefore, 5 mg/mL PQ, which did not significantly affect the physiology of N2 wild-type worms during the process (3 h) of PQ poisoning, was chosen as the working concentration for the C. elegans model of PQ poisoning. ...
Background
Paraquat (PQ) is an effective and widely used herbicide and causes numerous fatalities by accidental or voluntary ingestion. However, neither the final cytotoxic mechanism nor effective treatments for PQ poisoning have been discovered. Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), which does not rely on the molecular mechanism of the diseases, is having a renaissance in recent years owing to its potential to address the incompletely understood complexity of diseases. Herein, the C. elegans PDD model was established to pave the way for the future phenotypic discovery of potential agents for treating PQ poisoning.
Methods
C. elegans were treated with PQ-containing solid medium followed by statistical analysis of worm survival, pharyngeal pumping, and movement ability. Furthermore, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was used to test the C. elegans model of PQ poisoning by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), mitochondrial morphology, and worm survival rate. Additionally, we used the classic mice model of PQ intoxication to evaluate the validity of the C. elegans model of PQ poisoning by measuring the effect of CoQ10 as a potential antidote for PQ poisoning.
Results
In the C. elegans model of PQ poisoning, 5 mg/mL PQ increased the levels of ROS, MDA content, mitochondrial fragments, which significantly shortened the lifespan, while CoQ10 alleviated these phenotypes. In the mice model of PQ poisoning, CoQ10 increased the chance of survival in PQ poisoned mice while reducing ROS, MDA content in lung tissue and inhibiting PQ-induced lung edema. Moreover, CoQ10 alleviated the lung morphopathological changes induced by PQ.
Conclusion
Here we established a C. elegans model of PQ poisoning, whose validity was confirmed by the classic mice model of PQ intoxication.
... In recent decades, people's research on OPPs has gradually changed from how to increase production of OPPs and pay attention to whether the large-scale use of OPPs can harm the ecological environment, and then derive a variety of new attempts to solve them. At present, several excellent reviews have summarized the population affected by OPPs (discussed according to age, gender and region) and the classification of OPPs (based on different chemical structures) (Kaushal et al., 2021), environmental pollution pathways (Kaushal et al., 2021;, improved detection methods (Songa and Okonkwo, 2016;Soares et al., 2019), detoxification methods Poirier et al., 2021;Paidi et al., 2021) and ecological risk assessment (Bhandari et al., 2021;Derbalah et al., 2019;Shadboorestan et al., 2016), etc. However, these have not discussed the toxic mechanism of OPPs in depth and the system strategies for sustainable agricultural development in the future. ...
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are one of the most widely used types of pesticide that play an important role in the production process due to their effects on preventing pathogen infection and increasing yield. However, in the early development and application of OPPs, their toxicological effects and the issue of environmental pollution were not considered. With the long-term overuse of OPPs, their hazards to the ecological environment (including soil and water) and animal health have attracted increasing attention. Therefore, this review first clarified the classification, characteristics, applications of various OPPs, and the government's restriction requirements on various OPPs. Second, the toxicological effects and metabolic mechanisms of OPPs and their metabolites were introduced in organisms. Finally, the existing methods of degrading OPPs were summarized , and the challenges and further addressing strategy of OPPs in the sustainable development of agriculture , the environment, and ecology were prospected. However, methods to solve the environmental and ecological problems caused by OPPs from the three aspects of use source, use process, and degradation methods were proposed, which provided a theoretical basis for addressing the stability of the ecological environment and improving the structure of the pesticide industry in the future. Constitutive androstane receptor; PXR, Pregnenolone X receptor; AMPKα/β/γ, Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α/β/γ heterotrimeric complex; TSC1/2, Tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2; P53, Protein 53 kD; mTORC1, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; Raptor, Regulatory-associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin; PRAS40, Prolin-rich Akt substrate of 40 kD; ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
... 12 In 2018, a review article on the recent advancements of the QuEChERS base extraction method coupled to gas/liquid chromatography in vegetables and fruits was published by Lawal et al. 13 In 2019, Soares et al. reviewed the analysis of OPPs in biological samples using chromatography-based detection techniques. 14 Narenderan et al. in 2020 reported a review article for pesticide detection in fruits and vegetable samples where the author covered a whole range of pesticides with less focus on OPPs. 15 However, as far as we are aware, a review covering a wide variety of OPPs in different kinds of matrices with their extraction method and detection using chromatographic techniques has not been covered yet. ...
In agriculture, a wide range of OPPs has been employed to boost crop yield, quality, and storage life. However, due to the ever-increasing population and rapid urbanization, pesticide use has surged in recent years. These compounds are exceedingly poisonous to humans, and despite the fact that specific legislation prohibits their use, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal incidents, as well as current statistics, suggest that they are currently accessible. As a result, determining the exposure to these substances as well as their detection (and that of their metabolites) in different types of exposed samples has become a hot issue in terms of quality and safety concerns. However, developing tools for the evaluation of these substances is a critical challenge for laboratories. Various chromatographic-based methods reported in the period of 2015-2020 have been developed, which are summarized and critically reviewed in this article, including the extraction of the target OPPs from different kinds of matrices. A comparison among the extraction and analysis techniques has been made in the current review article.
