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... of different type of electrical motors which used in EVs and HEVs are shown in fig. 2. Application of each machine has their own merits and demerits which make them attractive different types of hybrid vehicle concepts. Schematic layout of electric and hybrid electric vehicles is shown in fig. 3. The schematic layout of EVs and HEVs are become combinations of power electronics components, batteries and control logic. ...
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The switched reluctance motor (SRM) uniquely bears several merits with respect to other motor configurations. Especially, the construction of the rotor is simple in the sense that it neither contains copper not contains permanent magnets. Because of this construction, likelihood of rotor’s failure is less than the other motor configurations. This m...
A new structure of a linear switched reluctance motor is proposed in this paper. With the permanent magnet inserted in the movers, the performance of the original motor is improved. An electromagnetic analysis is done by using the finite element analysis. The influence of the permanent magnets in different positions of the movers on the electromagn...
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Citations
... Various types of electric machines find application in EVs [9][10][11][12]. PMSMs are favored by many manufacturers due to their high efficiency and reliability, eliminating the need for external excitation and minimizing rotor copper losses, resulting in a compact design [13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
In this study, an electric vehicle (EV) dynamic model is devised that amalgamates mechanical design aspects—such as aerodynamic effects, tire friction, and vehicle frontal area—with crucial components of the electrical infrastructure, including the electric motor, power converters, and battery systems. Verification of the model is executed through a comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis utilizing CATIA, ANSYS Electromagnetics, ANSYS Fluent, and MATLAB–Simulink tools, which are applied to evaluate two alternative lightweight EV prototypes. The process involves initial computations of critical inputs for the dynamic model, including aerodynamic lift (C1), drag coefficients (Cd), and frontal area (Af). Subsequent stages entail the detailed design and analysis of a 2 kW brushless permanent magnet electric motor in ANSYS Electromagnetics to map efficiency contours across various speed–torque values. Integration of these parameters into a MATLAB–Simulink dynamic model, connected with motor drive inverter and battery models, allows for simulation-based energy consumption analysis under race track slope profiles. Remarkably, the findings underscore the considerable impact of neglected parameters on energy consumption, often exceeding fifty percent of the total. Consequently, an energy-efficient EV prototype is manufactured and rigorously tested under specified drive conditions, affirming the validation of the comprehensive multidisciplinary EV dynamic model.
... A resilient motor system will still operate with good efficiency despite the disturbance. SRMs, without permanent magnets and with reduced winding, stand out as more promising candidates for EVs [47]. In addition, they have a good power density, simple construction, and rigid design. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) offer several advantages over internal combustion engines (ICE), including high energy efficiency, noise reduction, low maintenance, and a wider speed range. This results in lower fuel consumption, reducing dependency on oil imports and enhancing energy security. The motor drive is a critical component of EVs, providing the necessary propulsion force. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of state-of-the-art motors suitable for EV applications, including DC motors, induction motors (IM), brushless DC motors (BLDC), permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), and switched reluctance motors (SRM). Various design aspects relevant to traction applications, such as cost, reliability, efficiency, torque, fault-tolerance ability, excitation arrangements, and power density are also addressed. The performance of an EV based on the SRM drive is analyzed using MATLAB Simulink, with a special focus on parameters like speed, torque, flux, and state of charge (SOC). The review highlights that SRM drives have significant potential in EVs due to their reliable structure, fault tolerance capability, and magnet-free design. However, their application in EVs is currently limited due to torque ripples, as evident from the simulations. This paper is expected to serve as a foundation for further enhancing the performance of SRM drives for EV applications.
... Hence, there is a necessity for preliminary stages prior to entering the Electric-Based Vehicle industry(Mali et al., 2022). These stages involve establishing guidelines for Hybrid motor utilization(Pindoriya, R. M., Rajpurohit, B. S., Kumar, R., & Srivastava, 2018). ...
Global warming is one of the main issues discuss by nations leaders. It is a crucial problem that needs to be address immediately. One of the solutions to global warming is green vehicles. Hybrids and electric vehicles are not new products in the automobile market. Unfortunately, the sales percentage for both types of green vehicles are still behind the petrol engine vehicles. Regardless of the world leaders’ dream to fill the street with green vehicles by 2035 in developed countries, the dream is still far from reality. As for developing countries, the people are more familiar with hybrid vehicles compare to electric vehicles. Other than that, the consumer perceptions regarding green vehicles are not all in positive aspect. Green vehicles are more associated as luxury goods in consumer perspective. There are also critics on the reliability and durability of the green vehicles as consumers find trouble to believe that green vehicles could compete with petrol engine vehicles. This paper identifies factors that could influence consumer to purchase green vehicles. Thus, providing a better insight in promoting green vehicles to consumers.
... Single-Phase Asymmetric Bridge Converter[18]. ...
... The direction of magnetic flux, which is traditionally radial in PMSMs, has been shown analytically [18,20,21], experimentally [7], and in the production of EMs [22,23] to provide benefits in torque and packaging. Similar to studies by [5][6][7][8], a historical perspective, from the early 2000s to the present (2023), on EMs is provided in terms of performance and packaging [9,11,17,18,20,24,25], showing PMSMs to comprise a majority of the topology and yield the highest performance and smallest packaging, which are or attributes are provided for select EMs and TRMs, and the section is concluded with a high-level overview of TRM parasitic losses and the selection of power flow and torque transfer mechanisms for efficiency. ...
... Three different 200 kW EMs are shown in Figure 1a,b, illustrating the diversity in performance possible for a fixed peak power design. These characteristics can be achieved through design of the rotor, stator, type and/or orientation of magnets, or operating voltage and current, etc. [7][8][9][10]17,18,20,21,24,25]. The important takeaway is that for a given maximum power, the torque-speed characteristics can be substantially different. ...
... This approach can greatly simplify the engineering, complexity, and cost of EV propulsion systems for full vehicle line OEMs and is supported by the simple analysis shown in Figure 23. The 255 kW EM machine shown Figure 23 could easily be constructed as an IM, an SRM, or any other type of EM, but as prior works [10,24,25] conclude, PMSM represent a more suitable selection than IM or SRM for EVs as peak efficiency and the location of the efficiency contours matter most to help minimize battery size for a desired range. SRM EM technology is a desirable architecture since there is no rare earth materials representing a lower penalty in terms of cost and raw materials availability but can be a negative on controls complexity, torque ripple, and drive quality [19]. ...
A review of past, current, and emerging electric vehicle (EV) propulsion system technologies and their integration is the focus of this paper, namely, the matching of electric motor (EM) and transmission (TRM) to meet basic requirements and performance targets. The fundaments of EM and TRM matching from a tractive effort and a vehicle dynamics perspective are provided as an introductory context to available or near-production propulsion system products available from OEM and Tier 1 suppliers. Engineering data and details regarding EM and TRM combinations are detailed with a specific focus on volumetric and mass density. Evolutionary trends in EM and TRM technologies have been highlighted and summarized through current and emerging products. The paper includes an overview of the initial EV propulsion system’s sizing and selection for a set of simple requirements that are provided through an examination of three light-duty EV applications. An enterprise approach to developing electrified propulsion modules with suitable applicability to a range of light-duty EVs from compact cars to full-size trucks concludes the paper.
... It is essential to study the ways in which EVs will alter the technological landscape of electrical networks in order to prepare for these changes. It will take some time before an accurate assessment of the influence that electric vehicles have on the technical side of power networks can be performed [4]. When EVs are integrated into electrical transmission ...
As they become more widespread, electric vehicles (EVs) will require more electricity to charge. It is expected that a range of grid transportation solutions that complement one another and considerable transmission infrastructure changes will be needed to achieve this goal. Strategic planning and control, including economic models and strategies to engage and reward users, can reduce energy loss on the power network. This would eliminate grid upgrades. Bidirectional charging of EVs can help transmission systems cope with EV allocation. Power loss and voltage instability are the transmission network’s biggest issues. Adding EV units to the transmission network usually solves these problems. Therefore, EVs need the right layout and proportions. This study determined where and how many radial transmission network EVs there should be before and after the adjustment. To discover the best EV position and size before and after the dial network modification, a hybrid genetic algorithm for particle swarm optimization (HGAIPSO) was utilized. Electric vehicles coordinated in an active transmission network reduce power losses, raise voltage profiles, and improve system stability. Electric vehicles are responsible for these benefits. The simulation showed that adding EVs to the testing system reduced power waste. The system’s minimum bus voltage likewise increased. The proposed technology reduced transmission system voltage fluctuations and power losses, according to the comparison analysis. The IEEE-30 bus test system reduced real power loss by 40.70%, 36.24%, and 42.94% for the type A, type B, and type C EV allocations, respectively. The IEEE-30 bus voltage reached 1.01 pu.
... It is essential to do study into the ways in which EVs will alter the technological landscape of electrical networks in order to prepare for these changes. It will take some time before an accurate assessment of the influence that electric vehicles have on the technical side of power networks can be performed [4]. When EVs are integrated into electrical transmission networks, it is necessary to link the EVs in such a way as to ensure that there are no power losses and no alterations to the voltage profile. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) will have a greater need for the amount of electricity needed to charge them as their popularity grows. It is anticipated that in order to accomplish this objective, it will be essential to implement a variety of solutions for grid transportation that are designed to complement one another and to make significant changes to the transmission infrastructure. It is possible to reduce the amount of energy that is lost on the power network through strategic planning and control, which may include economic models and methods to engage and reward users. This would eliminate the need for grid upgrades. Charging electric vehicles can also assist alleviate problems with transmission systems that are caused by the allocation of electric vehicles (EVs) using bidirectional charging method. The most significant problems that can occur with a transmission network are power loss and unstable voltage. Adding EV units to the transmission network is typically an effective method for resolving these challenges. As a result, EVs need to have the appropriate arrangement and dimensions. This research establishes where and how many electric vehicles (EVs) should be in a radial transmission network both before and after the adjustment is made. An artificially intelligent (AI) approach, known as a hybrid genetic algorithm particle swarm optimization (HGAIPSO), is used both before and after the radial network modification to find the optimal EV location and size. When electric vehicles are coordinated in an active transmission network, power losses are decreased, voltage profiles are raised, and system stability is increased. These benefits can be attributed to the greater use of electric vehicles. The simulation found that incorporating EVs into the testing system resulted in a considerable decrease in the quantity of power that was wasted. The minimal bus voltage of the system also undergoes similar kinds of enhancements. According to the findings of the comparative study, the proposed method mitigates both the voltage fluctuations and the power losses that occur in the transmission system. For type 1, type 2, and type 3 EV allocations, the IEEE-30 bus test system reduced real power loss by 40.70%, 36.24%, and 42.94%, respectively. IEEE-30 bus voltage reaches 1.01 pu.
... SRM has no perpetual magnets on the rotor, higher torsion to power quantitative relation, low losses, and low acoustic noise compare to BLDC motors and PMSM. Table VI [15] shows the properties of the special electric motors based on performance analysis, power density, torque ripple, vibration, noise, and efficiency. The magnet (PM) machines have paid that creates it cheap for EVs and HEVs. ...
Storage systems are playing an increasingly important role in a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles. Supercapacitors (SCs) are making strides in this unique situation due to their high-power density, excellent performance, and long support-free lifetime. The SCs were classified, their key features were summarized, and their electrochemical properties were identified using electrical execution. The coordination of a battery and a supercapacitor can provide significant benefits in the power management of an electric vehicle (EV), in terms of both high energy storage capacity and the ability to manage rapid load variations. A comparison of three different hybrid energy storage system topologies is performed. The advantages and disadvantages of a supercapacitor and a battery were discussed and compared. A comparison of different types of isolated and non-isolated bidirectional DC/DC converters was made, as well as the properties of special electric motors such as performance analysis, power density, torque ripple, noise, and efficiency in relation to their applicability in electric vehicles.
... The geometry of a dual-stator Vernier-type permanent magnet motor is shown in the figure below ( Figure 6) [150]. Additionally, brushless permanent magnet motors with regulated flow may also be popular, because these motors are more efficient compared to the most used electric motors [151]. The magnets may be made of graphite, in order to increase electrical conductivity, and to prevent possible faults [152]. ...
Over the years, an increase in the traffic of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles with hydrogen cells is being observed, while at the same time, self-driving cars are appearing as a modern trend in transportation. As the years pass, their equipment will evolve. So, considering the progress in vehicle equipment over the years, additional technological innovations and applications should be proposed in the near future. Having that in mind, an analytical review of the progress of equipment in electromobility and autonomous driving is performed in this paper. The outcomes of this review comprise hints for additional complementary technological innovations, applications, and operating constraints along with proposals for materials, suggestions and tips for the future. The aforementioned hints and tips aim to help in securing proper operation of each vehicle part and charging equipment in the future, and make driving safer in the future. Finally, this review paper concludes with a discussion and bibliographic references.
... The controller would become more sensitive by improving the membership function [8]. Many intelligent fuzzy control approaches have been presented in the literature for reducing torque vibration by altering the torque waveform, which in switch modifies the current profile [9][10][11][12]. The FLC is especially helpful for controller design when the SRM is hard to mathematically represent due to its difficulty and nonlinearity. ...
... Before modifying the gains of the controller, the non-linear SR motor control parameters must be optimized [21]. The PID gains are adjusted by using the Ziegler-Nichols approach and the continuous output control signal (u(t)) of the PID controller is presented in equation (10). ...
Switched reluctance motors (SRM) are receiving extensive attention from the industry because of their simple construction, high reliability and efficiency. Antithetically, controlling SRM is challenging due to its nonlinearities and variable parameters such as speed, torque, flux, etc. In this study, a novel approach is used to control the speed and torque of SRM with various controllers. This methodology integrates model-in-loop (MIL) and hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulations to evaluate the efficiency of SRM in electric vehicles (Evs). To reduce the speed variations in the SRM, PID, intelligent, hybrid, and adaptive supervisory self-learning control approaches (ASSC) are used. The mathematical models of the aforementioned controllers were created in MATLAB/Simulink, and these control approaches are used to reduce speed, torque, and current fluctuations under various load and speed conditions. In this paper, both simulation and experimental work are used to investigate the various dynamic characteristics of the SRM in Evs. From the simulation findings, the proposed ASSC controller exhibits less overshoot (1.05%), settling time (0.02s) and risetime (0.01s) than PID, intelligent and hybrid control approaches. The proposed ASSC method combines numerical data and real-time rules knowledge with ANN to predict error responses in the SR motor. Also, it is significantly reducing the speed, torque, current and flux ripples of the SRM from low to high speed with different load conditions. Further, to verify the simulation results experimental work is conducted and similar results are measured under different load and speed conditions. From experimentation, efficiency maps are developed for PID, intelligent, hybrid, and ASSCs across the entire operating range. The maps show that the controller’s maximum efficiency is, respectively, 85%, 88%, 91%, and 95%. The supervisory controller is 10% more efficient than PID, intelligent, and hybrid controllers in terms of various dynamic characteristics of SRM. From the observations, both experimental and simulation results corroborated that the recommended ASSC improves the SRM efficiency.
