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The advent of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has enabled the creation of a tangible and complex 3D object that goes beyond a simple 3D-shaded visualization on a flat monitor. Since the early 2000s, 3DP machines have been used only in hard tissue applications. Recently developed multi-materials for 3DP have been used extensively for a v...
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... These applications are not restricted to a specific area; rather, they include a wide range of fields and industries such as education [39], prototyping and manufacturing [64], Communicated by J. Gao. medicine [31,34,47], construction and architecture [11], virtual reality [48], augmented reality [7], 3D visualization [9], and various industries like film, animation [43] and gaming [55]. This wide-spread use of 3D contents in a variety of applications and technologies makes describing, representing, and securing 3D contents urgent issues. ...
Using the topological equivalence between the Riemann sphere $$\mathbb {S}$$ S and the extended complex plane $$\overline{\mathbb {C}} = \mathbb {C} \cup \{\infty \}$$ C ¯ = C ∪ { ∞ } , where $$\mathbb {C}$$ C is the field of complex numbers, we establish 2D-bijective representations of 3D point clouds. Points of 3D point clouds are mapped into the Riemann sphere $$\mathbb {S}$$ S , and a stereographic projection is implemented to map the points into the complex plane $$\mathbb {C}$$ C . The way the 3D objects are mapped into $$\mathbb {S}$$ S may be varied for various applications. To prove the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed 2D representation of 3D objects, we apply this correspondence to 3D point cloud encryption. We utilize chaotic permutations, chaotic circuits, and Latin cubes in addition to the stereographic projection representation to construct our scheme. The permutation steps using chaotic maps and Latin cubes are carried out on the object data points in both $$\mathbb {S}$$ S and $$\overline{\mathbb {C}}$$ C ¯ , while the chaotic circuits are applied to 2D projections of the 3D objects. To the best of our knowledge, no earlier work employed stereographic projections for 3D object encryption. Experimental simulations of this method show high encryption strength and strong confusion and diffusion properties based on quantitative and statistical measures.
... Presently, additive manufacturing technologies are used in various high-tech industries such as architecture, construction, automotive and aerospace, medicine, and geoscience [19][20][21]. Any additive manufacturing or 3D printing process involves creating a product by bonding some material layer by layer. ...
... Any additive manufacturing or 3D printing process involves creating a product by bonding some material layer by layer. The material for 3D printing can be polymers (thermoplastics and photopolymers), composites, metals, ceramics, quartz sand, gypsum, and others [19,20,22]. ...
The multi-scale study of rock properties is a necessary step in the planning of oil and gas reservoir developments. The amount of core samples available for research is usually limited, and some of the samples can be distracted. The investigation of core reconstruction possibilities is an important task. An approach to the real-size reconstruction of porous media with a given (target) porosity and permeability by controlling the parameters of FFF 3D printing using CT images of the original core is proposed. Real-size synthetic core specimens based on CT images were manufactured using FFF 3D printing. The possibility of reconstructing the reservoir properties of a sandstone core sample was proven. The results of gas porometry measurements showed that the porosity of specimens No.32 and No.46 was 13.5% and 12.8%, and the permeability was 442.3 mD and 337.8 mD, respectively. The porosity of the original core was 14% and permeability was 271 mD. It was found that changing the layer height and nozzle diameter, as well as the retract and restart distances, has a direct effect on the porosity and permeability of synthetic specimens. This study shows that porosity and permeability of synthetic specimens depend on the flow of the material and the percentage of overlap between the infill and the outer wall.
... 3D printing (3DP) technology is broadly implemented across various fields because it effortlessly fabricates complex shapes. For example, its medical field applications include educational simulators for patients and trainees, surgical guides, and implants 10 . Furthermore, many studies targeting assorted cancer types, including breast, skin, and bone, utilize surgical guides as they can mark the resection plan obtained through medical imaging directly onto the patient [11][12][13] . ...
Accurate lesion diagnosis through computed tomography (CT) and advances in laparoscopic or robotic surgeries have increased partial nephrectomy survival rates. However, accurately marking the kidney resection area through the laparoscope is a prevalent challenge. Therefore, we fabricated and evaluated a 4D-printed kidney surgical guide (4DP-KSG) for laparoscopic partial nephrectomies based on CT images. The kidney phantom and 4DP-KSG were designed based on CT images from a renal cell carcinoma patient. 4DP-KSG were fabricated using shape-memory polymers. 4DP-KSG was compressed to a 10 mm thickness and restored to simulate laparoscopic port passage. The Bland–Altman evaluation assessed 4DP-KSG shape and marking accuracies before compression and after restoration with three operators. The kidney phantom’s shape accuracy was 0.436 ± 0.333 mm, and the 4DP-KSG’s shape accuracy was 0.818 ± 0.564 mm before compression and 0.389 ± 0.243 mm after restoration, with no significant differences. The 4DP-KSG marking accuracy was 0.952 ± 0.682 mm before compression and 0.793 ± 0.677 mm after restoration, with no statistical differences between operators (p = 0.899 and 0.992). In conclusion, our 4DP-KSG can be used for laparoscopic partial nephrectomies, providing precise and quantitative kidney tumor marking between operators before compression and after restoration.
... Both of them are categorized as polymer-based, but the main differences between them are the materials used and the technique of building the layers. SLA was the first commercially available system introduced to the market as it offers the highest levels of accuracy, smooth surface finish, and good chemical bonding between layers [47,48]. The main drawbacks are limited longevity and low flexural strength [34]. ...
Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of resin-based fixed dental restorations, namely veneers, single crowns, and four-unit fixed partial dental prosthesis (FPDs) using two different 3D printers and polymer-based materials. Materials and Methods: A standard maxillary polyurethane jaw model containing prepared teeth was scanned using an intraoral scanner. The generated STL data were used to design the restorations virtually using CAD software. Two 3D printers were utilized for the provisional digital light processing and stereolithography for the castable resin patterns. Each printer produced 10 specimens of each type of restoration, for a total of 80 restorations. The 3d-printed restorations were then 3D scanned using the same intraoral scanner and evaluated for external and internal dimensional accuracy in terms of trueness and precision. A one-way ANOVA and Two-sample T-Test were implemented to compute the precision (variability between groups) and trueness (with the designed CAD model). A level of statistical significance of p-Value
... Despite the limitations indicated to additive manufacturing-delayed printing time, a debatable fact according to the authors; high initial cost and of the creation processes, also quickly recoverable according to the authors; as well as the limitation of materials (10) ; to which copyright infringement and harmful use, such as the manufacture of firearms, can be added-, this technology is an economical and sustainable solution, but beyond that, it guarantees the independence of the industry (1,2) , basically in times of supply crises as in the case of the post-pandemics. Among its benefits should be mentioned (11,12) : ...
Introduction: Three-dimensional printing is one of the technologies that promote change at an economic and social level, and one of the fundamental elements of industry 4.0. It has enormous potential for the future of medicine, establishing itself as a new paradigm. Despite its advantages, its use in our environment is incipient. Objective: To design and develop solutions based on three-dimensional technologies for the teaching and practice of biomedical sciences. Materials and methods: A technological development investigation was carried out between the Center for Assisted and Sustainable Manufacturing of the University of Matanzas and Matanzas University of Medical Sciences, between September 2019 and July 2022. The designs and fabrications were made from the acquisition of computed tomography images, or from a surface scanner, which were then processed, converted into Standard Tessellation Language format, printed, and post-processed. Virtual designs were developed using computer-aided design software. Results: Various solutions were developed including prototypes: biomodels for craniosynostosis repair and anatomical figures, custom cranial prosthesis mold, hand prosthesis, O2 line splitters, tissue scaffolds, syringe gun, face shields, breast prosthesis; autologous restoration mold and tissue expander. Conclusions: In all areas of application of this technology in medicine―except the printing of medicines, in the current context―, it is feasible to obtain solutions in the territory of Matanzas. It is therefore imperative that managers and the medical community in general, begin to acquire awareness, knowledge, and experience to ensure the optimal use of this technology.
... It may also be influenced by diseases and traumas. Many factors have an impact on the precision of imaging while using computer tomography (CT) [3][4][5]. One of them is spatial resolution, which determines the ability to differentiate between the details of an image [6][7][8]. ...
... Using 3D printing (3DP) technology in the medical field has been found to provide significant advantages in various areas such as patient-specific surgical guides, preoperative planning and simulation, educational phantom, and prosthetic fabrication 3,4 . The utilization of 3DP, also known as additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping, involves constructing objects by adding layers until it is completed, as opposed to subtractive www.nature.com/scientificreports/ ...
... manufacturing, which involves removal of materials. It offers the benefits of producing complex designs with high precision and cost and time efficiency 4,5 . Among the various applications of 3DP, the use of patient-specific 3DP surgical guides have seen significant advancements and further research is underway. ...
Partial nephrectomy has been demonstrated to preserve renal function compared with radical nephrectomy. Computed tomography (CT) is used to reveal localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, marking RCC directly and quantitatively on a patient's kidney during an operation is difficult. We fabricated and evaluated a 3D-printed kidney surgical guide (3DP-KSG) with a realistic kidney phantom. The kidney phantoms including parenchyma and three different RCC locations and 3DP-KSG were designed and fabricated based on a patient's CT image. 3DP-KSG was used to insert 16-gauge intravenous catheters into the kidney phantoms, which was scanned by CT. The catheter insertion points and angle were evaluated. The measurement errors of insertion points were 1.597 ± 0.741 mm, and cosine similarity of trajectories was 0.990 ± 0.010. The measurement errors for X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis in the insertion point were 0.611 ± 0.855 mm, 0.028 ± 1.001 mm, and − 0.510 ± 0.923 mm. The 3DP-KSG targeted the RCC accurately, quantitatively, and immediately on the surface of the kidney, and no significant difference was shown between the operators. Partial nephrectomy will accurately remove the RCC using 3DP-KSG in the operating room.
... The ceramic preform was in the shape of a spiral that was placed in the mold. The ceramic mold was made using the lost-wax casting process [27][28][29][30], and the spiral, on the basis of which the degree of infiltration was assessed, was produced by the rapid prototyping fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) [31][32][33]. ...
Aluminum metal matrix composites (Al MMCs) are a class of materials characterized by being light in weight and high hardness. Due to these properties, Al MMCs have various applications in the automobile, aeronautical and marine industries. Ceramic-reinforced Al MMCs in the form of sinters are known for having excellent abrasive properties, which makes them an attractive material in certain fields of technology. The biggest problem in their production process is their low ability to infiltrate ceramics with alloys and consequently the difficulty of filling a ceramic preform. The castability of such composites has not yet been researched in detail. The aim of this study was to create aluminum metal matrix composite castings based on aluminum alloys (AlSi11) reinforced with an Al2O3 sinter preform using a Castability Trials spiral mold, and then to determine the degree of saturation with the liquid metal of the produced ceramic shaped body (Castability Trials spiral). For the selected AlSi11 alloy, the liquidus (Tl) and solidus (Ts) temperatures were determined by performing thermal-derivation analysis during cooling, which is Tl—579.3 °C and Ts—573.9 °C. The resultant pressure necessary for the infiltration process was estimated for the reinforcement capillaries with the following dimensions: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 microns. The following values were used to determine the capillary pressure (Pk): surface tension of the alloy—σ = 840 mN/m; the extreme wetting angle of the reinforcement by the metal—θ = 136°. It has been experimentally confirmed that for the vacuum saturation process, the estimated resultant pressure enables saturation of reinforcement with capillaries larger than 25 microns, provided that the alloy temperature does not drop lower than the infiltration temperature. After the experiment, the time and route of the liquid metal flow in the spiral were determined. On the basis of the obtained values, a simulation was developed and initial assumptions such as saturation time, alloy temperature, reinforcement and mold temperature were verified. The energy balance showed that the saturation limit temperature was Tk = 580.7 °C for the reinforcement temperature of 575 °C. In contrast to the above, the assumption that the temperature of the metal after equalizing the temperature of the composite components must be higher than the liquidus temperature (Tliq = 579.3 °C) for the aluminum alloy used must be fulfilled. After the experiment, the time and path of the liquid metal flow in the spiral were determined. Then, on the basis of the obtained values, a simulation was developed, and the initial assumptions (saturation time and temperature) were verified.
... It is found that the low-loss ink developed herein has an order of magnitude lower loss in the [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] GHz frequency regime compared to the currently available printable inks. The complex permittivity of the developed low loss dielectric material is validated using measured and Hz. ...
... [2,6,7] Over the past several decades, additive manufacturing has seen widespread adoption in multiple industries including the automotive, aerospace, and medical sectors. [8][9][10] AM techniques used in the electronics industry are commonly classified as printed electronics. [11] These techniques include a broad range of technologies, with some of the most popular being rollto-roll printing, screen printing, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, digital light processing, direct ink writing, and aerosol jet printing. ...
... 10. Methods used to manufacture several types of polynorbornene. ...
This dissertation presents material development processes used to formulate printable dielectrics. The dielectric inks discussed herein have been specifically developed to solve challenges currently experienced by the printed electronics community. Two categories of dielectrics will be discussed in detail. The first category of dielectrics addresses issues which arise when integrating printed electronic devices into conventional printed circuit boards. A series of syringe dispensable nanocomposites are formulated to target this issue. Both UVA and thermally induced polymerization reactions are employed to investigate cure routines which would impart minimal stress and shrinkage, while driving thorough monomer conversion. The effect of monomer functionality on cured material modulus and thermal relaxations is studied to provide a model for altering the mechanical performance to meet application needs. Ceramic additives are investigated as a strategy to facilitate shear thinning, decrease the coefficient of thermal expansion, and modify the complex permittivity between 8-18 GHz. The materials developed for this project are used in the fabrication of printed interposers and bare die chip integration, demonstrating the utility of the developed material in rapid prototyping and printed circuit assembly. The second category of dielectric materials discussed in this dissertation was motivated by the lack of low loss dielectrics currently available for the application of additive or direct write printing techniques for the fabrication of Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave (MW) devices. To understand the shortcomings of available dielectric materials, this investigation begins with a survey of existing dielectric formulations utilized in the printed RF and MW devices research. By studying the chemistry of the existing technologies, an empirical understanding of dielectric loss at RF frequency is developed. Using this understanding, a potential low loss monomer structure is identified, and subsequently, a novel formulation is developed leveraging modern polymerization techniques not yet used in the printed electronics ecosystem. Specifically, a robust ring opening metathesis polymerization is designed to polymerize cyclic olefin monomers when mildly heated. To widen the process window and slow the viscosity drift while printing, two approaches are investigated. The first approach uses a trialkyl phosphate inhibitor to coordinate with the catalyst’s ruthenium center and lower the catalyst activity at ambient conditions. The second approach introduces an alkene sidechain, enabling an alternate reaction pathway through cross-metathesis. Both strategies are well characterized, and the complex permittivity and thermomechanical performance of each material is studied using a variety of techniques to assess material viability. It is found that the low-loss ink developed herein has an order of magnitude lower loss in the 8-18 GHz frequency regime compared to the currently available printable inks. The complex permittivity of the developed low loss dielectric material is validated using measured and simulated scattering parameter comparisons, in addition to the split post dielectric resonator measurement and the printed cylindrical capacitor characterization techniques. The dissertation concludes with the fabrication of two printed devices, grounded coplanar waveguides and a fully printed quadrature coupler, which utilize the new dielectric material. A concluding section on potential future research, outlining methods and experiments which would advance the current state-of-the-art, is included.
... SLA technique was the first commercially available process introduced to the market, owing to the highest levels of accuracy, smooth surface finish, and good chemical bonding between the layers [258,259]. This method is based on the "top-down" approach. ...
