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![Figure 6. Haber-Bosch process summary [218].](publication/333885192/figure/fig3/AS:771672755937285@1560992530979/Haber-Bosch-process-summary-218_Q320.jpg)
Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric...
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... hydrogen at ambient temperature and pressure offers excellent gravimetric but poor volumetric energy densities of 120 MJ/kg (100 wt %) and 0.01 MJ/L, respectively. Some physico-chemical properties of hydrogen and natural gas are compared in Table 1. Another important performance metric is the speed of kinetics. ...Similar publications
The integrated thermal management system for a certain type of aircraft was studied. The integrated thermal management system, which takes fuel oil as the main heat sink, thermal protection structure and liquid evaporator as auxiliary heat sink, can comprehensively control and manage the heat of the whole aircraft. The mathematical model for simula...
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... H 2 also serves as a vital reducing agent in organic synthesis [9,10]. However, large-scale storage, transportation, and handling of molecular hydrogen are challenging, not only because of regulatory restrictions on highly flammable and explosive gases but also due to the need for control based on physical properties such as specific gravity, boiling point, and boil-off, as well as to infrastructure development costs and other cost issues [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In response to these challenges, chemically stable substances known as liquid organic chemical hydrides (LOCHs) have received much attention [13,[19][20][21][22][23][24]. ...
Hydrogen gas (H2) has attracted attention as a next-generation clean energy source. Its efficient and safe preparation and utilization are crucial in both the industry and organic chemistry research. In this study, a Pt/CB (platinum on carbon bead)-catalyzed MW-mediated continuous-flow hydrogenation reaction was developed using methylcyclohexane (MCH) as the reducing agent (hydrogen carrier). Alkynes, alkenes, nitro groups, benzyl esters, and aromatic chlorides were chemoselectively hydrogenated using Pt/CB under MW-assisted continuous-flow conditions. This methodology represents a safe and energy-efficient hydrogenation process, as it eliminates the need for an external hydrogen gas supply or heating jackets as a heating medium. The further application of MW-mediated continuous-flow hydrogenation reactions is a viable option for the efficient generation and utilization of sustainable energy.
... Hydrogenated LOHC systems are liquids under standard storage conditions. Hydrogen is bound by H − 2 molecules through catalytic hydrogenation (an exothermic reaction) and released fromH + 2 molecules through catalytic dehydrogenation (an endothermic reaction) in LOHCs, which are composed of pairs of hydrogen-rich (H + 2 ) and hydrogen-deficient (H − 2 ) molecules [62]. Early in the 1980s, investigations were conducted into the viability of employing liquid organic compounds in chemically bound hydrogen storage systems, which were based on reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes [63]. ...
... Due to its affordability and abundance, magnesium hydride [66] is a desirable material for storing hydrogen. This raw material's energy densities are 7.6 wt percent and 13.22 MJ/L, with a density of 1.45 g/cm 3 [62]. Unfortunately, simple hydride reactions typically pose challenges for reversible storage due to their high temperatures [67], slow kinetics and high energy [68]. ...
... Unfortunately, simple hydride reactions typically pose challenges for reversible storage due to their high temperatures [67], slow kinetics and high energy [68]. To become hydride, magnesium in its pure form needs to be heated to temperatures between 260 and 425 • C [62]. There are several ways to get around the aforementioned drawbacks. ...
An essential part of addressing greenhouse gas emissions-related environmental issues is hydrogen energy. However, advances in technology are still needed for the industrial use of hydrogen, particularly in determining the most effective means of storage and transportation. As a result, the evolution, trends, updates, and research progress on hydrogen storage related topics were assessed in this bibliometric review, along with the difficulties posed by the application of various hydrogen storage technologies. Bibliometric analysis was performed using the R software's Biblioshiny package, and documents from 2013 to 2023 were chosen using the Scopus database using the PRISMA method. A total of 4456 documents were obtained within the period of study, with an annual growth rate of 21.7%. The study shows that themes such as dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, and hydrogen storage are well-developed themes in the area of the study. Emerging areas of study that have become areas of interest to researchers relative to hydrogen storage include themes such as metal hydrides and liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen evolution reactions, photocatalysis, oxygen evolution reactions, and electrocatalysts were found to be the actual themes of the field of study, i.e., niche themes. It is recommended that researchers focus more on liquid hydrogen storage and high-pressure gaseous systems and take the whole hydrogen energy utilization process into account.
... Therefore, a small inclusion of metal hydride can support a large increase in buffer functionality. MHs are hydrogen bonded to metals and are an extensively researched technology for hydrogen storage [85][86][87]. The following generic metal hydride reaction is, ...
This article presents a comprehensive review of the current landscape and prospects of large-scale hydrogen storage technologies, with a focus on both onshore and offshore applications, and flexibility. Highlighting the evolving technological advancements, it explores storage and compression techniques, identifying potential research directions and avenues for innovation. Underwater hydrogen storage and hybrid metal hydride compressed gas tanks have been identified for offshore buffer storage, as well as exploration of using metal hydride slurries to transport hydrogen to/from offshore wind farms, coupled with low pressure, high flexibility electrolyser banks. Additionally, it explores the role of metal hydride hydrogen compressors and the integration of oxyfuel processes to enhance roundtrip efficiency. With insights into cost-effectiveness, environmental and technology considerations, and geographical factors, this review offers insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders aiming to advance the deployment of large-scale hydrogen storage systems in the transition towards sustainable energy.
... It also examined hydrogen storage methods for use in mobility and contrasted compressed hydrogen with alternative technologies (Zivar et al. 2021). Another study examined different hydrogen storage systems for use in mobility applications and found that, despite certain disadvantages, compressed hydrogen is the most feasible choice (Rivard et al. 2019). In the meantime, a paper looked at nanostructured materials for storing hydrogen and suggests ways to use metals, nanoporous materials, lightweight components, and functions to improve storage performance (Yu et al. 2017). ...
The urgent need for sustainable energy solutions in light of escalating global energy demands and environmental concerns has brought hydrogen to the forefront as a promising renewable resource. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the technologies essential for the production and operation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which are emerging as a viable alternative to traditional combustion engine vehicles. It examines various fuel cell types, hydrogen storage methods, refueling logistics, and the role of batteries in fuel cell vehicles. The paper also explores the potential impact of advancements in artificial intelligence and quantum computing on the development of fuel cell vehicles. A global assessment reveals that South Korea (19,270) and the United States (12,283) are leading in the adoption of fuel-cell vehicles, particularly in the passenger car segment (82%), followed by buses (9.2%) and trucks (8.7%). The study highlights the challenges hindering fuel cell vehicle implementation, such as the need for consistent investment and collaboration among industry stakeholders to promote sustainable transportation systems. The analysis underscores the practicality of fuel cell vehicles, exemplified by models like the Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo, which offer significant driving ranges and demonstrate the integration of advanced technologies. The paper discusses the environmental benefits of fuel cell vehicles, including their ability to operate with zero emissions when paired with renewable energy sources.
Graphical Abstract
... H₂ also serves as a vital reducing agent in organic synthesis [9 and 10]. However, large-scale storage, transportation, and handling of molecular hydrogen are challenging, not only because of regulatory restrictions on highly flammable and explosive gases but also due to the need for control based on physical properties such as specific gravity, boiling point, and boil-off, as well as infrastructure development and other cost issues [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In response to these challenges, chemically stable substances known as liquid organic chemical hydrides (LOCH) have received much attention [13,[19][20][21][22][23][24]. ...
... (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 24 May 2024 doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1603.v111 ...
Hydrogen gas (H2) has attracted attention as a next-generation clean energy source. Its efficient and safe preparation and utilization are crucial in both industry and organic chemistry. In this study, a Pt/CB-catalyzed MW-mediated continuous-flow hydrogenation reaction was developed using methylcyclohexane (MCH) as the reducing agent (hydrogen carrier). Alkynes, alkenes, nitro groups, benzyl esters, and aromatic chlorides were chemoselectively hydrogenated using Pt/CB under MW-assisted continuous-flow conditions. This methodology represents a safe and energy-efficient hydrogenation process, as it eliminates the need for an external hydrogen gas supply or heating jackets as a heat medium. Further application of MW-mediated continuous-flow hydrogenation reactions is a viable method for the efficient generation and utilization of sustainable energy.
... Systems for storing hydrogen safely and effectively until it is required for energy production or other uses are made up of a number of essential components [110][111][112]. These elements ( Table 2) are essential [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122] to guaranteeing the hydrogen storage system's dependability and integrity. ...
As a case study on sustainable energy use in educational institutions, this study examines the design and integration of a solar–hydrogen storage system within the energy management framework of Kangwon National University’s Samcheok Campus. This paper provides an extensive analysis of the architecture and integrated design of such a system, which is necessary given the increasing focus on renewable energy sources and the requirement for effective energy management. This study starts with a survey of the literature on hydrogen storage techniques, solar energy storage technologies, and current university energy management systems. In order to pinpoint areas in need of improvement and chances for progress, it also looks at earlier research on solar–hydrogen storage systems. This study’s methodology describes the system architecture, which includes fuel cell integration, electrolysis for hydrogen production, solar energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and an energy management system customized for the needs of the university. This research explores the energy consumption characteristics of the Samcheok Campus of Kangwon National University and provides recommendations for the scalability and scale of the suggested system by designing three architecture systems of microgrids with EMS Optimization for solar–hydrogen, hybrid solar–hydrogen, and energy storage. To guarantee effective and safe functioning, control strategies and safety considerations are also covered. Prototype creation, testing, and validation are all part of the implementation process, which ends with a thorough case study of the solar–hydrogen storage system’s integration into the university’s energy grid. The effectiveness of the system, its effect on campus energy consumption patterns, its financial sustainability, and comparisons with conventional energy management systems are all assessed in the findings and discussion section. Problems that arise during implementation are addressed along with suggested fixes, and directions for further research—such as scalability issues and technology developments—are indicated. This study sheds important light on the viability and efficiency of solar–hydrogen storage systems in academic environments, particularly with regard to accomplishing sustainable energy objectives.
... Although several preliminary studies have been carried out on the design of aircraft and cryogenic tanks [27][28][29], little information is available on a comprehensive analysis of required maintenance activities. Nevertheless, detailed maintenance considerations are necessary to ensure safety [30], highlighting one of the most critical factors for the use of hydrogen in aviation. ...
... A turn to alternative drive technologies offer the opportunity to significantly increase the energy efficiency and thus to reduce the energy consumption. At around 40% to 50%, the efficiency of a fuel cell drive system is more than twice as high as that of a conventional combustion engine, and that of a battery vehicle is significantly higher at 60% [7]. However, alternative drive systems based on batteries and/or fuel cells (bimodal) have a much more space-intensive design. ...
Climate change and related goals and measures require a shift away from fossil fuels as an energy source. One solution for non-electrified lines for rail transport is the use of alternative drive technologies such as battery or hydrogen drive instead of diesel units. In order to use these efficiently in rail vehicles, it is imperative to make adjustments to the body structure. Existing car body structures must be adapted to integrate the space-intensive and heavy additional equipment components. Within the framework of the project AnoWaAS those with the highest lightweight construction potential are methodically identified from a large number of different derivatives of car body designs. The high influence of a force flow-compliant design on the lightweight potential is analysed in depth. Possible adapted construction methods for further exploitation of the lightweight potential are shown and analysed with regard to their potential. With the help of trapezoidal windows and the structural integration of equipment enclosures, it is possible to reduce the structural mass of a car body by more than 20%.
... Nevertheless, a system including a built-in electrolyzer is not yet explored, maybe due to the technology complexity of installing an electrolyzer connected to the PV panel for in-situ hydrogen generation. Among the problems derived from the use of fuel cells in electric vehicles, we can mention the hydrogen storage system, which represents a security problem if operated in pressurized tanks [34][35][36][37][38]. We can partially solve this problem by reducing the tank pressure; however, the lower the tank pressure, the shorter the FCEV autonomy. ...
... We can store the hydrogen in metal hydrates to avoid explosion risk; metal hydrates are not flammable and use less space than pressurized tanks. Metal hydrates have some limitations when it comes to releasing hydrogen during the desorption process, and they may not be the most efficient in adsorbing and desorbing hydrogen [36,[53][54][55]. Direct hydrogen generation by electrolysis is a rapid, efficient, and safe method of generating gaseous hydrogen, having the problem of needing an in-situ electrolyzer for hydrogen flow generation to make the fuel cell work. ...
The article studies and analyzes a hybrid power source system, lithium battery, and fuel cell assisted by flexible photovoltaic panels for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The new configuration operates based on optimizing the performance of the dual power source to maximize the available energy and operating time. The operational mode simulates specific driving conditions in urban, peripheral, and intercity routes under variable driving patterns and traffic conditions. The simulation results show that the new configuration increases the hybrid electric vehicle performance, providing higher reliability despite the more complex design. The proposed system reduces the external power supply dependence and avoids unexpected sudden stops due to energy exhaustion. The new configuration also extends the vehicle driving range depending on driving mode and route conditions. The vehicle driving range extension may reach up to 276.3 km. The hybridization of fuel cells with lithium battery and PV panel assistance enhances battery management, reducing battery servicing and increasing lifespan. The proposed topology is cheaper than a single fuel cell power system by 17.2%, reducing the total cost related to the single battery power system if we consider the battery recharge for its entire lifespan. The cost saving is 2.6% for the American market and 14.8% for the European one.
... These kinds of loadings may lead to both visible and invisible levels of damage (e.g., delamination, matrix cracks, and fiber breakage) and eventually catastrophic failures. Considering the cost of relevant experiments, numerical models can be a powerful tool for such a study [1][2][3]. ...
Composite pressure vessels can be exposed to extreme loadings, for instance, impact loading, during manufacturing, maintenance, or their service lifetime. These kinds of loadings may provoke both visible and invisible levels of damage, e.g., fiber breakage matrix cracks and delamination and eventually may lead to catastrophic failures. Thus, the quantification and evaluation of such damages are of great importance. Considering the cost of relevant full-scale experiments, a numerical model can be a powerful tool for such a kind of study. This paper aims to provide a numerical study to investigate the capability of different modeling methods to predict delamination in composite vessels. In this study, various numerical modeling aspects, such as element types (solid and shell elements) and material parameters (such as interface properties), were considered to investigate delamination in a composite pressure vessel under low-velocity impact loading. Specifically, solid elements were used to model each layer of the composite pressure vessel, while, in another model, shell elements with composite layup were considered. Compared with the available experimental data from low-velocity impact tests described in the literature, the capability of these two models to predict both mechanical responses and failure phenomena is shown.
