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The aim of this study was to introduce a new morphometric index named Relief Index (RI). RI is the ratio of the total length of the contour lines and the surface area at which they occur. This easily calculated index provides an objective quantitative measure of relief variability as an important feature in geomorphological studies. To achieve this...
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Context 1
... lying in the mountains were characterized by high-relief (height SD 68-246 m), with high local relief values (518-1537 m) and lying at av- erage altitude of 440-1700 m a.s.l. (Table 1). ...
Context 2
... areas are char- acterized by low-relief (height SD 5-13 m), with local relief values 37-70 m and lying at average altitude of 163-228 m a.s.l. (Table 1). * Area numbering is the same as in Figure 1 The other places (11-16) are located in a strip of up- lands. ...
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Citations
... With the development of digital topography, geomorphic parameters have increasingly been regarded as an important method for the study of tectonic geomorphic features, and tectonic activities worldwide [7]. Many scholars have introduced geomorphic parameters into tectonic geomorphology studies, providing scientific methods and basic data for quantifying geomorphic development [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Some scientists extracted geomorphological parameters such as channel belt area, channel belt width (W), braid bar area, mountain front sinuosity (SMF), stream gradient index (SL), valley floor width valley height ratio (VF), basin elongation ration (RE), and channel steepness index (KS). ...
The Dabanghe River Basin, in the west of Guizhou Plateau, consists of numerous prominent geological structural features, such as the Shuicheng–Wangmo, Yadu–Ziyun, and Yongningzhen Faults, the Huangguoshu Waterfall, and the Guanjiao Knickpoint. The topographic conditions and structural systems are highly complex, making this a suitable area to study neotectonics. However, research on the geomorphology of the region is lacking. Combined with geomorphic parameters, quantitative exploration of tectonic geomorphic and tectonic activity in the Dabanghe River Basin is of great significance to reveal the formation of the Huangguoshu Waterfall, the development of landforms in western Guizhou, and the regularity of uplift of Guizhou Plateau. Therefore, based on a Digital Elevation Model, GIS software extracted and calculated six geomorphic parameters of the basin: Hypsometric Integral, Asymmetry Factor, Basin Shape Ratio, Stream-Gradient, and Valley Floor Width–Valley Height Ratio (VF) indexes. The tectonic geomorphic characteristics of the Dabanghe River Basin were analyzed, combined with the tectonic activity level classification method, and the Index of Relative Active Tectonics (IAT) of each sub-catchment was calculated. The geomorphic parameters of the basin were found to indicate its geomorphic characteristics well. The tectonic activity in the study area midstream is the most active, and the geomorphic evolution of some upstream and downstream reaches is affected by lithology, topography, and structure. The tectonic geomorphology of the basin is significantly affected by the fault system. Under the control of the Yadu–Ziyun Fault, the tectonic activity in the basin gradually weakens from west to east, and the differential tectonic activity (strong in the mid-reach and eastwards decrease) is consistent with observed seismic intensity. It is confirmed that our research results are consistent with the regional geological background and geomorphic characteristics through field geological survey. Therefore, this study confirms that the use of tectonic geomorphic parameters to classify active tectonics can be an important method to evaluate the stability of the crust in the region and further extends the application of geomorphic parameters in tectonics.
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Background
Walking surfaces vary in complexity and are known to affect stability and fall risk whilst walking. However, existing studies define surfaces through descriptions only.
Objective
This study used a multimethod approach to measure surface complexity in order to try to characterise surfaces with respect to locomotor stability.
Methods
We assessed how physical measurements of walking surface complexity compared to participant's perceptual ratings of the effect of complexity on stability. Physical measurements included local slope measures from the surfaces themselves and shape complexity measured using generated surface models. Perceptual measurements assessed participants' perceived stability and surface roughness using Likert scales. We then determined whether these measurements were indicative of changes to stability as assessed by behavioural changes including eye angle, head pitch angle, muscle coactivation, walking speed and walking smoothness.
Results
Physical and perceptual measures were highly correlated, with more complex surfaces being perceived as more challenging to stability. Furthermore, complex surfaces, as defined from both these measurements, were associated with lowered head pitch, increased muscle coactivation and reduced walking smoothness.
Significance
Our findings show that walking surfaces defined as complex, based on physical measurements, are perceived as more challenging to our stability. Furthermore, certain behavioural measures relate better to these perceptual and physical measures than others. Crucially, for the first time this study defined walking surfaces objectively rather than just based on subjective descriptions. This approach could enable future researchers to compare results across walking surface studies. Moreover, perceptual measurements, which can be collected easily and efficiently, could be used as a proxy for estimating behavioural responses to different surfaces. This could be particularly valuable when determining risk of instability when walking for individuals with compromised stability.
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Digital elevation models (DEMs) play a significant role in geomorphological research. For geomorphol-ogists reconstructing landform and drainage structure is frequently as important as elevation accuracy. Consequently , large-scale topographic maps (with contours, height points and watercourses) constitute excellent material for creating models (here called Topo-DEM) in fine resolution. The purpose of the conducted analyses was to assess the quality of Topo-DEM against freely-available global DEMs and then to compare it with a reference model derived from laser scanning (LiDAR-DEM). The analysis also involved derivative maps of geomorphometric parameters (local relief, slope, curvature, aspect) generated on the basis of Topo-DEM and LiDAR-DEM. Moreover, comparative classification of landforms was carried out. It was indicated that Topo-DEM is characterised by good elevation accuracy (RMSE <2 m) and reflects the topography of the analyzed area surprisingly well. Additionally, statistical and percentage metrics confirm that it is possible to generate a DEM with very good quality parameters on the basis of a large-scale topographic map (1:10,000): elevation differences between Topo-DEM and: 1) topographic map amounted from −1.68 to +2.06 m, MAE is 0.10 m, RMSE 0.16 m; 2) LiDAR-DEM (MAE 1.13 m, RMSE 1.69 m, SD 1.83 m); 3) GPS RTK measurements amounted from −3.6 to +3.01 m, MAE is 0.72 m, RMSE 0.97 m, SD 0.97 m. For an area of several dozen km 2 Topo-DEM with 10×10 m resolution proved more efficient than detailed (1×1 m) LiDAR-DEM.
Цифровая модель рельефа (ЦМР) - это вид трехмерной математической модели, содержащий информацию о рельефе местности. Калибровка ЦМР обеспечивает точность данных и является обязательным этапом предварительной обработки результатов построения модели. Инфильтрации воды тесно связан с поверхностными процессами, методика определения топографического индекса влажности (ТИВ) в настоящее время определена по ЦМР, поэтому целью данного исследования является построение линейной регрессионной модели корректировки значений ЦМР для расчета ТИВ и выявления участков местности, потенциально подверженных инфильтрации осадков в грунтовые воды в гидрографическом бассейне Ла-Яна. Анализ ЦМР выполнен в комплексах GLO_30, SRTM90_V4, SRTMGL1_003, MERIT_DEM_ v1_0_3 и AW3D30. Были оценены Средняя абсолютная ошибка, Средняя относительная ошибка и корень среднеквадратичной ошибки, в этом случае MERIT_GEM_ v1_0_3 показало самые низкие ошибки настройки. Были рассчитаны значения ТИВ, которые находятся в диапазоне от минимального 8,98 до максимального 21,72, группируя их в категории: низкого (8,98 < 13,23), среднего (13,23 < 17,48) и высокого (17,48 < 21,73), с 8,14%, 81,09% и 10,77% соответственно. Результаты расчета ТИВ подтверждают, что бассейн обладает хорошими условиями для процессов обмена почвенной влагой, из общей площади он имеет квалифицированного среднего потенциала и высокого потенциала, необходимо более эффективное управление районами с высоким потенциалом.
A digital elevation model (DEM) is a type of three-dimensional mathematical model containing information about terrain relief. DEM calibration ensures data accuracy and is an obligatory stage of pre-processing of model building results. Water infiltration is closely related to surface processes, the methodology for determining the topographic wetness index (TWI) is currently determined by DEM, so the purpose of this study is to build a linear regression model to adjust DEM values to calculate TIW and identify terrain areas potentially susceptible to sediment infiltration into groundwater in the La Jana hydrographic basin. DEMs were analyzed in GLO_30, SRTM90_V4, SRTMGL1_003, MERIT_DEM_ v1_0_3, and AW3D30. Mean absolute error, Mean relative error and root mean square error were evaluated, in this case MERIT_GEM_ v1_0_3 showed the lowest tuning errors. TWI values were calculated, which range from a minimum of 8.98 to a maximum of 21.72, grouping them into categories: low (8.98 < 13.23), medium (13.23 < 17.48) and high (17.48 < 21.73), with 8.14%, 81.09% and 10.77%, respectively. The results of TWI calculation confirm that the basin has good conditions for soil moisture exchange processes, out of the total area it has qualified medium potential and high potential, more effective management of high potential areas is needed.
