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... conductance (IC) [2], perturb and observe (P&O) [3], and hill-climbing (HC) [4] approaches are different algorithms that are utilized to get as much energy as feasible from the solar photovoltaic module. Fig.1 illustrates the basic block diagram of an MPPT utilized in conjunction with a solar photovoltaic panel to capture the maximum output power. ...
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... the temperature is maintained at 25°C for the first 0.3 seconds, 30°C for the next 0.3 seconds and 35°C for the last 0.3 seconds while keeping the irradiance constant at nominal value. The irradiance and temperature are adjusted in accordance with the waveform illustrated in fig. 9 and fig.10 respectively. ...
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... irradiance and temperature are adjusted in accordance with the waveform illustrated in fig. 9 and fig.10 respectively. Fig.11 shows the performance of CSA-based MPPT and demonstrates its tracking speed. ...
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... 1.2 seconds is required to attain the maximum power point in this case. Fig.12 is used to demonstrate a comparative analysis between both MPPT techniques in terms of tracking time and effectiveness. From the result, it is obvious that the maximum power point is tracked within a short period using the ANN-based MPPT which takes around 0.1 seconds to reach that point. ...
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... For example, lithium-ion batteries have received extensive acceptance owing to their excellent efficiency, high energy density, and extended lifetime [11,12]. Due to the lucrative operation of this battery innovation, numerous attempts to strengthen the resilience and reliability of lithium-ion batteries have already been made [13][14][15]. From a fullcycle perspective, charging automobiles with renewable energy sources is better for attaining clean mobility with zero emissions and environmental impact. Furthermore, when these EVs are charged with electrical power derived from fossil fuel-based sources, they may emit the same amount of GHG and have the same or even greater environmental impact than regular traditional gasoline vehicles [16][17][18][19]. ...
The alarming global warming situation has led to the adoption of transportation infrastructure based on renewable energy. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a green form of transportation that eradicate greenhouse gas emissions. A PV system-based electric vehicle charging system is a viable step towards sustainability because solar energy has great potential for deriving power from PV panels. This report presents a comprehensive study on the worldwide deployment of solar PV-EV systems and modern solar-assisted electric vehicle charging systems. Additionally, this article discusses various topics related to electric vehicles, including their evolution of electric vehicles, various types of charging stations, and various innovative energy storage methods. Different hybrid storage systems have also been discussed to reduce the size of the battery, as well as various battery life issues and solutions to some of these issues. This study also covers how current advancements in battery storage size can be achieved, as well as the efficiency, sustainability, and cost. However, the electrifying trend in the automobile sector has recently transformed the industry. Electric vehicles have a promising future if appropriate legislation
... At a rate of 600 million tons per second, protons are turned into helium atoms. Fusion releases a lot of energy in the form of gamma rays since the energy of the substances that emerge from this process is lower than the energy of the protons that went in [6]. The Sun's particles absorb these gamma rays and then emit them once more. ...
... In order to reduce the performance and tracking times of MPPT algorithms obtained by conventional methods, it has been studied on various hybrid algorithms (Huang et al., 2019;Jiang et al., 2015;Mao et al., 2019). Using the ANN algorithm and CSA, a method that could reach maximum power in a much shorter time under uniform insolation conditions was developed (Farooqui et al., 2021). For solving engineering problems, a new hybrid optimisation was developed using the CSA and differential algorithms . ...
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used to obtain maximum power from PV (Photovoltaic) systems in variable atmospheric conditions. Partial shading conditions (PSCs) have an important effect causing the maximum power points of PV systems to change. In this study, a new hybrid MPPT algorithm was proposed by combining Voltage Scanning (VSC) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) methods to obtain maximum power from a PV system running under PSC. To test the proposed method, a 252.6 kW grid-connected PV system with 609 panels, including 7 serial panels and 87 parallel strings, was created in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. This system was tested under 10 different PSCs by using VSC, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), CSA, and the proposed MPPT methods. The average tracking efficiency and speed of the proposed method under these conditions were obtained as 99.74% and 0.3s, respectively. Under PSCs, the proposed method achieved the highest tracking efficiency of 99.92%, while the highest tracking speed that it achieved was 0.22s. On the other hand, the superiority of the proposed hybrid MPPT algorithm was clearly demonstrated by comparing it to the VSC, PSO, and CSA methods.
... Maximum power point tracking is an algorithm included in change controllers and is utilized to harvest the maximum amount of available power from PV modules under specific circumstances. Different algorithms are used to control the duty cycle converter [67][68][69][70][71][72]. Maximum power point refers to the voltage at which a PV module is capable of producing the most amount of power. ...
... The Maximum power point tracking is an algorithm included in change controllers and is utilized to harvest the maximum amount of available power from PV modules under specific circumstances. Different algorithms are used to control the duty cycle converter [67][68][69][70][71][72]. Maximum power point refers to the voltage at which a PV module is capable of producing the most amount of power. ...
In order to generate electricity from solar PV modules, this study proposed a novel high-voltage gain step-up (HVGSU) DC–DC converter for solar photovoltaic system operation with a maximum power point (MPP) tracker. The PV array can supply power to the load via a DC–DC converter, increasing the output voltage. Due to the stochastic nature of solar energy, PV arrays must use the MPPT control approach to function at the MPP. This study suggests a novel HVGSU converter that uses the primary boost conversion cell and combines switched capacitors and voltage multiplier cells. The proposed topology is upgradeable for high-voltage gain step-up and can be incorporated as well. A clamp circuit reuses the energy that leaks out so that the switch voltage stress and power loss are kept to a minimum. One thing that makes it stand out is that the voltage stress on the diodes and switch stays low and constant even as the duty cycle changes. Additionally, the inductor greatly reduces the diodes’ reverse recovery losses. There is a lot of information about steady-state analyses, operation principles, and design guidelines. A prototype circuit is built to test the maximum power point tracking operation with voltage conversion from 20–40 V to 380 V at 150 W. The results of the experiments support the theoretical analysis and claimed benefits. The proposed converter has the ability to track the maximum power point and a high conversion efficiency over a wide range of power. A weighted efficiency of 90–96% is shown by the prototype.
... Conventional solar PV modules, manufactured from Si-crystalline wafer modules, are bulkier, and the weight is also high, which causes transportation from one place to another a greater challenge. Generally, these are large size solar PV modules cover with glass sheets [19][20][21]. A greater weight, bulky, and massive solar PV panels acquire a greater space and a large roof to accommodate these massive panels when there is an application of high power [22][23][24]. ...
Energy has become an integral part of our life. The fossil fuel present in the environment is very much limited. On the other hand, fossil fuel emits harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), carbon monoxide, and others which harmed flora and fauna. Therefore, the concern for renewable energy application has become more vital due to the depletion of fossil fuels, rising global warming, and increased consumption of energy. Renewable energy aims to reduce pollution levels, enhancing the local economy and community sustainability. Solar energy is the most promising alternative energy source since it has various advantages over other renewable energy sources. The sun is an unquenchable source of energy capable of addressing all energy requirements of humankind. The solar energy concept has been around for a long time, and technological advancements will make it endure for a longer period. The PV-Effect is a mechanism that can produce an electric current when sunlight strikes the limiting layer of semiconductor materials. A photovoltaic (PV) system is a semiconductor device that produces electricity when exposed to luminosity. A PV module is made up of several solar cells that are coupled in parallel and series. This paper provides an extensive study of advancements in energy extraction techniques from a solar panel, analysing solar PV systems under diverse circumstances. PV technology is hastily evolving compared to alternative renewables, consequently leading to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) systems playing a significant role in the generation of electrical energy. BIPV system is a preferred choice as a building integrated solar energy storage system. It has been categorised into three subparts: Grid-connected BIPV system, BIPV system with a solar battery, and PV-Trombe wall. The BIPV mechanism simultaneously acts as a material for the envelope of the building and power extraction from.
... Even though non-isolated DC-DC converters are more efficient, but face the drawbacks of a lower voltage gain than isolated converters [10]- [12]. Generally, an MPPT controller is linked with a SPV system for obtaining maximum power and to perform efficiently [13], [14]. Different MPPT controllers, such as perturb & observe (P&O), incremental and conductance (INC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), fuzzy logic control (FLC), artificial neural network (ANN), and so on, are linked to a DC-DC converter, which provides the appropriate switching pulse based on the load requirement and allows for the maximum power from SPV across the load. ...
This paper analyzes and demonstrates the performance of a solar photovoltaic (SPV)-fed permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor under various operating conditions. In this configuration, a 5HP PMDC is coupled to a SPV system and a boost converter has been interfaced between them to regulate the DC output voltage acquired from the SPV system. The switching pulse to the converter has been provided by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller (P&O and INC) in order to acquire maximum and desired power across the DC link with varying irradiance. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is often used in association with this configuration caused by the non-linear nature of the SPV system and to overcome the volatility of the DC connection affected by environmental effects. For this purpose, a double loop PI controller is analyzed, and examined the DC link. Additionally, the operation of bidirectional DC-DC converter in buck and boost mode during battery charging and discharging is also performed. This operation ensures maintaining a constant and continuous power across the DC link to regulate the PMDC motor consistently. A comparison of results has also been presented for both incremental and conductance (INC) and P&O controllers. The mathematical modeling of configuration has been performed in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results and key findings have been tabulated and even elaborated graphically.
... T1 and T2 (Upper switches) should tolerate the input DC voltage across the E-Cell's six remaining switches, an auxiliary DC-link voltage equal to half of the input DC. As a result, similarly, for the high-frequency component, switches at lower voltage can be used [25,26]. ...
The multilevel inverters (MLIs) are capable of handling large quantities of power and generating high-quality output voltages. Consequently, the size of the filters is reduced, and the circuitry is simplified. As a result, they have a diverse range of uses in the industrial sector, especially in smart grids. The input voltage boosting feature is required to utilize the MLI with renewable energy. In addition, a large number of components are required to attain higher output voltage levels, which increases the cost of the circuit and weight. A variety of MLI topologies have been identified to reduce losses, device quantity, and device ratings. The selective harmonic elimination (SHE) approaches reduce distinct lower order harmonics by computing the ideal switching angles. This research presents a nine–level Packed E–Cell (PEC–9) inverter that uses selective harmonic elimination to eliminate total harmonic distortion. In order to calculate the best switching angle, the reptile search algorithm (RSA) is implemented in this paper, a nature–inspired metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the hunting behavior of the crocodile. The hunting behavior of crocodiles is implemented in two main steps: the first is encircling, which is accomplished by belly walking or high walking, and the second is hunting, which is accomplished by hunting cooperation or hunting coordination. In this technique, nonlinear transcendental equations have been solved. The simulation was run in the MATLAB R2021b software environment. The simulation results suggest that the RSA outperforms the other metaheuristic algorithms. Furthermore, the simulation result was validated on a hardware setup using DSP–TMS320F28379D in the laboratory.
... Furthermore, the government has already been promoting the utilization of renewable energy, such as wind power [4], solar power [5], hydroelectric power [6], tidal power [7], geothermal power [8], and biomass power [9], etc. Renewable energy is connected in parallel with the mains through power conversion technology and provides power to the demand side, as shown in Figure 1. Electricity is supplied to the demand side, which Amongst the various renewable energy, the solar photovoltaic power system (SPPS) has drawn major attention of the researchers because SPPS does not generate noise during power generation and has a long service life [12]. The small solar photovoltaic module (SPVM) can be carried around conveniently and used in watches, computers, backpacks, blankets, etc. [13], which are more flexible in real life. ...
This study proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategy for the solar photovoltaic power system (SPPS). The proposed system adopts two solar photovoltaic modules of 430 W, which are connected to a boost converter and an MPPT controller, since the traditional MPPT algorithm (such as perturbation and observation [P&O] algorithm) can hardly reach maximum power point (MPP) under low irradiance level and partial shading conditions (PSC), which leads to the low efficiency of the SPPS. The speed of light optical path difference measurement (SLOPDM) MPPT control strategy has been developed in this study to overcome this problem. The estimation of the optical path angle difference is used as the basis for the proposed control strategy. This is done by determining the relationship between the optical path angle difference, solar photovoltaic power impedance Rspv and load Ro, and then calculating the duty cycle corresponding to the MPP, which then drives the boost converter to capture the MPP. The experimental results verify the proposed system, which shows the efficiency comparison between the SLOPDM MPPT algorithm, solar angle and horizon (SAH) algorithm, and P&O algorithm under PSC and uniform irradiance conditions (UIC) at irradiance levels of 700 W/m2 and 65 W/m2. It is evident from the comparison that the efficiency of the SLOPDM MPPT algorithm is 99% under both conditions, which is higher than the SAH and P&O algorithms. The SLOPDM MPPT algorithm can precisely, rapidly, and stably be operated at MPP. The contribution of this study is that the proposed MPPT control strategy can help achieve the high−performance of SPPS without changing the hardware circuit design and requiring any additional solar power meter. This reduces the cost and the complexity of the system significantly.
The maximum power point extraction at any instant of time on photovoltaic (PV) systems has attracted attention. This study introduces a novel DC-DC converter-based power point tracking (PPT) algorithm for solar PV systems. The proposed optimization technique is a modified form of the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO), where the limitations of the standard PSO algorithm, like random number assignment of the acceleration factors and constant weight, are modified. The main goal of the suggested modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm is to change the particle weight within a range of values and remove the random number from the acceleration factors. As a result, some of the contributions to this work are: First, when the weight is within some interval values, velocity restriction with a constant number improves. It offers the chance to expedite the search without limitation because of the constantly shifting environmental conditions. Second, the solution shows that the lack of acceleration constants predicts the particle's behavior. Thirdly, the algorithm's input parameters are incredibly minimal. The MATLAB/Simulink simulation of a modeled standalone 2.9 kW solar PV system in shading and non-shading conditions proved the proposed algorithm's performance. Thus, the average efficiency and time tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP) is 99.45% and 6.285 s, respectively. Generally, the proposed MPPT method is more straightforward and adaptable than perturb and observe (P&O), the cuckoo search algorithm, and standard PSO.
