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Basic PANI in three dissimilar types (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Reproduced from Prog. Polym. Sci, Vol 23, Gospodinova, N.; Terlemezyan, L., Conducting polymers prepared by oxidative polymerization: Polyaniline, pp. 1443-1484, Copyright (1998), with permission from Elsevier.
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Polyaniline (PANI) is a famous conductive polymer, and it has received tremendous consideration from researchers in the field of nanotechnology for the improvement of sensors, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices. PANI is doped easily by different acids and dopants because of its easy synthesis and remarkable environmental stability. This r...
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... is present in two different forms: (i) completely reduced form, which contains only benzenoid rings, and (ii) fully oxidized form containing benzenoid and quinonoid ring as repeating units [51,52]. In 1997, MacDiarmid first suggested dissimilar forms for pure PANI [53]: entirely reduced leucomeraldin or LEB (x = 0), partial-oxidized emerald or EB (x = 0.5), and entirely oxidized peringranillin or PAB (x = 1) ( Figure 2). Among them, proton acid doping can convert EB to a conductor; nevertheless, LEB and PAB cannot. ...
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... study has been conducted on the Cu2O/PANI compound to explain the proposed photocatalytic mechanism underlying the enhancement in photocatalytic activity, in which photocatalysts work by increasing the stability and photocatalytic activity of the compound. Therefore, PANI is related to various properties, including magnetic, electrical, and dielectric, redox, antioxidant, and anti-corrosion, chargedischarge, capacitive, and sensor properties ( Figure 20). ...
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... characteristic leads to the development of technologies with internal and external applications. For example, the darkness of a car window can be adjusted by an electric current or by using current over a wide range of potentials; for example, antiques in an exhibition hall in a museum are guarded against UV rays or synthetic light (Figure 22) [161]. Here, enormous smart glass is established related to the reflection appliance that acts as a mirror [163]. ...
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... absorbency of PANI rises at a particular surface area, progresses the catalytic activity, and increases the efficiency of trapping liquid electrolytes for DSSC [179]. PANI is electrolyzed in FTO glass (Figure 23) by several counteractions (for example SO4 2− , BF4 − , CL − , ClO4 − , and p-toluene sulfonate [TsO − ]) to achieve counter electrodes [183]. Hence, PANI-SO4 presents maximum porous medium by a minimum charge transfer resistor and maximum reduction current for I3 oxidation feedback [175]. ...
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... PANI-SO4 presents maximum porous medium by a minimum charge transfer resistor and maximum reduction current for I3 oxidation feedback [175]. PANI polymerization onto the graphene surface increases the PANI electrical area and overall conductivity (Figure 24) [180]. Therefore, this method improves electrocatalytic activity, such as an anti-electrode in DSSC [180]. ...
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... perovskite-sensitive solar cells, dual-function PANI plays the role of P-perforating and sensitizing material due to π-π * transmission and ground-based polarization. Depending on the surface, the PANI structure affects light absorption, whereas the porous surface of PANI will be completed by CH3NH3PbI3 and L salt to increase the light absorption distance and carrier mobility [182], as shown in Figure 25. Leveled nanowires of PANI show the high efficiency of solar cells [245]. ...
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... self-doping based on aniline and (aminobenzene sulfonic acid) is assembled in its ITO glass to create a perforation injection film in two-layer electroluminescence with an orange electroluminescence display compared with a singlelayer electroluminescence device [186]. An organic-mineral ray-emitting diode related to ZnO/PANI nanowire (type n/p) is similarly utilized for water diffusion, which is obtained due to the recombination of the electron boundary in the conduction band and the holes in a wide light range ( Figure 26) [187]. ...
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... attracts extensive attention as a sensor due to its different structures with different morphologies, such as nanowires ( Figure 27). Various kinds of precision sensors, such as chemical and biological sensors, will be produced by PANI [189]. ...
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... 0.8 V to 1 V, PANI is subjected to a proper charge/discharge process; though, at less than 0.6 V, PANI is unworkable due to the minimum density of energy [208]. PANI is joined by the carbon group, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, to be utilized in supercapacitors (Figure 28) [78]. The polymerization for PANI graphene oxide produces homogenous PANI nanofibers that demonstrate extraordinary specificity, conductivity, and capacity but adequate cyclic stability [209]. ...
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... as one of the most familiar ICPs, has significant potential applications in biomedicine due to its high electrical conductivity and biocompatibility caused by its hydrophilic environment, low toxicity, high environmental stability, and nanostructured morphology. This review explains the state-of-the-art biological activities and applications of PANI-based nanocomposites in the medical fields, such as neural prosthesis/biotic-abiotic interfaces, scaffolds, and delivery systems (Figure 29) [248]. ...
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Citations
... the conducting polymer research base is highlighted in Figure 1, where the numbers of peer-reviewed publications citing the common conducting polymers are compared. therapies, photovoltaic generation and catalysis, energy storage, membrane separation, molecular electronics and memory devices, chemical and biosensing, anti-corrosion coatings, organic light-emitting diodes, and electrorheological materials [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The use of PANI has also taken many physical forms, ranging from films to fibers and nanoparticles, and found extensive use in the formation of composite materials [10][11][12]. ...
... It is only in modern times that the true potential of the original aniline black has been recognized, and it is increasingly being proposed to be a key component in the design of smart devices. The applications in which it has been applied have included electromagnetic shielding, photothermal therapies, photovoltaic generation and catalysis, energy storage, membrane separation, molecular electronics and memory devices, chemical and biosensing, anti-corrosion coatings, organic light-emitting diodes, and electrorheological materials [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The use of PANI has also taken many physical forms, ranging from films to fibers and nanoparticles, and found extensive use in the formation of composite materials [10][11][12]. ...
... In its powdered form, its processability is very limited in that it is quite an intractable material, being insoluble in common organic solvents. Moreover, it is not amenable to melt processing and degrades at high temperatures [13,18]. Its conductivity is also limited to highly acidic solutions, with a loss of electrochemical activity observed in solutions with a pH greater than 4 [19,20]. ...
Polyaniline has been utilized in various applications, yet its widespread adoption has often been impeded by challenges. Composite systems have been proposed as a means of mitigating some of these limitations, and anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid) has emerged as a possible moderator for use in co-polymer systems. It offers improved solubility and retention of electroactivity in neutral and alkaline media, and, significantly, it can also bestow chemical functionality through its carboxylic acid substituent, which can greatly ease post-polymer modification. The benefits of using anthranilic acid (as a homopolymer or copolymer) have been demonstrated in applications including corrosion protection, memory devices, photovoltaics, and biosensors. Moreover, this polymer has been used as a versatile framework for the sequestration of metal ions for water treatment, and, critically, these same mechanisms serve as a facile route for the production of catalytic metallic nanoparticles. However, the widespread adoption of polyanthranilic acid has been limited, and the aim of the present narrative review is to revisit the early promise of anthranilic acid and assess its potential future use within modern smart materials. A critical evaluation of its properties is presented, and its versatility as both a monomer and a polymer across a spectrum of applications is highlighted.
... Polyaniline (PANI) stands out as a highly promising conductive polymer with industrial applications, due to its excellent conductivity, environmental stability, straightforward synthesis, and low-cost raw materials [1][2][3]. Consequently, PANI's use in metal anticorrosive coatings, conductive coatings, films, electromagnetic shielding, sensors, and electrochromic materials has garnered significant interest [4][5][6][7]. However, the rigid molecular chain and strong interchain forces of PANI result in poor solubility, processability, and mechanical properties, hindering its practical application [8,9]. ...
In this work, a chemical grafting polymerization method was employed to synthesize EHPMC-g-PANI self-supporting films. Polyaniline (PANI) was grafted onto hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) modified with epichlorohydrin (EPHMC) to obtain an EHPMC-g-PANI aqueous dispersion, which was subsequently dried to form the self-supporting films. The introduction of HPMC, with its excellent film-forming ability and mechanical strength, successfully addressed the poor film-forming ability and mechanical properties intrinsic to PANI. Compared to in situ polymerized HPMC/PANI, the EHPMC-g-PANI exhibited significantly improved storage stability. Moreover, the fabricated EHPMC-g-PANI films displayed a more uniform and smoother morphology. The conductivity of all the films ranged from 10−2 to 10−1 S/cm, and their tensile strength reached up to 36.1 MPa. These results demonstrate that the prepared EHPMC-g-PANI holds promising potential for applications in various fields, including conductive paper, sensors, and conductive inks.
... The incorporation of Cd and PANI is expected to enhance the interaction between the nanocomposite and NH molecules, leading to improved performance metrics. The improved sensing performance of Cd-Ni/PANI nanocomposites can be attributed to several factors [13]. The Cd doping introduces new active sites and modi es the electronic structure of Ni, enhancing NH adsorption. ...
Synthesis and characterization of cadmium-doped nickel (Cd-Ni) nanocomposites integrated with polyaniline (PANI) for advanced ammonia (NH₃) gas sensing applications. The Cd-Ni nanocomposites were synthesized via a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method, providing a facile and efficient route to obtain homogeneous materials. The composites were further incorporated with PANI to enhance their gas sensing properties. Structural, morphological, and compositional properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gas sensing performance was evaluated at various NH₃ concentrations and operating temperatures. The Cd-Ni/PANI sensors demonstrated significantly enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response/recovery times compared to undoped NiO and Cd-Ni sensors. The improved gas sensing characteristics are attributed to the synergistic effects of cadmium doping and the conductive polymer matrix, which introduces additional active sites and modifies the electronic properties of the nanocomposite. These findings suggest that Cd-Ni/PANI composites are promising candidates for efficient and reliable NH₃ gas sensors, potentially advancing applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety.
... Commercially accessible, readily oxidized, water soluble and possessing favourable chemical characteristics, conductivity and ecological durability are pyrrole monomer units [19]. Since past two decades, PPy has attracted interest for a wide range of applications, such as pigment-sensitive solar cells, sensor technologies, memory storage, hybrid capacitors and rechargeable batteries for energy storage and more [20,21]. Polypyrrole is also employed in the production of tailored nanoparticle structures for electrochemical biosensors and storage devices, as well as for metal security purposes [22,23]. ...
In this work, the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a novel binary composite comprising polypyrrole (PPy) protected Y2O3 was fabricated via in situ oxidative-polymerization technique is presented. The investigation primarily focuses on the elucidating the structural, chemical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized composite material to assess its potential applicability as an electrode material in supercapacitors. The structural and bonding aspects of the synthesized sample were examined using advanced analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was employed to confirm the synthesis of particles within the nano-range, providing the crucial insights into the morphology and size distribution of the composite. Furthermore, the chemical composition and thermal stability of the composite were evaluated through energy dispersive X-ray and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses, respectively. These analyses contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the material’s composition and stability under different temperature conditions. The electrochemical performance of the PPy-Y2O3 nanocomposite was assessed via cyclic voltametric measurements, revealing a semi-rectangular loop indicative of high surface area and specific conductance. The composite displayed significant charge storage capacity and revealed exceptional ionic and electrical conductivity, highlighting its feasibility for use as an electrode material in supercapacitors. Furthermore, the synthesized PPy-Y2O3 nanocomposite possesses a unique combination of structural integrity, chemical stability and superior electrochemical properties, making it a promising candidate for enhancing the performance of energy storage devices, particularly in supercapacitor applications.
... Specifically, the Raman spectrum of PANI reveals distinct bands at different wavenumbers: 1170 cm −1 for C-H bending vibrations of benzene or quinone type rings, 1230 cm −1 for C-N stretching, 1334 cm −1 for C-N + polaronic structure, 1510 cm −1 for C=N stretching, and 1600 cm −1 for C=C stretching. This pattern is typically associated with the emeraldine form of PANI [96], that represent the most stable and conductive one [97]. In the spectral range between 400 and 1000 cm −1 , information about deformation vibrations of the benzene rings can be extrapolated. ...
... In the spectral range between 400 and 1000 cm −1 , information about deformation vibrations of the benzene rings can be extrapolated. For instance, bands at 420, 814, and 870 cm −1 represent in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations of the protonated emeraldine form of PANI [96,97]. It is widely recognized that the presence of more crystalline regions in the PANI structure corresponds to its higher electrical conductivity [98]. ...
This study investigates potentiodynamic synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) using pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs), aiming to elucidate deposition mechanisms under simple experimental conditions. By exploring PANI electrosynthesis through electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational approaches, valuable insights into the physicochemical aspects of aniline polymerization are gained. The proposed synthetic method was challenged for the development of a new molecularly imprinted polymer for chloramphenicol on the surface of PGEs to obtain an innovative impedimetric sensor. The sensing platform shows a linear response in the target concentration range between 0.1 and 17.5 nM, in aqueous solutions, with a limit of detection of 0.03 nM and a limit of quantification of 0.09 nM. The results obtained suggest that the synthesis method proposed provide a way to obtain stable and electroactive polyaniline film with huge potential application.
... PANI has been used in applications across various industries, including electronics, energy storage, corrosion protection, sensors, and biomedical devices [21]. In electronic devices, it has been used as a component in capacitors, batteries, and electromagnetic shielding due to its high electrical conductivity [22]. Due to ongoing research and advancements in polymer science, PANI continues to attract the attention of researchers to explore new ways to tailor its properties and applications. ...
Silicene is a 2D monoatomic sheet of silicon and can be used for various applications such as degradation, therapy, and biosafety. Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer employed for electronic devices. In this study, we synthesized PANI–silicene composites and operated as an external interfacial layer between Al and different type substrates of p-Si and n-Si to compare Schottky-type photodiodes of PANI–silicene/n-Si and PANI–silicene/p-Si. The silicene structures were investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Also, the light power intensity dependent of PANI–silicene/n-Si and PANI–silicene/p-Si photodiodes carried out in the range 0–100 mW/cm² and I–t measurements utilized to determine the response time of the photodiodes. Basic parameters of devices such as ideality factors barrier, height, and series resistance were obtained by Norde and Cheung methods and thermionic emission (TE) theory from I–V graphs. While the PANI–silicene/n-Si exhibited high ideality factor values of 5.49, the PANI–silicene/p-Si photodiodes showed a low ideality factor of 1.48. The photodiode parameters such as detectivity and responsivity were calculated as 6.40 × 10⁹ Jones and 38.9 mA/W for n-Si substrate and 78.2 mA/W and 8.81 × 10⁹ Jones for p-Si substrate. The case of basic electrical properties for PANI–silicene composite interlayer-based photodiodes was analyzed in detail.
... PANI consists of two basic structural units, namely, "benzene-benzene" and "benzene-quinone" (Figure 1b). Under the influence of protonic acid, its imine group forms a bipolaron, which then transitions into a polaron [28,29]. Polarons and bipolarons exhibit delocalization, contributing to the conductivity of PANI. Figure 1c shows the working principle of the pipeline TENG: (i) As uncharged liquid enters the pipeline, according to the electric double layer theory, the surface of PDMS will be negatively charged, whereas the interface between the liquid and the solid becomes positively charged. ...
Self-powered electronic equipment has rapidly developed in the fields of sensing, motion monitoring, and energy collection, posing a greater challenge to triboelectric materials. Triboelectric materials need to enhance their electrical conductivity and mechanical strength to address the increasing demand for stability and to mitigate unpredictable physical damage. In this study, polyaniline-modified cellulose was prepared by means of in situ polymerization and compounded with polydimethylsiloxane, resulting in a triboelectric material with enhanced strength and conductivity. The material was fabricated into a tubular triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) (G-TENG), and an electrocatalytic pretreatment of mixed office waste paper (MOW) pulp was performed using papermaking white water as the flowing liquid to improve the deinking performance. The electrical output performance of G-TENG is highest at a flow rate of 400 mL/min, producing a voltage of 22.76 V and a current of 1.024 μA. Moreover, the deinking effect of MOW was enhanced after the electrical pretreatment. This study explores the potential application of G-TENG as a self-powered sensor power supply and emphasizes its prospect as an energy collection device.
... Polyaniline exhibits unique characteristics such as high conductivity, excellent environmental stability, and tunable properties [9]. However, the poor mechanical properties, low molding performance, and dispersibility of polyaniline make the application challenging [10]. To aid this problem, polyaniline is mixed with other materials, such as cellulose and other biopolymers. ...
This study provides accounts of the bonding character, electronic structure, and optical properties of the cellulose–polyaniline hybrid complex using principles of quantum mechanics. The calculations revealed cellulose and polyaniline binding energy per unit ranged from -0.52 eV to -0.68 eV. The electron localization function of the complex revealed that there was no value at the interface but deformed basins, indicating a physisorption type of interaction. The highest occupied molecular orbitals and lowest molecular orbitals are mainly dominated by the polyaniline, with minor hybridization of the orbitals of the cellulose in all configurations. These results indicate that the bonding between cellulose and polyaniline is characterized as an unshared electron interaction. Generally, the density of states of the cellulose and polyaniline complex can be considered a superposition of the states of isolated subsystems—the bandgap of the complex ranges from 2.30 eV to 2.87 eV. The lowest bandgap is observed when the prototype polyaniline is placed near the cellulose hydroxy and hydroxymethyl group. Further, the optical absorption spectra are calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. The results indicate that the prominent peak of the prototype polyaniline at 3.59 eV (345.36 nm) is suppressed at the complex. Meanwhile, in the higher energy region, the optical absorption spectra can be considered a superposition of the absorption spectra of the isolated constituents. The results presented here provide new information on the cellulose–polyaniline complex's bonding mechanism and give the resulting electronic–optical properties. The results will be helpful in the development of innovative biomaterials, fibers, and multifunctional composites based on cellulose and polyaniline.
... Polyaniline (PANI) is a well-known conductive polymer that has gotten a lot of attention from nanotechnology researchers for its potential to improve sensors, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices [4]. In the polymer chain of PANI, the alternating arrangement of the benzene rings and the nitrogen atoms allows the PANI to exist a various oxidation state, such as leucoemeraldine base (completely reduced), pernigraniline base (fully oxidised), and emeraldine base(semi-oxidised) [5]. ...
In recent years, flexible electronics have made significant strides, especially in organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, thin-film transistors, integrated circuits, sensors, and memories. This study investigates the pivotal role of organic electronics in shaping flexible and wearable technology. It explores key aspects such as conductive polymers, small molecule organic semiconductors, and the use of organic dyes and pigments in displays, alongside synthesis techniques like polymerization and vapor deposition. These methods highlight advances in flexibility engineering and integration into wearable devices, enabling innovations like textile-integrated electronics and ultra-thin, skin-like interfaces. The discussion also covers synthesis and fabrication strategies, emphasizing cost-effective, solution-processing techniques for manufacturing electrodes, interconnects, and metal contacts on various flexible substrates. Advanced materials like graphene polymer composites, carbon-nanotube composites, and polymer-ceramic composites are investigated for enhancing stretchability and flexibility in device architectures. Furthermore, the paper examines the evolution of flexible devices, focusing on design strategies for flexibility and stretchability, innovative engineering polymers, composites, and device architectures, including 3D integration. Integration techniques in wearable devices, such as textile integration and skin-like electronics, are discussed, showcasing their transformative potential in applications like health monitoring devices, smart clothing, and wearable displays. Finally, the paper proposed solutions to address challenges such as durability, stability, scalability, and manufacturing efficiency, emphasizing the ongoing quest for improved materials and manufacturing processes. The conclusion underscores the transformative potential of organic electronics, envisioning a new era of wearable and flexible technology seamlessly integrated into daily life, revolutionizing our interactions with electronic devices.
... In chemical polymerization of polyaniline HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 acids which are used as doping agent and other acids are HClO4, H2O2, CH3COOH, HCOOH and H3PO4 whereas Ammonium per-sulphate [(NH4)2S2O8], Cerium sulfate [Ce (SO4)2], Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7Sodium vanadate (NaVO3), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Potassium iodate (KIO3) and) which are used as oxidizing agent [13], [16][17][18][19][20]. Since pure PAni has a lesser conductivity than metal, it cannot be employed directly in any application. ...
Abstract— In the recent years, research on synthesis of conducting polymer nanocomposites has gained momentum due to its numerous applications in designing of sensors. The commonly used material is polyaniline and its composites. Here we report the synthesis of polyaniline nanocomposite featuring a combination of sheet-shaped and fiber like morphology using in situ chemical polymerization method. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) are used as doping agents. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) the surface morphology of synthesized polymer nano-composites were analysed The structural features of polymer nano-composites were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which revealed thc creation of emeraldine salt of PAni in acidic medium. The absorption kinetics of the polymer nano-composites were studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The conductivity of Polyaniline doped with HCl is higher compare to the polyaniline doped with HNO3 hence it is found to be more suitable for sensing application. Keywords—PAni, nanocomposite, SEM, FTIR
