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With the massive growth of wireless data in mobile broadband communications, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication is an alternative enabling technique for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems. More importantly, mm-wave offers large frequency spectrum bands ranging from 30GHz to 300GHz that can be utilized to provide very high cap...
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The article presents 28 GHz circular polarized antenna arrays designed in an embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) package for 5G applications. The antenna arrays are realized on a re-distribution layer (RDL) in the fan-out region of the chip package. Two separate but identical arrays perform RX and TX operations where a crossed dipole is use...
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... Additionally, for more than a half-century, phased-array antenna technology has made an extensive effect that spans from radar to radio astronomy, and it is set to start a major change in the operation of mobile communications [9]. These innovation influenced the development of cellular phones which used frequency modulated array and phased-array antennas [10,11]. ...
Millimeter wave antennas have significance for high-speed, high-capacity wireless communication, delivering substantial advantages and an array of applications. This literature review analyzes the historical development, assessment of performance, difficulties with design, and contemporary applications in telecommunications, radar systems, and imaging. It covers the development of technology, especially within the context of 5G and beyond, and focuses at several antenna designs that deal with technical issues including reduction and impedance matching. The review also studies the effect of design on efficiency and bandwidth, identifying research gaps and potential futures, notably in terms of 5G technology. The commitment to develop millimeter wave antenna technology for next-generation wireless networks is evident, underlining the need of continued research and development.
... Additionally, for more than a half-century, phased-array antenna technology has made an extensive effect that spans from radar to radio astronomy, and it is set to start a major change in the operation of mobile communications [9]. These innovation influenced the development of cellular phones which used frequency modulated array and phased-array antennas [10,11]. ...
Millimeter wave antennas have significance for high-speed, high-capacity wireless communication, delivering substantial advantages and an array of applications. This literature review analyzes the historical development, assessment of performance, difficulties with design, and contemporary applications in telecommunications, radar systems, and imaging. It covers the development of technology, especially within the context of 5G and beyond, and focuses at several antenna designs that deal with technical issues including reduction and impedance matching. The review also studies the effect of design on efficiency and bandwidth, identifying research gaps and potential futures, notably in terms of 5G technology. The commitment to develop millimeter wave antenna technology for next-generation wireless networks is evident, underlining the need of continued research and development.
... A recent PLS technique referred to as directional modulation (DM) (see [9]- [12] and the references therein) has emerged as an efficient and secure transmission approach suitable for wireless communications, including millimeterwave (mmWave), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), satellite communication, and smart transportation [13], [14]. DM has the potential to steer the intelligent base-band information in the desired direction while transmitting distorted signals in other directions. ...
In this paper, the privacy of wireless transmissions is improved through the use of an efficient technique termed dynamic directional modulation (DDM), and is subsequently assessed in terms of the measure of information leakage. Recently, a variation of DDM termed low-power dynamic directional modulation (LPDDM) has attracted significant attention as a prominent secure transmission method due to its ability to further improve the privacy of wireless communications. Roughly speaking, this modulation operates by randomly selecting the transmitting antenna from an antenna array whose radiation pattern is well known. Thereafter, the modulator adjusts the constellation phase so as to ensure that only the legitimate receiver recovers the information. To begin with, we highlight some privacy boundaries inherent to the underlying system. In addition, we propose features that the antenna array must meet in order to increase the privacy of a wireless communication system. Last, we adopt a uniform circular monopole antenna array with equiprobable transmitting antennas in order to assess the impact of DDM on the information leakage. It is shown that the bit error rate, while being a useful metric in the evaluation of wireless communication systems, does not provide the full information about the vulnerability of the underlying system.
... and on the basis of the fact that diag {p}q = diag{q}p for p, q ∈ C M×1 , the objective function in (19) can be recast as follows: ...
... At this point, Subproblem (19) can be rephrased as follows: ...
Recently, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been integrated into wireless communication systems to enhance the performance of air–ground transmission. To balance performance, cost, and power consumption well, a hybrid IRS and UAV-assisted directional modulation (DM) network is investigated in this paper in which the hybrid IRS consisted of passive and active reflecting elements. We aimed to maximize the achievable rate by jointly designing the beamforming and phase shift matrix (PSM) of the hybrid IRS subject to the power and unit-modulus constraints of passive IRS phase shifts. To solve the non-convex optimization problem, a high-performance scheme based on successive convex approximation and fractional programming (FP) called the maximal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-FP (Max-SNR-FP) is proposed. Given its high complexity, we propose a low-complexity maximal SNR-equal amplitude reflecting (EAR) (Max-SNR-EAR) scheme based on the maximal signal-to-leakage-noise ratio method, and the criteria of phase alignment and EAR. Given that the active and passive IRS phase shift matrices of both schemes are optimized separately, to investigate the effect of jointly optimizing them to improve the achievable rate, a maximal SNR majorization-minimization (MM) (Max-SNR-MM) scheme using the MM criterion to design the IRS PSM is proposed. Simulation results show that the rates harvested by the three proposed methods were slightly lower than those of the active IRS with higher power consumption, which were 35% higher than those of no IRS and random phase IRS, while passive IRS achieved only about a 17% rate gain over the latter. Moreover, compared with the Max-SNR-FP, the proposed Max-SNR-EAR and Max-SNR-MM methods caused obvious complexity degradation at the price of slight performance loss.
... Directional modulation (DM), which has been shown to significantly boost the rate of wireless communication system, has evolved into a useful strategy for fifth-generation millimeterwave communication system [17]- [19]. The DM is capable of guiding standard baseband symbols to the desired direction while distorting the signal constellation diagram outside that direction [20]. ...
Recently, intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) have been introduced into wireless communication systems to enhance the performance of air-ground transmission. To make a good balance between performance, cost, and power consumption, a hybrid-IRS-and-UAV-assisted directional modulation (DM) network is investigated in this paper, where the hybrid IRS consists of passive and active reflecting elements. To maximize the achievable rate, three optimization algorithms, called maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-fractional programming (FP) (Max-SNR-FP), maximum SNR-equal amplitude reflecting (EAR) (Max-SNR-EAR), and maximum SNR-majorization-minimization (MM) (Max-SNR-MM), are proposed to jointly design the beamforming vector and phase shift matrix (PSM) of hybrid IRS by alternately optimizing one and giving another. The Max-SNR-FP method employs the successive convex approximation and FP methods to derive the beamforming vector and hybrid IRS PSM. The Max-SNR-EAR method adopts the maximum signal-to-leakage-noise ratio method and the criteria of phase alignment and EAR to design them. In addition, the Max-SNR-MM method utilizes the MM criterion to derive the IRS PSM. Simulation results show that the rates harvested by the proposed three methods are slightly lower than those of active IRS with higher power consumption, which are 35 percent higher than those of no IRS and random phase IRS, while passive IRS achieves only about 17 percent rate gain over the latter. Moreover, compared to Max-SNR-FP, the proposed Max-SNR-EAR and Max-SNR-MM methods make an obvious complexity degradation at the price of a slight performance loss.
... A recent PLS technique referred to as directional modulation (DM) (see [9]- [12] and the references therein) has emerged as an efficient and secure transmission approach suitable for wireless communications, including millimeterwave (mmWave), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), satellite communication, and smart transportation [13], [14]. DM has the potential to steer the intended baseband information in the desired direction while transmitting distorted signals in other directions. ...
In this paper, the privacy of wireless transmissions is improved through an efficient technique termed DDM and is subsequently assessed in terms of the measure of information leakage. Recently, a variation of DDM termed LPDDM has attracted significant attention as a prominent secure transmission method owing to its ability to improve the privacy of wireless communications. Roughly speaking, this modulation operates by randomly selecting the transmitting antenna from an antenna array whose radiation pattern is known. Thereafter, the modulator adjusts the constellation phase so as to ensure that only the legitimate receiver recovers the information. To begin with, we highlight some privacy boundaries inherent to the underlying system. In addition, we propose features that the antenna array must meet in order to increase the privacy of a wireless communication system. Last, we adopt a uniform circular monopole antenna array with equiprobable transmitting antennas in order to assess the impact of DDM on information leakage and the BER.
... secure communication in the presence of eavesdroppers [12]. Directional modulation (DM), as an advanced and promising PLS communications technique, has been regarded as a useful method for fifth generation (5G) millimeter-wave wireless communications [13], [14]. DM employs signal processing technologies like beamforming and artificial noise (AN) in radio frequency frontend or baseband, so that the signal in the desired direction can be recovered as fully as possible, while the signal constellation diagram in the undesired direction is distorted [15]- [17]. ...
Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a revolutionary and low-cost technology for boosting the spectrum and energy efficiencies in future wireless communication network. In order to create controllable multipath transmission in the conventional line-of-sight (LOS) wireless communication environment, an IRS-aided directional modulation (DM) network is considered. In this paper, to improve the transmission security of the system and maximize the receive power sum (Max-RPS), two alternately optimizing schemes of jointly designing receive beamforming (RBF) vectors and IRS phase shift matrix (PSM) are proposed: Max-RPS using general alternating optimization (Max-RPS-GAO) algorithm and Max-RPS using zero-forcing (Max-RPS-ZF) algorithm. Simulation results show that, compared with the no-IRS-assisted scheme and the no-PSM optimization scheme, the proposed IRS-assisted Max-RPS-GAO method and Max-RPS-ZF method can significantly improve the secrecy rate (SR) performance of the DM system. Moreover, compared with the Max-RPS-GAO method, the proposed Max-RPS-ZF method has a faster convergence speed and a certain lower computational complexity.
... However, for conventional PA, its beam steering vector is fixed at an angle for all ranges. To overcome this disadvantage, the frequency diverse array (FDA) was proposed in Ref. [1,2] and gained substantial attention from researchers due to its flexible beam scanning characteristic [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. By employing a tiny frequency offset across adjacent array elements, the FDA can provide a time-range-angle-dependent beampattern, which makes it possible to suppress the rangedependent clutter or main-lobe interference through a proper beamforming method [10][11][12][13]. ...
... The expression of Equation (5) in Ref. [27] is that under the narrowband approximation in the far-field, the envelope rectð t−r n =c T p Þ can be approximated to rectð t−r=c T p Þ while the phase difference among the elements cannot be ignored. Furthermore, t 0 ¼ t − r 0 =c is introduced to simplify the formula, and (5) can be rewritten as ...
The frequency diverse array (FDA) can provide degrees of freedom in both the range and angle domains by controlling the frequency offset across adjacent elements. Nevertheless, the time‐variant problem affects the analysis and application of FDA, and there is a notable lack of research on the receivers of multicarrier FDA. In this paper, a novel perspective to understand the factor of time parameter is proposed. Furthermore, combined with the multiple input and multiple output scheme, two multicarrier FDA radar receivers are proposed to obtain the time‐invariant and dot‐shaped beampattern. Numerical simulations demonstrate the validity of theoretical results.
... The core principle of PLS is to exploit the characteristics of wireless channels to guarantee secure communication in the presence of eavesdroppers [13]. Directional modulation (DM), as an advanced and promising PLS communications technique, has been regarded as a useful method for fifth generation (5G) millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communications [14], [15]. DM employs signal processing technologies like beamforming and artificial noise (AN) in radio frequency frontend or baseband, so that the signal in the desired direction can be recovered as fully as possible, while the signal constellation diagram in the undesired direction is distorted [16]- [18]. ...
Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a revolutionary and low-cost technology for boosting the spectrum and energy efficiencies in future wireless communication network. In order to create controllable multipath transmission in the conventional line-of-sight (LOS) wireless communication environment, an IRS-aided directional modulation (DM) network is considered. In this paper, to improve the transmission security of the system and maximize the receive power sum (Max-RPS), two alternately optimizing schemes of jointly designing receive beamforming (RBF) vectors and IRS phase shift matrix (PSM) are proposed: Max-RPS using general alternating optimization (Max-RPS-GAO) algorithm and Max-RPS using zero-forcing (Max-RPS-ZF) algorithm. Simulation results show that, compared with the no-IRSassisted scheme and no-PSM optimization scheme, the proposed IRS-assisted Max-RPS-GAO method and Max-RPS-ZF method can significantly improve the secrecy rate (SR) performance of the DM system. Moreover, compared with the Max-RPS-GAO method, the proposed Max-RPS-ZF method has a faster convergence speed and a certain lower computational complexity.
... In addition, the periodic variation of the FDA beampattern was investigated, and the theoretical derivation was also given [4]. Owing to its unique characteristics, the FDA has potential in several applications [5][6][7]. ...
Considering the signal model of the frequency diverse array (FDA), the amplitude and phase characteristics cannot be ignored. The beampattern mainly reflects the amplitude characteristics. Existing investigations show that the angle‐range dependence of the beampattern offers the FDA several benefits regarding detection and location. However, for the FDA, the phase characteristics that have not been studied are significant when considering the imaging and anti‐jamming. In this work, the authors investigate the phase characteristics of the FDA based on the proposed generalised FDA structure. Then, based on the structure, the authors derive the general closed form of the signal model, the phase‐radiation function, and the phase‐radiation pattern. Moreover, the periodicity of the phase radiation pattern is analysed using the recursive algorithm as compared with the rational analysis. Finally, using the three‐point method, the phase centre of the generalised FDA is derived. Furthermore, the proposed signal model and the derived phase characteristics of the FDA are verified by extensive numerical results.
