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This paper provides an overview of building structure modeling and control. It focuses on different types of control devices, control strategies, and sensors used in structural control systems. This paper also discusses system identification techniques and some important implementation issues, like the time-delay in the system, estimation of veloci...
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This paper provides an overview of building structure modeling and control under bidirectional seismic waves. It focuses on different types of bidirectional control devices, control strategies, and bidirectional sensors used in structural control systems. This paper also highlights the various issues like system identification techniques, the time-...
This chapter analyzes the two most popular classes of transducers used in active vibration control: the electromagnetic transducer known as voice coil, and the piezoelectric transducer. The first part of the chapter discusses the theory of the transducers and the second part discusses some applications in structural control.
Glazing facades are widely used in building structures, due to a series of aesthetic, thermal, lightening aspects. From a structural point of view, under the action of exceptional loads as impacts, explosions or seismic events, the glazing envelopes often represent the critical component for multi-storey buildings, due to the typically brittle beha...
Citations
... Over the past few decades, vibration control has attracted considerable attention due to its extensive applications in science and engineering [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. As a representative control device, dynamic vibration absorber is often used in various fields, such as vehicles, ships, aerospace, and many others [2,5,[10][11][12][13]. ...
... Over the past few decades, vibration control has attracted considerable attention due to its extensive applications in science and engineering [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. As a representative control device, dynamic vibration absorber is often used in various fields, such as vehicles, ships, aerospace, and many others [2,5,[10][11][12][13]. A traditional dynamic vibration absorber consists of a mass, a spring, and a damper. ...
... The solutions of the system are used to obtain the approximation of the periodic, quasi-periodic, and non-periodic responses of the system (2). For example, the fixed point of Eq. (6) corresponds to the periodic solution of the system (2). ...
This paper reveals the dynamical responses of a time-delayed nonlinear vibration absorption system under harmonic excitation. The slow and fast dynamics of the forced system are analyzed by using complex averaging method. The curves of saddle-node bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation are given. Afterward, the analytical expressions and properties of slow invariant manifold are explored. The existence of strongly modulated response is determined by discussing the geometry of the slow invariant manifold. Furthermore, abundant and interesting behaviors are observed numerically and these phenomena reach a good agreement with theoretical analysis. The results show that time delay control plays important roles in the vibration reduction performance and can regulate the response regimes, such as the generation and transition of periodic orbits and quasi-periodic solutions.
... Control systems can be categorized into passive, active, semiactive, and hybrid confgurations [4][5][6]. Concerning the semiactive system, it gathers characteristics from passive and active devices, necessitating minimal energy input to generate control forces. In hybrid systems, a blend of passive and active, or passive and semiactive devices, can be employed to regulate structural responses, thereby achieving optimal performance and yielding a highly efcient structural control [6]. ...
... Concerning the semiactive system, it gathers characteristics from passive and active devices, necessitating minimal energy input to generate control forces. In hybrid systems, a blend of passive and active, or passive and semiactive devices, can be employed to regulate structural responses, thereby achieving optimal performance and yielding a highly efcient structural control [6]. ...
This study proposes a new methodology, based on the optimization procedure by a metaheuristic algorithm, for designing a hybrid vibration control system to mitigate the dynamic response of buildings under nonstationary artificial earthquakes (NSAEs). For illustration purposes, a 10-story shear building is studied. The hybrid control system involves the use of an MR damper (MR) and a tuned mass damper (TMD) located in different places of the structure. To describe the behavior of the MR, the modified Bouc–Wen model (MBW) was used. To calculate the damping force of the MR, the clipped optimal control associated with linear quadratic regulator (LQR), CO-LQR, was considered. The optimization was performed using the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and seismic load generated by the Kanai–Tajimi spectrum. Different control scenarios were evaluated: MR-OFF, MR-ON, CO-LQR, STMD, and CO-LQR (MR + TMD) to determine the best control scenario that can effectively control the structure. Overall, the optimized hybrid control scenario (MR + TMD) was the only one able to adapt all story drifts to the control criterion of the consulted normative. Then, CO-LQR (MR + TMD), designed via the methodology proposed in this work, proved to be the best alternative to control the seismic response of this building.
... By adjusting the external magnetic field, the particles in conventional M.R. dampers acquire a dipole movement aligned with the field, ensuring the suspension's stability and increased rigidity of the material. This procedure gives the ability to manage vibration, so it offers quick reactions, strong damping, and continuous range adjustment [17] [18], as shown in Fig. 7. ...
The system and artificial intelligence are still important modern technologies. A structure can modify its behavior under dynamic stresses by using active controls. The term "intelligent" or "smart" structures refers to these self-modifying structures. The structural engineering discipline may experience a revolution thanks to smart structure technologies. Particularly for huge structures, It is anticipated to have major effects. Effects with regard to the avoidance of fatalities and damage to the structure and its contents, particularly with regard to huge buildings that have thousands of elements. An efficient control algorithm to establish the magnitude of the actual forces to be applied to the construction is one of the most critical components in the successful use of smart active control technology. An overview of the primary active control approaches for the reduction of vibration in intelligent mechanical and civil structures that are subject to external dynamic loads is provided in this study. Different control algorithms' benefits and drawbacks are examined. Finally, recent advances in the study of control algorithms are highlighted, including the use of multiparadigm strategies, decentralized control, deep learning techniques applied to neural networks design of controls for sustainability, and a merging of the domains of vibration control and structural health monitoring.
... Buildings are prone to excessive vibration under dynamic loads, in which case the application of additional energy absorption and dissipation devices could be a promising method to mitigate the undesirable dynamic responses. In the past decades, various passive, semi-active, active, and hybrid control devices have been proposed to control the dynamic response of building structures [1]. With the ongoing proposals of novel mechanical elements having particular mechanical properties, e.g., inerter [2] and shape memory alloy (SMA) stiffness elements [3], numerous control devices were proposed by arranging these basic mechanical elements into different topologies. ...
Unlike most studies on passive vibration control devices wherein mechanical topologies are fixed and only parameters need to be optimized, this study proposes a generic automatic design approach for both topology and parameters to explore control devices built up from different topological permutations of inerters, dampers, springs, rigid links, empty links, and auxiliary masses. The design problem is first transformed into a constrained multi-objective optimization problem (CMOP), whose objectives and constraints can be customized according to requirements and practical considerations. To prevent missing optimal control devices during solution processes, the CMOP is further divided into two coupled CMOPs addressing topology- and parameter-related variables separately. Correspondingly, a two-level (outer and inner) evolutionary algorithm is proposed to solve the coupled CMOPs. The effectiveness of the proposed design approach is numerically verified under two cases, i.e., a 3-story building under ground-motion excitation and a 64-story tall building under wind loading. Two representative automatically-designed control devices are compared with tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI) and tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD) in terms of response reduction and robustness evaluated by exerting perturbations on the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices of the uncontrolled structure. The obtained control devices outperform TMDI and TVMD in both cases on at least one objective. Especially in the second case, 13.5% and 17.3% more reduction on responses with only 52.9% and 36.0% sensitivity to perturbations in comparison to TMDI and TVMD are achieved, respectively.
... Passive controlling device is known as an energy dissipation device. It operates without using any external power source and generates the control force by utilizing the motion of the building structure [2]. An example of the passive control device is the tuned mass damper (TMD) and it was first proposed by McNamara in 1977 [3] with practical application. ...
... An active control device is introduced to overcome the problem caused by a passive control system. However, this type of controller has a high power required to operate while reducing the structural vibration [2]. The problem caused by high power requirements is solved by using a semi-active control device. ...
The paper explores various control strategies proposed by researchers from decades ago in controlling the building structural system. It focuses on hybrid mass dampers used by many researchers in their previous work because the implementation of this device needs an excellent control strategy to provide a better performance in suppressing building vibration. The suitable choice of control strategy in structural control is important in giving the best structure response to withstand an earthquake or strong wind. Based on previous structure and control strategies, a simulation for a two-storey building structure system equipped with a hybrid mass damper at the top building has been conducted. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Sliding mode controller (SMC) and fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) are used to suppress the building structure vibration during an earthquake by giving input from seismic excitation taken from El Centro earthquake. The simulation result shows that FSMC technique provides better performance compared to FLC and SMC in suppressing the building vibration based on the displacement response and frequency response. This paper concludes with the problems left and recommendations for structural control improvement.
... However, the tip mass of 0.03 generates the most energy. In fact, the mass of 0.03 is the only tip mass to have its veering phenomenon occur before 0. 3 , thus resulting in the first resonant peak being the larger of the resonances. Additionally, the case with a tip mass of 0.03 and no magnets has the first coupled natural frequency of 16 / , causing the second coupled natural frequency to be dominated by the primary structure. ...
... . A similar trend is seen with the tip mass of 0.06 , but the gap is too large to shift the frequency close to the other coupled natural frequency for strong coupling. Figure 19 shows the effects of a 7.5 gap on the various tip masses with a constant substrate thickness of 0. 3 . The tip mass of 0.06 has excellent coupling between the primary structure and the absorber, which is indicated by how close the two resonant peaks are in amplitude. ...
... This also causes the case with magnets to reduce the amount of energy harvested, which produces 17% less power, on average, over the frequency range than the no-magnet case. On the other hand, this hardening behavior benefits the configuration with a substrate thickness of 0. 3 . Looking at the no-magnet case, the second resonant peak is closer to that of the uncontrolled natural frequency, causing a small reduction in the primary structure of only 22% and very low power generation with a tight band of frequencies that generates power. ...
This study investigates the effects of magnetic constraints on a piezoelectric energy harvesting absorber while simultaneously controlling a primary structure and harnessing energy. An accurate forcing representation of the magnetic force is investigated and developed. A reduced-order model is derived using the Euler–Lagrange principle, and the impact of the magnetic force is evaluated on the absorber’s static position and coupled natural frequency of the energy harvesting absorber and the coupled primary absorber system. The results show that attractive magnet configurations cannot improve the system substantially before pull-in occurs. A rigorous eigenvalue problem analysis is performed on the absorber’s substrate thickness and tip mass to effectively design an energy harvesting absorber for multiple initial gap sizes for the repulsive configurations. Then, the effects of the forcing amplitude on the primary structure absorber are studied and characterized by determining an effective design of the system for a simultaneous reduction in the primary structure’s motion and improvement in the harvester’s efficiency.
... In contrast, active control entails the utilization of external energy in the damping devices to generate control forces that actively suppress structural vibrations in real-time. Active control provides benefits in terms of adaptability and control effectiveness [7] [8]. Common active control devices comprise active mass dampers, active tuned mass dampers, active tie systems, and active bracing systems [9]. ...
... For this reason, base isolators can prevent structural damage or collapse by reducing and minimizing the propagation of high-frequency signals that comes from the ground to the structure [7,8]. Base isolators are mounted between the structures and the foundation and can be made using low lateral stiffness materials such as rubber [9]. ...
... {d} : is a vector. This vector locates where the control forces are applied [9]. ...
Introduction
This paper proposes an optimal active vibration control system to control an active tuned mass damper (ATMD), which can help reduce the seismic structural damages caused by the earthquake effects.
Methods
The proposed controller exploits the features of the fractional-order calculus to improve the performances of the derivative and the integral actions of the conventional PID controller, the parameters gains (\(Kp,Ki,Kd\)), \(\lambda\) and \(\mu\) of the fractional-order PID controller (FO-PID) are selected optimally using the recent artificial hummingbird algorithm (AHA), A comparative study conducted against the classical PID controller in different earthquake excitations, to highlight the advantages of proposed FO-PID. Finally, A new graphical user interface (GUI) based on MATLAB called “SVCS Structural Vibration Control Simulator” is developed to facilitate the simulation of different vibration control systems using different earthquake excitations.
Conclusion
The results obtained reflect that using FO-PID controller improves the performance of active control and can reduce further the structural response.
... To improve the seismic resistance of structures, some methods comprising increasing cross sections, adding plates to structural members [1], and using reinforced composites [2][3][4] have been proposed. Recently, structural vibration control strategies have attracted increasing attention devoted to attenuating the damage and enhancing the comfort of structures [5,6]. The tuned liquid damper (TLD) is one of the most effective anti-vibration technologies, as it is economic, easy to design, and independent of external energy supply. ...
The particle-tuned liquid damper (PTLD) can combine the functions of baffles and energy-dissipating materials, such as highly viscous liquids, by integrating the particle dampers into a conventional tuned liquid damper (TLD). However, the particles distributed only at the bottom of the container cannot drive the motion of water in the middle layer to function effectively. Therefore, a suspended particle-tuned liquid damper (SPTLD) is proposed in this study and its effectiveness and reliability are examined compared with the conventional TLD through shaking table tests. Based on the experimental results, a parametric analysis of the SPTLD is further conducted to investigate the damping mechanism of the SPTLD, including the number of particles, the excitations with various amplitudes, and the use of suspended versus floating particles in liquid. The test results revealed that SPTLD successfully controlled the structural acceleration responses under seismic excitations with good reliability; the peak acceleration response was reduced by 67.4% and the RMS value was reduced by 75.9%. In the SPTLD, the particles filled in the container can drive more liquid to effectively participate in the sloshing motion, and the superimposed damping effects involving collisions and the energy-dissipation mechanisms of buoyancy and hydraulic resistance in the SPTLD lead to an improvement in the vibration control performance. Furthermore, the comparison of SPTLD and the floating particle-tuned liquid damper (FPTLD) demonstrates the better availability of SPTLD in practical applications, especially for some slender structures with limited plane space on the top floor.
... Each of these configurations offers advantages and disadvantages. In particular, passive vibration control has advantages such as simple construction, low cost, easy maintenance, and does not require external power to work [2], which is very convenient due to possible power failures in seismic events. Nevertheless, its performance is limited to work at a specific design frequency, which in an earthquake event can be dangerous due to the wide range of frequencies a seismic force can excite in a civil structure [3]. ...
... An alternative to improve the performance of the TMD controller consists of the implementation of active control approaches combining passive with active techniques. Active vibration control in civil structures is an area of research, which has contributed with the application of many control strategies such as Proportional-Derivative/Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PD/PID) control [14], active disturbance rejection control with Proportional (P) and Proportional-Derivative (PD) control [5], or with specific tuning strategies of the PD controller [6], H 2 ∕H ∞ index with saturation in the actuator, stochastic noise and quantization measurements [2,15], a Lattice probabilistic neural network [16], among others. One of the active control schemes that have been widely investigated achieving satisfactory results in the vibration control of structures is modal control in its different configurations, such as the multiple positive acceleration feedback (MPAF) control [17]. ...
This paper presents an Active Tuned Mass Damper (ATMD) control approach for vibration reduction applied to a one-bay three-story scaled shear frame. The ATMD is composed of a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) driven by the combined action of a modified Positive Position Feedback (mPPF) control law and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC). The mPPF and the MPC are in an inner and outer loop configuration. In the inner control loop, the mPPF strategy compensates for the first vibration modes at low frequencies and pre-stabilizes the structure; while, in the outer loop, the MPC controller considers the actuator limits ensuring constraint satisfaction and softening the control action. A critical advantage concerning to mPPF controller is its design is based only on the natural frequencies, which are relatively easy to estimate around an experimental test. Furthermore, the MPC allows generalizing the controller design for multi-story arrangements without modifying the controller structure. Numerical results show that, for the case study, the control effort of the proposed scheme is more than seven times lower than the control effort when compared with an ATMD driven by a conventional MPC, without sacrificing performance.
