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Bar plot of assignment proportions of individual plants (1–72) from the NewHybrids analysis. Individual plants were morphologically identified as Rumex obtusifolius (1–21), R. longifolius (22–51) and the hybrid (52–72).: The length of each bar reflects the Bayesian posterior probability that the 72 individuals belong to R. obtusifolius (Ro), R. longifolius (Rl), F1, F2, backcross to R. obtusifolius (Ro_Bx) and backcross to R. longifolius (Rl_Bx).
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Alien species expand their distribution by transportation network development. Hybridization between alien species Rumex obtusifolius and closely related native vulnerable species R. longifolius was examined in a mountain tourist destination in central Japan. The three taxa were morphologically identified in the field. Stem height and leaf area wer...
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Citations
... It is also well documented that species of subgenus Rumex commonly form hybrids among themselves (e.g. Ziburski et al., 1986;Rechinger, 1990;Kitchener, 2002;Takahashi and Hanyu, 2015). Indeed, by our count, Rechinger documented some 32 hybrid taxa within subgenus Rumex. ...
The genus Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) provides a unique system for investigating the evolutionary development of sex determination and molecular rate evolution. Historically, Rumex has been divided, both taxonomically and colloquially into two groups: 'docks' and 'sorrels'. A well-resolved phylogeny can help evaluate a genetic basis for this division. Here we present a plastome phylogeny for 34 species of Rumex, inferred using maximum likelihood criteria. The historical 'docks' (Rumex subgenus Rumex) were resolved as monophyletic. The historical 'sorrels' (Rumex subgenera Acetosa and Acetosella) were resolved together, though not monophyletic due to the inclusion of R. bucephalophorus (Rumex subgenus Platypodium). Emex is supported as its own subgenus within Rumex, instead of resolved as sister taxa. We found remarkably low nucleotide diversity among the docks, consistent with recent diversification in that group, especially as compared to the sorrels. Fossil calibration of the phylogeny suggested that the common ancestor for Rumex (including Emex) has origins in the lower Miocene (22.13 MYA). The sorrels appear to have subsequently diversified at a relatively constant rate. The origin of the docks, however, was placed in the upper Miocene, but with most speciation occurring in the Plio-Pleistocene.
... Frequent hybridization between species of Rumex in disturbed habitats has been reported previously 1,2,4 . The possible existence of F2 progeny and backcross generations in Rumex have been reported in previous studies 2,4 . The fertility of backcross generations usually increases as compared to that of the F1 generation in Rumex and in several other angiosperms, including Trifolium L. and Helianthus L. 2,41,42 The increased fertility of backcross generations in hybrid swarms may result in the loss of genetic integrity of the parental species. ...
Interspecific hybridization has been suggested to occur frequently in Rumex (Polygonaceae). Several hypothesized combinations of parental species of hybrids based on their intermediate morphology have been suggested in the genus, but few of them have been phylogenetically tested. We analyzed nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data of a putative natural hybrid between Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius from Korea to confirm its hybrid status and to determine the maternal parent. Analysis of the nuclear DNA pgiC region revealed that R. crispus and R. obtusifolius have contributed to the nuclear genome of the putative hybrids. The haplotype distribution pattern inferred from the combined sequence data set of five chloroplast DNA regions ( matK, rbcL-accD IGS , trnK-rps16 IGS , ycf6-psbM IGS and psbA-trnH IGS) indicated bidirectional hybridization events between R. crispus and R. obtusifolius . This paper provides the first molecular evidence for interspecific hybridization between R. crispus and R. obtusifolius . In addition, our findings strongly suggested that Korean populations of Rumex japonicus have a hybrid origin, and R. crispus may represent one of the parental taxa.
... The native species range is confined to Europe (except the Mediterranean region), while in other parts of the world it is introduced (CAVERS and HARPER, 1964; RECHINGER and AKEROYD, 1993). Rumex obtusifolius is a "follower of man" and a common species of waste and disturbed sites, such as field borders and roadsides (CAVERS and HARPER, 1964;TAKAHASHI and HANYU, 2015). ...
Antioxidant enzymes are one of the most important links in the plant defense system to various types of environmental stress, so their response to a particular type of stress may indicate the sensitivity or tolerance of the plant species. Our paper studied the difference in antioxidative enzyme [catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and Class III peroxidases (POD, EC 1.11.1.7)], isoenzyme pattern and activities between Rumex obtusifolius L. (Polygonaceae) plants grown on ash amended and uncontaminated soil. Modified SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed the presence of a new POD isoform in leaf samples growing on ash-amended soil, although the activity of POD in the leaves did not change significantly compared to control plants. On the other hand, in the roots of ash-growing plants POD activity decreased by 90%. Single CAT isoform was detected in both leaf samples, and results indicate 47% higher CAT activity in leaves of ash growing plants. Native electrophoresis detected two SOD isoforms in leaves and roots from the control plant. SOD isoforms were inhibited in the roots of plants grown on ash. The paper indicates the possible role of CAT, SOD and POD in the adaptive response of R. obtusifolius plants on ash amended soil.
... Natural plant communities are exposed to environmental changes such as global warming and increased human activities (Takahashi et al. 2011a;Takahashi and Hanyu 2015;Mietkiewicz et al. 2017). It is thought that alpine and subalpine ecosystems with cool climatic conditions are sensitive to environmental changes. ...
Natural plant communities are exposed to environmental changes such as global warming and increased human activities. It is thought that alpine and subalpine ecosystems with cool climatic conditions are sensitive to environmental changes. This virtual issue introduces multidisciplinary research at alpine and subalpine plant communities. The articles include research on (1) species diversity, vegetation and biomass, (2) species assembly, (3) climate and growth of alpine plants, (4) reproduction of alpine plants, (5) differences of growth traits among coexisting species, (6) vegetation changes by human activities and overgrazing of deer, and (7) differentiation of growth traits among ecotypes in relation to climatic conditions. These thirteen articles provide valuable information for future research on the effects of environmental changes on alpine and subalpine plant communities.
... All analyses showed hybridisation patterns between members of the L. ageratifolium-group on the one and the co-distributed species L. vulgare on the other side, except in the case of the allopatric L. laciniatum, where no hybrids could be found. In the PCoA graphs, putative hybrid populations were either indicated by the intermediate position of their individuals between 'pure' parental populations together with ashift on the second axis (e.g., L. ligusticum and L. monspeliense), as previously observed in methodologically comparable studies (e.g.,Hodkinson et al. 2002, Lihová et al. 2007, Takahashi and Hanyu 2015, or by the position of single members of such populations in the L. vulgare cluster (e.g., L. ageratifolium and L. legraeanum). The Neighbor-net networks, reconstructed on the basis of the same sub-matrices, showed a higher tendency of incompatible splits between hybrid individuals and 'pure' accessions in the case of L. ageratifolium, L. legraeanum, and L. monspeliense, discernable by larger 'boxes' in the networks ofFigure S1(Supplementary Material). ...
Delineating species boundaries in the framework of the multi-species coalescent (MSC) proves to be a reliable, objective, and reproducible method in an increasing number of studies. However, the underlying model assumes the lack of gene flow after speciation; an assumption which may be frequently violated in plant evolution. The present study evaluates the robustness of currently available species delimitation methods implemented in beast (BFD, BFD*, and dissect) in the closely-knit ox-eye daisy group around Leucanthemum ageratifolium Pau. Comprising five taxa being allopatrically distributed between northern Spain and southern Italy this study group shows signs of hybridisation with the widespread and co-distributed species Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam. to various extent. As expected, our empirical analyses based on both AFLP fingerprinting and sequence data demonstrate that the robustness of species delimitation results is considerably influenced by the intensity of hybridisation among species and the number of hybrid individuals included. Therefore, we set up a methodological pipeline with a first step of identification and subsequent removal of individuals showing admixed genetic patterns caused by actual interbreeding using AFLP-fingerprint and morphometric data, followed by application of different Bayesian MSC species delimitation methods based on the remnant individuals using both AFLP-fingerprint and sequence data (four nuclear markers, five concatenated intergenic spacer regions of the plastid genome). The results argue for acknowledgement of Leucanthemum laciniatum, L. legraeanum, and L. ligusticum as independent species, show the close relationship of L. ageratifolium, L. monspeliense, and L. vulgare, and give rise to the description of three nothospecies new to science. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Natural hybridization between the native species Rumex madaio endemic to Japan and the congeneric invasive species R. obtusifolius, which frequently co‐occurs with R. madaio, was examined by molecular identification. At low frequencies, interspecific hybrids between the two species were confirmed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Whereas these two species can hybridize because their flowering periods overlapped to some extent, the extremely low fertility of R. madaio caused by unknown genetic factors seemed to prevent extensive hybridization between these species. Population genetic analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that there was a distinct population genetic structure in R. madaio, suggesting that local populations should be treated separately for genetic conservation of the species.
