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Midwifery care plays a vital role in the reduction of preventable maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. There is a growing concern about the quality of care during facility based childbirth and the occurrence of disrespect and abuse (D&A) worldwide. While several studies have reported a high prevalence of D&A, evidence about th...
The Zambezi Riparian Region (ZRR) is a lifeline and home to ∼40 million people who depend heavily on the river basin for their livelihood. It also furnishes 8 of its riparian countries with goods and services on which hydropower production and food security anchor. The sustainability of the ZRR is threatened by extreme climate events. Here, we inte...
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... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
The early 1990s were a crucial turning point in Zimbabwe. Not only was the Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) initiated in 1990, but the country was also hit with a major drought in 1991/92. We know that the urban poor were (and continue to be) disproportionately impacted by wage cuts, lay-offs and changes to food prices, especially since data from the period indicate that the poor spent a third to twice as much of their expenditures on food and health care than the non-poor. This chapter explores the food security situation of 100 lodgers (private renters) in the medium-sized city of Gweru, located halfway between Harare and Bulawayo. Based on data from diverse types of lodging across all density areas, it discusses the linkages between strength of rural ties, modes of livelihood, household composition, and fixed expenses such as rent and food security.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Cameroon is rapidly becoming an urban society and much of the urban population growth is taking place in secondary cities. Dschang is one of these growing secondary cities. A former administrative centre and market hub for an agriculturally productive area, Dschang has expanded and diversified since the establishment of a national university in the 1990s. A household food security survey in 2017 found that two-thirds of households were severely food insecure, even amid high rates of participation in food production and livestock rearing and a robust informal food marketing system. This chapter documents the findings of the survey and outlines three important factors driving household food insecurity in Dschang: the limited power of the local government; the consequences of the political conflict in neighbouring Anglophone regions of Cameroon, and Dschang’s role as a supplier to the regional food system.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Co-production, a strategy increasingly being adopted by urban planners, has potential for protecting and expanding urban food security. Its goals go beyond those of participation to include substantive sharing in policy design, implementation and monitoring: shifting some power associated with these decisions and actions to primary stakeholders. Co-production is desirable for empowerment outcomes, and also on grounds of greater efficiency, cost savings and more locally informed planning. Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) is a lead actor in co-production and has partnered with the Government of Uganda, working on pro-poor urban development projects underway in several secondary cities, including Jinja and Mbale. SDI frames slum dweller advocacy in a rights-based discourse with provisions that informal settlement residents articulate their own priorities. Given food access is a central priority of the urban poor, co-production creates opportunities to address urban food insecurity. However, governments, including municipal and national governments in Uganda, resist genuine power sharing with urban slum dwellers. This research explores how co-production engages slum dwellers and governance actors in the secondary cities of Jinja and Mbale, Uganda. It seeks to understand the possibilities and limitations of the current SDI co-productive programing in the context of urban food security. Empirical evidence to support this research is drawn from interviews with urban planning stakeholders in Kampala, Jinja and Mbale in 2015 and 2018.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
The urbanizing world population has seen increased food insecurity in urban spaces, a result of unsustainable food systems, growing inequalities and weak urban governance that lacks urban food strategies. To improve our knowledge of household strategies employed to survive in urban spaces, we conducted a household survey to examine the relationship between coping strategies,food insecurity and dietary diversity in the secondary cities corridor of Oshakati-Ongwediva-Ondangwa (OOO) in Northern Namibia. The data were collected from 853 households, using a cluster-stratified sampling design. Household food insecurity in the corridor was77%, while the mean dietary diversity was less than 5. These measures differed by coping strategy andfood sourcing mechanism. The most common coping strategy was to rely on less preferred and less expensive foods (67%). Rural–urban food transfers were another common strategy (55%), while some households grow some of their own food in rural areas (23%). Urban agriculture is very limited as are informal social protection strategies such as sharing meals, borrowing from neighbours and providing food to neighbours or other households in the community.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
International remittances are a major source of income for many low and middle-income countries. As remittances are sent directly to families and friends living at the place of origin, they have a significant impact on alleviating poverty. The literature on remittances suggests that most remittance-receiving households in urban areas use a major portion of the remitted income for food purchase–indicating a close relationship between remittances and food security. However, understanding of how remittances are related to urban food security is still limited. More specifically, what is the role of remittances in overcoming food insecurity both directly (as an additional means available to access food), and indirectly (as a source of investment for income-generating activities)? This chapter explores these relationships between migrant remittances and household food security in the secondary city of Mzuzu, Malawi, based on semi-structured interviews with migrant households, returnee migrants and key informants.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Countries across Africa are rapidly transitioning from rural to urban societies. The UN projects that 60% of people living in Africa will be in urban areas by 2050, with the urban population on the continent tripling over the next 50 years. The challenge of building inclusive and sustainable cities in the context of rapid urbanization is arguably the critical development issue of the twenty-first century and creating food secure cities is key to promoting health, prosperity, equity, and ecological sustainability. The expansion of Africa’s urban population is taking place largely in secondary cities. These are broadly defined as cities with fewer than half a million people that are not national political or economic centres. The implications of secondary urbanization have recently been described by the Cities Alliance as “a real knowledge gap,” requiring much additional research not least because it poses new intellectual challenges for academic researchers and governance challenges for policymakers. International researchers coming from multiple points of view, including food studies, urban studies, and sustainability studies, are starting to heed the call for further research into the implications for food security of rapidly growing secondary cities in Africa.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Rural-urban migrants across Africa are seeking better economic opportunities in secondary cities, often because of the prohibitive cost of living and deteriorating living standards in primary economic and political centers. The migration of the rural poor and its implications for the food system in secondary cities are under-explored. In Malawi, Mzuzu is a secondary city with important rural-urban social economic linkages. Over the years, Mzuzu has increasingly provided refuge for both rural migrants and urban migrants from primate cities. This chapter presents the results of a city-wide food retailer study conducted in Mzuzu which sheds light on the interaction between migration and food system transformation. The majority of the 485 informal food retailers had relocated to Mzuzu from surrounding rural areas. These retailers largely procure food products from formal enterprises within the city rather than the rural areas, creating low capital third-party food retailing enterprises with small profit margins.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Urbanization is one of the major social changes in developing regions. This has influenced urban food insecurity and malnutrition in South Africa where poverty, unemployment and high food prices are dominant and influencing dietary change. The study considered dietary diversities and food security of households in four peri-urban settlements in South Africa through household surveys with 314 randomly selected households. Dietary diversity was generally low with high levels of food insecurity across the peri-urban sites, with male-headed households generally worse off than female-headed households. There was high dependence on food purchasing in all sites, although female-headed households were more likely than male-headed households to supplement food purchases with other food strategies such as urban agriculture, collection from open spaces and receiving donations. Food insecurity was associated with high poverty levels, unemployment and low education levels. A coherent response that effectively addresses food and nutrition insecurity challenges in peri-urban areas is an important component in addressing food insecurity in peri-urban settings of South Africa. Such a response should support localized and diverse “context specific” food systems which are sustainable and healthier and make food more affordable.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Urban transformations in secondary cities in sub-Saharan Africa have sparked renewed interest in local food. This chapter is based on a desktop study to explore the urban agriculture (UA) experiences of three very different secondary urban centres (Ndola, Nakuru, and Karoi). In the three urban centres while poverty is the driving force for some low-income urban farmers, other households have engaged in the activity for entrepreneurial purposes. UA in the open spaces in these three secondary urban centres is creating tension between urban developers and both resource-rich and resource-poor households. Also, rapid secondary urbanization is presenting food insecurity challenges through the displacement of urban food producers on one hand and the disruption of urban food production systems on the other hand. Urban planners in African secondary cities should find ways to understand and address these tensions in locally responsive ways that can optimize the benefits to poor households and improve the sustainability of their urban food systems.
... The results of two interconnected research projects provide some indication that secondary cities are home to higher levels of severe household food insecurity than primary cities. The Hungry Cities Partnership conducted city-wide household surveys in three primary cities: Cape Town, South Africa (Crush et al., 2018); Maputo, Mozambique (Raimundo et al., 2018); and Nairobi, Kenya (Owuor, 2018). AFSUN's Food, Urbanization, Environment, and Livelihoods (FUEL) project conducted city-wide household surveys in Mzuzu, Malawi (Riley et al., 2018), Oshakati-Ondangwa-Ongwediva, Namibia and Dschang, Cameroon . ...
... Starting in 2008, researchers and graduate students associated with AFSUN and HCP conducted urban food security research. As the research project leader for Mozambique, Raimundo collaborated with a number of these national and international researchers to design research projects, facilitated fieldwork on urban food security studies and copublished a number of publications (Raimundo et al., 2014(Raimundo et al., , 2018. As a result of this level of involvement in research projects, she became familiar with the technical language of food security employed by quantitative surveys such as the HFIAS, HDDS and the MAHFP. ...
Sub-Saharan Africa is urbanizing rapidly, but this urbanization process is not well understood, in intermediate or secondary cities in particular. Secondary cities will be home to the majority of Africans. Rapidly growing African urban areas encounter multiple, mutually reinforcing development realities related to food and nutrition. Development and governance challenges are amplified when food system-related transitions intersect with other transitions taking place in secondary African cities. Drawing on food systems studies carried out in three secondary African cities, this chapter calls for far greater focus on the different types of secondary cities, and not overly simplistic definitions that use population size as the defining metric. The typologies discussed in this chapter include the trunk city; the satellite city; and the resource city. Understanding the typology of city potentially offers greater governance focus and targeting, ensuring that governance outcomes are positive, pro-poor and health enhancing is food systems governance specific to the diverse African urban contexts.
