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This review deals with the mechanism of antagonistic action of bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents such as the production of antibiotics, siderophores, enzyme secretion, competition for nutrition, plant growth promotion by rhizosphere microorganism. The utilisation of synthetic pesticides has been the predominant control processor for diseases b...
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... The practice of biocontrol, which uses organisms to prevent or lessen the severity of plant diseases brought on by phytopathogens, is carried out by antagonistic microorganisms referred to as biocontrol agents. As improper chemical pesticide use leads to the development of phytopathogen resistance and ecological harm, using biological control seems to be a sustainable strategy for managing disease in plants [149]. According to Beneduzi et al., rhizomicrobes have been discovered as promising biocontrol agents [131]. ...
Sustainable agriculture represents the responsible utilization of natural resources while safeguarding the well-being of the natural environment. It encompasses the objectives of preserving the environment, fostering economic growth, and promoting socioeconomic equality. To achieve sustainable development for humanity, it is imperative to prioritize sustainable agriculture. One significant approach to achieving this transition is the extensive utilization of microbes, which play a crucial role due to the genetic reliance of plants on the beneficial functions provided by symbiotic microbes. This review focuses on the significance of rhizospheric microbial communities, also known as the rhizomicrobiome (RM). It is a complex community of microorganisms that live in the rhizosphere and influence the plant's growth and health. It provides its host plant with various benefits related to plant growth, including biocontrol, biofertilization, phytostimulation, rhizoremediation, stress resistance, and other advantageous properties. Yet, the mechanisms by which the RM contributes to sustainable agriculture remain largely unknown. Investigating this microbial population presents a significant opportunity to advance toward sustainable agriculture. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of the diversity and applications of RM in sustainable agriculture practices. Lately, there has been growing momentum in various areas related to rhizobiome research and its application in agriculture. This includes rhizosphere engineering, synthetic microbiome application, agent-based modeling of the rhizobiome, and metagenomic studies. So, developing bioformulations of these beneficial microorganisms that support plant growth could serve as a promising solution for future strategies aimed at achieving a new green revolution.
... Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gliocladium, dan Saccharomyces adalah beberapa contoh genus jamur yang populer digunakan sebagai agensia hayati (Ayaz et al., 2023). Trichoderma merupakan agen pengendali hayati yang penting, banyak dimanfaatkan untuk mengendalikan berbagai patogen tumbuhan yang ditularkan melalui tanah maupun udara (Tariq et al., 2020). Beberapa contoh jamur yang banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai agensia hayati disajikan dalam Tabel 6.1. ...
... Bakteri telah sejak lama dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman, baik melalui perlakuan pada tanah, benih/biji, akar, maupun struktur tanam lainnya. Peran bakteri sebagai agen fiksasi nitrogen, mendegradasi toksin, meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman, dan sebagai agen pengendali hayati (Tariq et al., 2020). Penggunaan bakteri sebagai agen pengendali hayati telah mendapat perhatian dalam beberapa tahun terakhir sebagai pendekatan berkelanjutan untuk pengelolaan penyakit tumbuhan di bidang pertanian (Lee et al., 2023). ...
... Sebaliknya, antagonisme tidak langsung merupakan hasil dari berbagai aktivitas yang tidak melibatkan patogen secara langsung (Pal dan Gardener, 2006). Pemahaman terhadap mekanisme pengendalian hayati akan membantu dalam menentukan jenis dan formula agensia hayati yang akan digunakan, baik secara tunggal maupun kombinasi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pengendalian di lapangan (Tariq et al., 2020). (Tariq et al., 2020) Satu jenis agensia hayati dapat memiliki kombinasi dari beberapa mekanisme tersebut. ...
Buku Ini Membahas Pengantar Pertanian Berkelanjutan,
Paradigma Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanj Utan, Tantangan
Perubahan Iklim Global, Pupuk Organik, Pengembangan Pupuk
Hayati (Biofertilizer), Agen Hayati Pengendali Penyakit Tanaman,
Biopestisida Dari Bahan Alam Dan Mikroorganisme, Rhizobia
Pendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Manipulasi Iklim Mikro Dalam
Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Mikrobiom dan komunitas sintetik,
Polutan Dan Agroekosistem.
... Te antagonism of biological agents against phytopathogenic fungi are mainly through the exudation of active metabolites [15], competition for nutrients [16], induced systemic resistance [17], production of cell wall degrading enzymes [12], and production of microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) [18,19]. Lake Bogoria is characterized as a thermal lake due to its hot springs (>50°C). ...
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a yearly herbaceous plant grown for its edible dry seeds. Despite that, pests and diseases have contributed to the decline of common bean production in Kenya. Therefore, the study aimed to identify bacteria from Lake Bogoria, assess the pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, screen for effective antifungal agents, and determine secondary metabolites for the biocontrol of R. solani. A total of 49 bacteria were isolated, of which 10 isolates had varied mycelial inhibition rates of R. solani in the co-culture technique. The efficacy of volatile compounds of the three selected bacterial strains had varied mycelial growth and percent reduction against R. solani. The pathogenicity assay showed varied plant parameters and biomass of R. solani on common bean plantlets. The molecular characterization based on 16 S ribosomal RNA confirmed the selected bacterial strains’ identity with a diversity similar to the Bacillus genus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of secondary metabolites showed different antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus subtilis strain TW21. In conclusion, Lake Bogoria harbors useful microbes as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. The current study discovers the potential biocontrol bacteria isolates from Lake Bogoria as alternative bioagents against R. solani. Therefore, the isolate Bacillus subtilis strain TW21 can be assessed further for toxicological and ecotoxicological studies and registered by the Pest Control Products Board (PCPB), Kenya, as a biocontrol product against common diseases affecting common beans’ production.
... The creation of fungal strains as biocontrol agents for plant diseases has received a lot of attention. The members of the genus Trichoderma have been the subject of the greatest investigation (Tariq et al., 2020). It has been documented that Trichoderma fungi have antagonistic action against a number of plant fungal diseases, such as Botrytis, Alternaria, Pythium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, and Gaeumannomyces (Pal and Gardener 2006). ...
... Trichoderma is a crucial biocontrol agent that helps manage another fungus that causes phytopathies. In field or greenhouse tests, Trichoderma, a mycoparasite, can be employed as a biopesticide to combat a variety of soil-and air-borne plant infections (Tariq et al., 2020). ...
The purpose of this study was to test the ability of T. harzianum to inhibit the growth of pathogenic mold species and to determine the effectiveness of T. harzianum mold species in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic molds, as well as investigate how T. harzianum and pathogenic molds interact with each other. The Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Malang, is where this research was conducted. The dual culture method was used for this test by using Czapek Agar (CA) medium. The isolated molds were then incubated for 4x24 hours at 25O–27OC. After that, the antagonism power was calculated. The results of macroscopic and microscopic observations were used to assess the mechanism of T. harzianum mold antagonism against pathogenic molds. The results showed that Trichoderma mold species were more resistant to the pathogenic mold Fusarium oxysporum than the pathogenic mold Capnodium. The antagonistic power of T. harzianum was 80%, with the antagonistic power of Capnodium sp. at 66.7%. The mechanism of mycoparasitism occurs when the hyphae of T. harzianum attach or entangle the hyphae of pathogenic molds, causing damage to the hyphal structure and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic molds.
... In the context of sustainable production, Purpureocillium lilacinum (previously known as Paecylomices lilacinum) interact with plants and offer numerous benefits. These fungi can decompose organic matter and release essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which become more easily accessible to plants in the soil and secrete phytohormones that stimulate the growth of roots and shoots, resulting in increased soil exploration and photosynthetic efficiency in plants [31,32]. Most studies have indicated that this fungus is effective for controlling nematodes. ...
... Several investigations have indicated that P. lilacinum can be employed as a nematode control agent, leading to a decrease in the damage caused by this disease. Additionally, this fungus can be utilized in conjunction with other microorganisms and chemicals, resulting in a synergistic effect that reduces dosage, production costs, and environmental impact [30,32,62]. ...
Plants support numerous microorganisms within their tissues and the rhizosphere, and these microorganisms, known as the microbiota, can influence plant growth and health. Up to 40% of a plant’s photosynthetic metabolism may be invested in the rhizosphere. The microbiota are considered an extra genome that can be modulated to meet plant needs. Researchers have identified a set of genes from these microorganisms, known as the microbiome, which can be manipulated to enhance plant growth and health, improve nutrient absorption, reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, increase resistance to pathogens and pests, and increase stress tolerance. In particular, fungi exhibit large genetic and metabolic diversity and are often used to promote plant growth. For example, the fungus Purpureocillum lilacinum has been employed primarily as a biocontrol agent to manage nematodes, but some studies have suggested that it may also promote plant growth by increasing the efficiency of the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil and providing phytohormones to plants. Therefore, the current review aims to summarize the existing literature on the use of this fungus in agriculture as nematodes control, and discuss its potential as a plant growth-promoter.
... (Erper et al., 2021), Dactylonectria pauciseptata and Dactylonectria torresensis (Chen et al., 2021) in the Akihime samples were significantly higher than in the samples of F. nilgerrensis, while the relative abundances of Alternaria tenuissima, Gnomoniopsis fragariae (Fang et al., 2011) were significantly lower than those in the F. nilgerrensis samples ( Figure 6C). Micromonospora, Sphingomonas, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium (Hirsch and Valdes, 2010;Carrion et al., 2019;Asaf et al., 2020;Tariq et al., 2020;Alam et al., 2022;Collinge et al., 2022;Purtschert-Montenegro et al., 2022) are essential source of biocontrol bacteria. In this study, these genera were annotated and exhibited differences in relative abundance between the F. nilgerrensis and Akihime samples. ...
... The biological control of bacteria, fungi, and related beneficial microorganisms has been widely used in crop cultivation (Tariq et al., 2020;Collinge et al., 2022;Sangiorgio et al., 2022). Ampelomyces quisqualis, Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum have been applied to control strawberry diseases. ...
Fragaria nilgerrensis is a wild strawberry species widely distributed in southwest China and has strong ecological adaptability. Akihime (F. × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime) is one of the main cultivated strawberry varieties in China and is prone to infection with a variety of diseases. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze and compare the soil and root microbiomes of F. nilgerrensis and Akihime. Results indicate that the wild species F. nilgerrensis showed higher microbial diversity in nonrhizosphere soil and rhizosphere soil and possessed a more complex microbial network structure compared with the cultivated variety Akihime. Genera such as Bradyrhizobium and Anaeromyxobacter, which are associated with nitrogen fixation and ammonification, and Conexibacter, which is associated with ecological toxicity resistance, exhibited higher relative abundances in the rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil samples of F. nilgerrensis compared with those of Akihime. Meanwhile, the ammonia-oxidizing archaea Candidatus Nitrososphaera and Candidatus Nitrocosmicus showed the opposite tendencies. We also found that the relative abundances of potential pathogenic genera and biocontrol bacteria in the Akihime samples were higher than those in the F. nilgerrensis samples. The relative abundances of Blastococcus, Nocardioides, Solirubrobacter, and Gemmatimonas, which are related to pesticide degradation, and genus Variovorax, which is associated with root growth regulation, were also significantly higher in the Akihime samples than in the F. nilgerrensis samples. Moreover, the root endophytic microbiomes of both strawberry species, especially the wild F. nilgerrensis, were mainly composed of potential biocontrol and beneficial bacteria, making them important sources for the isolation of these bacteria. This study is the first to compare the differences in nonrhizosphere and rhizosphere soils and root endogenous microorganisms between wild and cultivated strawberries. The findings have great value for the research of microbiomes, disease control, and germplasm innovation of strawberry.
... Entomopathogenic microorganisms are an important option for naturally controlling major crop pests (Ruiu 2015;Ortiz-Urquiza et al. 2015). Currently, biocontrol agents play a significant role in agriculture as an environmentally friendly response to control the growth of plant pathogens, in line with the increased demands for sustainable agriculture (Elnahal et al. 2022;Tariq et al. 2020;Tracy 2015). Thus, biopesticides have great potential for application not only in organic agricultural practices, but also in large-scale conventional practices (Ramakuwela et al. 2020;Jaber and Enkerli 2016;Gardener and Fravel 2002). ...
Increased attention is being focused on the biological control of agricultural pests using microorganisms, owing to their potential as a viable substitute for chemical control methods. Insect cadavers constitute a potential source of entomopathogenic microorganisms. We tested whether bacteria and fungi isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) cadavers could affect its survival, development, egg-laying pattern, and hatchability, as well as induce mortality in Anthonomus grandis Boheman adults. We isolated the bacteria Enterobacter hormaechei and Serratia marcescens and the fungi Scopulariopsis sp. and Aspergillus nomiae from fall armyworm cadavers and the pest insects were subjected to an artificial diet enriched with bacteria cells or fungal spores to be tested, in the case of S. frugiperda , and only fungal spores in the case of A. grandis . Enterobacter hormaechei and A. nomiae were pathogenic to S. frugiperda , affecting the survival of adults and pupae. The fungus Scopulariopsis sp. does not affect the survival of S. frugiperda caterpillars and pupae; however, due to late action, moths and eggs may be affected. Aspergillus nomiae also increased mortality of A. grandis adults, as well as the development of S. frugiperda in the early stages of exposure to the diet, as indicated by the vertical spore transfer to offspring and low hatchability. Enterobacter hormaechei and A. nomiae are potential biocontrol agents for these pests, and warrant further investigation from a toxicological point of view and subsequently in field tests involving formulations that could improve agricultural sustainability practices.
... The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase (POD) [39], superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) indicated the plant's efforts to mitigate oxidative stress caused by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during drought stress ( Table 6). The study highlighted the importance of these mechanisms in protecting cellular components from damage [40]. ...
Drought stress poses a significant challenge to maize production, leading to substantial harm to crop growth and yield due to the induction of oxidative stress. Deashed biochar (DAB) in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) presents an effective approach for addressing this problem. DAB improves soil structure by increasing porosity and water retention and enhancing plant nutrient utilization efficiency. The CMC provides advantages to plants by enhancing soil water retention, improving soil structure, and increasing moisture availability to the plant roots. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of DAB and CMC amendments on maize under field capacity (70 FC) and drought stress. Six different treatments were implemented in this study, namely 0 DAB + 0CMC, 25 CMC, 0.5 DAB, 0.5 DAB + 25 CMC, 1 DAB, and 1 DAB + 25 CMC, each with six replications, and they were arranged according to a completely randomized design. Results showed that 1 DAB + 25 CMC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot fresh weight (24.53%), shoot dry weight (38.47%), shoot length (32.23%), root fresh weight (19.03%), root dry weight (87.50%) and root length (69.80%) over control under drought stress. A substantial increase in maize chlorophyll a (40.26%), chlorophyll b (26.92%), total chlorophyll (30.56%), photosynthetic rate (21.35%), transpiration rate (32.61%), and stomatal conductance (91.57%) under drought stress showed the efficiency of 1 DAB + 25 CMC treatment compared to the control. The enhancement in N, P, and K concentrations in both the root and shoot validated the effectiveness of the performance of the 1 DAB + 25 CMC treatment when compared to the control group under drought stress. In conclusion, it is recommended that the application of 1 DAB + 25 CMC serves as a beneficial amendment for alleviating drought stress in maize.
... Chemical control of the canker disease could be destructive to the environment, and repeated use of chemical fungicides could lead to the increase of fungicide-resistant strains. Biological control is a nature-friendly approach to plant disease management (Tariq et al. 2020). Microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) suppress the population of plant pathogens by various antagonistic mechanisms (Köhl et al. 2019). ...
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) is one of the most consumed and nutritious fruits. Iran is one of the main producers of the apple in the world. Diplodia bulgarica is the major causal agent of apple tree decline in Iran. Biological control is a nature-friendly approach to plant disease management. Trichoderma zelobreve was isolated from apple trees infected with Diplodia bulgarica in West Azarbaijan province of Iran. The results showed that T. zelobreve strongly inhibited the colony growth of D. bulgarica. In vivo assay on detached branches of apple tree cv. Golden Delicious using T. zelobreve mycelial plug showed that canker length/stem length (CL/SL) and canker perimeter/stem perimeter (CP/SP) indices decreased by 76 and 69%, respectively, 21 days after inoculation. Additionally, wettable powder formulation (WPF) containing the antagonistic fungus "T. zelobreve" decreased CL and CP/SP by 75 and 67%, respectively, 6 months after inoculation. Moreover, canker progress curves and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) supported these findings. The growth temperatures of the antagonist and pathogen were similar, indicating the adaptation of T. zelobreve for biocontrol of apple canker caused by D. bulgarica. The results also showed that T. zelobreve-based WPF stored at 25 °C assure excellent shelf life at least 4 months, allowing the bioproduct to be stored at room temperature, which is a great advantage and cost-effective option.
... Rhizosphere bacteria are well known for their biocontrol potential against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms rather than plant growth promotion efficacy. Various groups of rhizobacterial strains like Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Alcaligenes sp and Acinetobacter sp are known to inhibit the growth or colonisation of phytopathogenic strains (Tariq et al., 2020;Orozco-Mosqueda et al., 2021). In the present study, rhizosphere bacterial isolates exhibited notable antagonistic activity against all the tested fungal pathogens. ...
In the present study, rhizobacterial strains associated with paddy rhizosphere were screened for plant growth promotion efficacy against Vigna radiata. Plant growth promotion effect was determined
by measuring indole acetic acid (IAA) phosphate solubilisation efficacy and antagonistic activity. Among the isolates, Azosprillum strain AZOSP -V1 strain (114.2 μg/mL) and the AZOSPS1 strain (104.2 μg/mL) were known to produce maximum production of IAA. High phosphate solubilisation efficacy was recorded in the Pseudomonas fluorescens- PS-V4 strain. Antagonistic activity of rhizobacterial isolates was tested against plant pathogenic fungal strains Pythium sp, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Trichosporium vesiculosum. Among the rhizobacterial strains, notable growth inhibition of all the tested fungal pathogens was recorded in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus megaterium treatment. Seed priming of the respective rhizobacterial strain supported seedlings' emergence plant growth promotion of V. radiata without inducing any undesirable oxidative stress. Further, rhizobacterial strains were screened for bioactive metabolites production. Among the strains, bioactive metabolites were extracted from Pseudomonas fluorescent strain PS-V4 which showed potential pesticidal and antibacterial activity against gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera and plant pathogenic bacterial strain Xanthomonas campestris. Biocompatibility of the metabolites was also screened with the zebrafish model by measuring embryonic toxicity. No sign of toxic effect on all the embryonic stages of zebrafish treatment confirmed
the best biocompatibility. The present study suggests the possible utilisation of allochthonous rhizobacteria as an effective biofertiliser and biocontrol agent to their high growth promotion, biocontrol
efficacy, and coupled oxidative stress modulation.
