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Metabolically active microbiota of the porcine terminal ileum mucosa was analyzed by RT-PCR of 16S rRNAs. The majority of 1951 sequences retrieved (24.8%) displayed the closest similarity to Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB). Phylogenetic analysis inferred the host-specific clusters of SFB sequences suggesting the host-specific selection of this...
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Commensal bacteria influence host physiology, without invading host tissues. We show that proteins from segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are transferred into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) through adhesion-directed endocytosis that is distinct from the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of invasive pathogens. This process transfers microbial ce...
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... B. wexlerae is commonly found in the gut of humans and mammals (e.g., dogs and piglets) and is a strictly anaerobic Gram-positive coccobacillus that does not produce spores [9,10]. B. wexlerae coated on Brucella blood agar plates under anaerobic conditions were able to grow visible gray colonies (1-2 mm in diameter) after 48 h, opaque and with complete margins [6]. ...
Blautia wexlerae (B. wexlerae) is a strong candidate with the potential to become a next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and has recently been shown for the first time to exhibit potential in modulating host metabolic levels and alleviating metabolic diseases. However, the factors affecting the change in abundance of B. wexlerae and the pattern of its abundance change in the associated indications remain to be further investigated. Here, we summarize information from published studies related to B. wexlerae; analyze the effects of food source factors such as prebiotics, probiotics, low protein foods, polyphenols, vitamins, and other factors on the abundance of B. wexlerae; and explore the patterns of changes in the abundance of B. wexlerae in metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and other diseases. At the same time, the development potential of B. wexlerae was evaluated in the direction of functional foods and special medical foods.
... Segmented filamentous bacteria are commensal organisms that attach to the ileal epithelium of the host without any inf lammatory response, they rather play a key role in intestinal immunity and homeostasis to establish normal gastrointestinal functions [30,31]. Among a large number of animal species as hosts, segmented filamentous bacteria are present in pigs, especially abundant in ileum and cecum of post-weaning piglets [32,33]. As a key player in hostmicrobial interactions of the gastrointestinal tract, C. Arthromitus associated with genes in the ileal epithelium of piglets that are involved in cytoskeletal proteins and immune system-related functions. ...
Diet-mediated host–microbiota interplay is a key factor in optimizing the gut function and overall health of the host. Gaining insight into the biological mechanisms behind this relationship is fundamental to finding sustainable, environment-friendly feed solutions in livestock production systems. Here, we apply a multi-omics integration approach to elucidate sustainable diet-associated host–gut microbiota interactions in pigs and we demonstrate novel and biologically relevant host–microbe associations in the gut, driven by a rapeseed meal-based feed (RSF). Interestingly, RSF-diet promoted the abundance of segmented filamentous bacteria Candidatus Arthromitus that was associated with the maintenance of mucosal immunity in the ileum of pigs. In the colon, RSF diet affected host mRNA splicing functions, which may result in different host gene products, through host–microbiota associations, particularly with the Faecalibacterium population, and through the interaction of dietary components such as sinapic acid with the host cells. Moreover, telomere maintenance and organization functions that may determine the overall health of the host were upregulated and notably associated with Subdoligranulum population in the colon of RSF diet-fed pigs. This integrative multi-omics approach provides more insight into the diet–microbiota–host axis, and a better understanding of mechanisms and opportunities to find new strategies for modulating host health and potentially improving caloric and nutritional efficiency in animal production.
... The gut microbiota is recognised as defending against pathogens by controlled immune response from the host. The key group of bacteria of the terminal ileum of weaning piglets has been identified for example, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFb) or Candidatus arthromitus, recognised as modulators of the Immune system mammalian [27]. Piglets undergo a temporary decline in feed or anorexia during the weaning process which can lead to inflammation of the intestines [28]. ...
The review study will describe clearly related research about Citrobacter freundii in piglet intestines which has been known to play a very important role in animal health and its effects on aspects of public health. Thus, the existence of Citrobacter freundii as a pathogenic opportunistic bacterium as a result of weaning plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of the intestinal microbiota which affects the health and growth performance of pigs in the future. The review discussed the presence of Citrobacter freundii in the intestines of healthy pigs and its presence during the weaning period. The review explains comprehensively related research findings regarding the cytotoxicity of Citrobacter freundii and its resistance to several antimicrobials and provide an overview of recent studies that could help facilitate the design of a new strategy for conducting further research on Citrobacter freundii in pigs.
... In line with these reports, CTRL animals in the present study had a marked IV increase of Helicobacter (Moyaert et al., 2007;Mladenova-Hristova et al., 2017), whereas L. amylovorus is one of the most dominant members of piglet intestinal Lactobacilli (Janczyk et al., 2007). Furthermore, Clostridium is ubiquitous in the small intestine, and C. mayombei is an abundant member of this group in the terminal ileum, particularly in the presence of high amylose concentrations (Tajima et al., 2013;Luo et al., 2015). Similarly, Streptococcus is one of the major genera of the porcine intestinal microbiota and its members S. alactolyticus and S. hyointestinalis predominate in intestinal and fecal samples of pigs of different ages (Devriese et al., 1994;Isaacson and Kim, 2012). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of feed additives with complementary functional properties on the intestinal microbiota, homocysteine, and vitamins E and B status as well as systemic immune response of weanling piglets. At weaning, 32 litters were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments (DT): 1) conventional diet (CTRL); 2) CTRL diet supplemented with antibiotics (ATB); 3) a cocktail of feed additives containing cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol, yeast-derived products, and extra vitamins A, D, E, and B complex (CKTL); or 4) CKTL diet with bovine colostrum in replacement of plasma proteins (CKTL + COL). Within each litter, the piglets with lowest and highest birth weights (LBW and HBW, respectively) and two piglets of medium birth weight (MBW) were identified. The MBW piglets were euthanized at 42 d of age in order to characterize the ileal and colonic microbiota. Blood samples were also collected at weaning and at 42 d of age from LBW and HBW piglets to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), cysteine, homocysteine, and vitamins E, B6, and B12, and to characterize the leukocyte populations. At 42 d of age, cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also measured. In a second experiment, piglets were reared under commercial conditions to evaluate the effects of the DT on the growth performance. At the indicator species analysis, the highest indicator value (IV) for Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens was found in the CKTL group, whereas the highest IV for Lactobacillus reuteri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was evidenced in the CKTL + COL group (P < 0.05). Compared with the other DT, CTRL piglets had higher concentrations of homocysteine, whereas the CKTL and CKTL + COL supplementations increased the concentrations of vitamins E and B12 (P < 0.05). DT had no effect on IGF-1 concentration and on blood leukocytes populations; however, compared with HBW piglets, LBW animals had lower values of IGF-1, whereas the percentages of γδ T lymphocytes and T helper were decreased and increased, respectively (P < 0.05). CKTL + COL also improved the growth performance of piglets reared under commercial conditions (P < 0.05). This study highlights the impact of birth weight on piglet systemic immune defenses and the potential of weaning diet supplemented with feed additives and bovine colostrum to modulate the homocysteine metabolism and the intestinal microbiota.
... It has been recognized that gut microbiota provides protection against pathogens by regulating the immune response of the host. For example, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) or Candidatus Arthromitus, which are known modulators of the mammalian immune system, have been identified as a major group of bacteria in the terminal ileum of weaning piglets [17,18]. However, there is limited information on the early-life microbial community structure and function of the gut microbiota and its role in pathogenesis of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs. ...
The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life is crucial in pigs, since early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of permanent microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of pigs later in life. Emphasizing this importance of early gut colonizers, it is critical to understand the factors impacting the establishment of the piglet gut microbiome at weaning. Factors include, among others, diet, in-feed antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotic administration. The impact of these factors on establishment of the gut microbiome of piglets at weaning includes effects on piglet gut microbial diversity, structure, and succession. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the most recent findings on the piglet gut microbiome shifts as influenced by weaning, and how these microbiome changes brought about by various factors that have been shown to affect the development of microbiota in piglets. This review will provide a general overview of recent studies that can help to facilitate the design of new strategies to modulate the gut microbiome in order to enhance gastrointestinal health, growth performance and well-being of piglets.
... Nocardiopsis, a genus belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, was detected as the second most abundant bacteria in ileum mucosa of calves aged 2 d. Although Nocardiopsis has been identified in neonatal meconium (Osipov et al., 2009) and intestinal mucosa of piglets aged 7 wk (Tajima et al., 2013), the relative abundance of this genus was very low (0.1%) in the terminal ileum mucosa of piglets (Tajima et al., 2013). Several strains of Nocardiopsis spp. ...
... Nocardiopsis, a genus belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, was detected as the second most abundant bacteria in ileum mucosa of calves aged 2 d. Although Nocardiopsis has been identified in neonatal meconium (Osipov et al., 2009) and intestinal mucosa of piglets aged 7 wk (Tajima et al., 2013), the relative abundance of this genus was very low (0.1%) in the terminal ileum mucosa of piglets (Tajima et al., 2013). Several strains of Nocardiopsis spp. ...
The present study investigated whether delaying the first feeding of colostrum affected ileum and colon mucosa-associated microbiota in calves. Twenty-seven male Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: fed colostrum at 45 min, 6 h and 12 h after birth, respectively. Ileum and colon mucosa were collected at 51 h after birth and their associated microbial profiles were assessed using amplicon sequencing. Both ileum and colon mucosa-associated microbiota were predominated by genus Escherichia-Shigella. The negative correlation between the molar proportion of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ileum mucosa-associated opportunistic pathogens, and the positive correlation between the molar proportion of SCFA and colon mucosa-associated beneficial bacteria suggests that SCFA might play an important role in maintaining the gut health of 2-d old calves. A higher relative abundance of ileum mucosa-associated Enterococcus and Streptococcus was detected when the first feeding colostrum was delayed for 12 h. The relative abundance of colon mucosa-associated Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium was lower in calves fed colostrum 12 h and immediately after birth, respectively. Our findings suggest that delayed first colostrum feeding affects the establishment of ileum and colon mucosa-associated bacteria, which may have a long term impact on the gut health of calves.
... Specific colonization of germ-free mice with SFB induced autoimmune arthritis in the K/BxN arthritis model (9). SFB can also be found in the intestine of piglets (10), and their abundance in mice is affected by dietary factors (11). Unfortunately, SFB were yet to be discovered at the time of Månsson and colleagues' studies and we can only speculate on the mechanisms whereby these pigs developed arthritis. ...
... Besides the role in nutrition, the small intestine is also a focal point of mucosal immunity, which includes organized and diffuse tissues (Neutra, 1998) Another approach, which is targeting metabolically active populations of the ileal mucosal surfaces of pigs, was implemented by us using the RNA-based methodology (Tajima et al., 2013). Mucosal samples of the terminal ileum were collected from 45 weaned piglets and, after RNA extraction, an RT-PCR-based method was used to retrieve the 16S rRNA gene sequences. ...
... Clostridium colinum, C. disporicum, L. johnsonii and L. amylovorus (Tajima et al., 2013). Helicobacter-related OTUs such as similar to H. rappini were also recovered from the ileal mucosa of pigs in another study (Mann et al., 2014). ...
... For example, the previously discussed clostridial group, SFB, largely drives the differentiation and expansion of Th17 cells, while Bacteroides contributes to the development of the regulatory T-helper cells. The abundance of the SFB on the ileal mucosal surfaces of piglets has been found by us using an RNA-based approach (Tajima et al., 2013). Although yet to be cultivated, the role of SFB in the maturation of gut immune system in rodents as well as the molecular mechanisms of this process have been well established (Klaasen et al., 1993;Umesaki et al., 1995;Talham et al., 1999;Meyerholz et al., 2002;Schnupf et al., 2013). ...
In many aspects the anatomical, physiological and microbial diversity features of the ruminant gut are different from that of the monogastric animals. Thus the main aim of this chapter is to give a comparative overview of structure-and-function of the gastrointestinal tract of a non-ruminant monogastric animal, and here it is represented by a pig model. In this chapter we describe and discuss: (i) microbial diversity in different parts of the porcine gut; (ii) differences between the ruminant and non-ruminant gut; (iii) main events during colonisation and succession of microbiota in the porcine gut; (iv) effects of various feed additives including antibiotics, phages, probiotics, and prebiotics on pigs; and (v) the use of the porcine model in translational medicine.
Salmonella spp. are an important cause of foodborne illness in North America, and pork products are associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Isolates of Salmonella may be resistant to multiple antibiotics, and infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. are more difficult to treat, leading to increased hospitalization rates. Swine operations commonly use antimicrobials, such as chlortetracycline, to prevent/treat infections, which may have collateral effects on pig microbial populations. Recently, we demonstrated that chlortetracycline induces the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis and invasion in MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro . In our current study, we show increased tonsillar colonization and fecal shedding of the MDR S . Typhimurium strain DT104 from pigs administered chlortetracycline. Therefore, pigs unknowingly colonized with multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. and receiving chlortetracycline for an unrelated infection may be at a greater risk for disseminating MDR Salmonella spp. to other pigs and to humans through environmental or pork product contamination.
Three 40-day-old piglets showed diarrhea and poor growth, and were euthanized for a laboratory examination. The necropsies revealed that the mucosa of the ileum were thickened with enlarged and prominent Peyer's patches. Histologically, the number of lymphatic follicles was increased in the ileal Peyer's patches, and atrophy of the villi in the ileum was detected. Numerous filamentous bacteria were attached to the epithelium cells of the ileum. They had a beaded appearance and stained gram positive or negative. The ultrastructure of the organisms was consistent with that of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). None of the piglets had any lesions other than SFB-like ones. It is suggested that severe SFB infection in the epithelial cells of the ileum may accelerate diarrhea in wasting pigs.
