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A low-power fully-integrated CMOS RF front-end circuit for a passive 13.56 MHz biomedical implant is presented. A 13.56 MHz binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal is received by an internal coil. This front-end circuit is composed of a full-wave bridge rectifier, a linear regulator, a BPSK demodulator, and a clock/data recovery (CDR). A full-wave...
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Citations
... PSK modulation and its variants (quadrature, differential, and quasi-coherent) are used in systems that require constant power transfer, high data speeds, and better noise protection. However, these systems are complicated to implement and consume excessive energy [113]. FSK modulation offers similar advantages and disadvantages to PSK but needs a wider bandwidth to transmit both modulated frequencies [114]. ...
Bio-implanted medical devices with electronic components play a crucial role due to their effectiveness in monitoring and diagnosing diseases, enhancing patient comfort, and ensuring safety. Recently, significant efforts have been conducted to develop implantable and wireless telemetric biomedical systems. Topics such as appropriate near-field wireless communication design, power use, monitoring devices, high power transfer efficiency from external to internal parts (implanted), high communication rates, and the need for low energy consumption all significantly influence the advancement of implantable systems. In this survey, a comprehensive examination is undertaken on diverse subjects associated with near-field wireless power transfer (WPT)-based biomedical applications. The scope of this study encompasses various aspects, including WPT types, a comparative analysis of WPT types and techniques for medical devices, data transmission methods employing WPT-based modulation approaches, and the integration of WPT into biomedical implantable systems. Furthermore, the study investigates the extraction of research concerning WPT topologies and corresponding mathematical models, such as power transfer, transfer efficiency, mutual inductance, quality factor, and coupling coefficient, sourced from existing literature. The article also delves into the impact of the specific absorption rate on patient tissue. It sheds light on WPT's challenges in biomedical implants while offering potential solutions.
... With the large wavelength of 2400 m to 22 m in the RFID transponders at LF and HF bands, generally several rounds of coil antenna are required for proper functioning, and the transponders work passively only in the near-field regime and within small distances from the reader [4]. UHF RFID tags exhibit long-range identification capability [5]- [10], however the size of the antennae at UHF range can limit the applicability, if it is desired to attach or implant the RFID chip into a small target object. ...
... Fig. 3, which are performed based on BSIM3 transistor model and for a constant input voltage of around 300 mV, reveals that for of around 7.5 the value of PCE reaches the maximum of about 0.73 (or 73%), and the output of a single stage DDR is roughly 0.25 V at this condition, which corresponds to a VCE of 80%. Considering a typical value of 2.5 to 3 for the ratio of the mobility factors (μp, µn), the optimal W/L ratios of the NMOS to PMOS can be defined using (4). It must be noted that, the assumption of 300 mV of input voltage is based on equation (3) and the previous linkbudget analysis performed in [14], [24]. ...
We present a fully integrated radio frequency identifications transponder chip operating at 5.8 GHz, which is compatible with the class-1 generation-2 of the Electronic Product Code protocol (EPC-C1 G2). The tag chip including the analog front-end and the digital baseband processor, are designed in the sub-threshold regime (0.5 V) with a total supply current of less than 50 μA. As a power scavenging unit, a single-stage differential-drive rectifier structure is designed and fabricated with standard threshold voltage (SVT) MOS elements in a commercial 65-nm CMOS process, to provide 0.8 V of rectified voltage. Measurements performed on the fabricated single-stage structure show a maximum power conversion efficiency of 69.6% for a 22 kΩ load and a sensitivity of -12.5 dBm, which corresponds to more than 1 m of reading range. The power conversion efficiency at this range is about 64%.
... In recent years, more focus is being driven into the bodyeffect compensation technique to mitigate the threshold voltage effect. To counteract the body-effect of the MOSFETs, several recent studies proposed to change their body-source potential using additional circuits [44], auxiliary transistors and/or separated well transistors, etc. [6], [45], [46]. This body-effect elimination method also reduces the substrate leakage current, which is beneficial to the enhancement of the overall PCE of the rectifier circuit, and by incorporating this method, 80% PCE was reported very recently in [46]. ...
... To counteract the body-effect of the MOSFETs, several recent studies proposed to change their body-source potential using additional circuits [44], auxiliary transistors and/or separated well transistors, etc. [6], [45], [46]. This body-effect elimination method also reduces the substrate leakage current, which is beneficial to the enhancement of the overall PCE of the rectifier circuit, and by incorporating this method, 80% PCE was reported very recently in [46]. ...
This paper reviews the state-of-the-art power conditioning techniques to process harvested energy from the human body and any external environmental sources surrounding human body for powering biomedical implants and sensors. The fundamental focus of this work is to highlight the necessity of power conditioning circuits to energize implanted biomedical circuits. In addition, the underlying challenges in power conversion modules used in these low-power circuits have been discussed in detail. Power conditioning techniques for biomedical implants heavily rely on the type of implants, thereby we aim to provide an elaborate discussion on the operating principle of individual technique through this review. Besides, we have also explored the suitability of each individual power processing technique inside human body with great details. Lastly, a comprehensive discussion on the limitations of existing power conditioning techniques has been presented, and the scopes to improve or mitigate those limitations have been discussed as well. The goal of this review is to present a complete guideline for future researchers to downselect a compatible power conditioning technique for a specific biomedical application.
... The decision on the optimal frequency among the remaining bands depends on the application requirements. RFIDs in LF and HF band with small antennas typically operate only within a close proximity of the reader through near-field inductive coupling [12], [13]. Using the state-of-the-art RFIDs in the UHF far-field range, a wide coverage area of 10 m and higher is reported in the literature [14]- [20]. ...
In this paper we present the system and circuit level analysis and feasibility study of applying microwave Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) reader technology for tracking machining tools in multipath fading conditions of production environments. In the proposed system the MIMO reader interrogates single-antenna tags, and a high RFID frequency of 5.8 GHz is chosen to reduce the size of the reader’s antenna array. According to the requirements dictated by the performed system analysis at 5.8 GHz, a low power fully integrated analog front-end (AFE) is designed and fabricated in a standard 65-nm CMOS technology for low power passive transponders. Performance of the Differential Drive Rectifier (DDR) topology as the core of the energy harvesting unit is investigated in detail. A multi-stage DDR power scavenging unit is dimensioned to provide a 1.2 V rectified voltage for 20–30
$\text{k}\Omega $
load range, with a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) for high frequency and low input power level signals. The rectified voltage is then converted to a 1 V regulated voltage for the AFE and the baseband processor with 30 to
$50~\mu \text{W}$
of estimated power consumption. Transistors with standard threshold voltage (
$V_{T}$
) have been used for implementation. Measurements of the fabricated multi-stage configuration of the circuit show a maximum PCE of 68.8% at −12.46 dBm, and an input quality factor (Q-factor) of approximately 10. Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) demodulator and backscattering modulator with 80% modulation index, operating according to EPC-C1G2 protocol are applied for data transfer. The AFE consumes less than
$1~\mu \text{W}$
in the reading mode. The AFE tag chip is
$0.55\times 0.58$
mm
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.
... In order to prove the concept, a 20-kHz sinusoid wave generated by a smartphone is used to verify the proposed energy-harvesting circuits. In [2]- [5], energy-harvesting techniques for a headphone jack [2], [5] and microstimulators [3], [4] are discussed. Different from [2]- [4], a new active diode circuit [6], [7] with current comparator combined with adaptive voltage controller (AVC) [2] and bootstrap capacitor technique with dynamic bulk switching (DBS) [6] has been proposed to further improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has been demonstrated by fabricated chip. ...
... In [2]- [5], energy-harvesting techniques for a headphone jack [2], [5] and microstimulators [3], [4] are discussed. Different from [2]- [4], a new active diode circuit [6], [7] with current comparator combined with adaptive voltage controller (AVC) [2] and bootstrap capacitor technique with dynamic bulk switching (DBS) [6] has been proposed to further improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has been demonstrated by fabricated chip. Moreover, a low temperature coefficient (TC) bandgap voltage reference (BGR) has been also proposed to provide the required reference voltage for a low-dropout (LDO) regulator presented in [3]. ...
... The DBS technique discussed in [4] can reduce the leakage current through a p-type substrate, which has been doubly used to control the body of M P1,2 and M N1,2 , respectively. The bulk voltage of the main transistor M P1,2 is switched to the high voltage between V AC1,2 and V rec . ...
In this paper, a high-efficiency rectifier and a low temperature coefficient (TC) bandgap voltage reference (BGR) in energy-harvesting circuits are presented. The audio signal generated from smartphone is used to verify the energyharvesting circuits that are composed of a full-wave low-voltage active rectifier, a low-dropout (LDO) regulator, and a currentmode BGR circuit. An active diode and a proposed AVC are presented to enhance the rectifier efficiency. The rectifier output voltage is regulated by an LDO close to a stable 1.2-V supply voltage in a 0.18-μm 1P6M Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company standard complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) process. A curvature-compensation technique is proposed to improve the TC of the BGR, and the best TC of 15.33 ppm/°C between the temperature range of -10 °C and 120 °C is measured. The measured rectifier achieves the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 87.2% under 1.77 V
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ac input signal with 2-kΩ output load resistance. The measured results demonstrate the better characteristic of the rectifier and BGR than that of previous works using the low-power structure.
... Fig.1 shows the block diagram of implantable biomedical system which consists of external power, data transmitter, rectifier, regulator, demodulator for receiving data, a stimulator, and a reverse telemetry for sending recorded signal. Power and data are transmitted by near field inductive links, in which the wireless data and power are transferred in single or dual band [7]- [8]. ...
... RF energy harvesting can be distinctly divided into two types based on the method and density of the RF power, which are the near-field and far-field. Near-field RF energy harvesting (RFEH) which is usually termed as wireless power transfer (WPT) harvests or transfers energy through magnetic-coupling or magnetic resonance of two inductors or antenna coils placed near to each other [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The RF frequency of the near-field is usually lower with higher power density when compared to the far-field. ...
... The RF frequency of the near-field is usually lower with higher power density when compared to the far-field. The nearfield RFEH is very much focused towards biomedical application [20,22,23,25,26,29,31] and battery charging [30] in line with the higher density of RF power being harvested. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive review of ambient RF energy harvester circuitry working on integrated circuits. The review covers 3 main blocks in an RF energy harvesting system implemented on chip. The blocks are the rectifier, impedance matching circuit and power management unit. The review of each block includes its operational principle, reported state-of-the-art circuit enhancement techniques, and design trade-offs. We compare the circuits in each block with respect to the techniques adopted to improve the performances for RF energy harvesting. To identify the benefits and limitations associated with the architecture we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the circuit topologies in each block of an ambient RF energy harvester.
... Digital modulation with constant amplitude provides high efficient power transfer and with constant frequency results in fixed size antennas [9]. The binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is the most famous PSK modulation and demodulation which are investigated in recent years [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The most widely used method to recover data from BPSK signal is the Costas loop for coherent detection of the BPSK signals [10]. ...
... Demodulation schemes based on the non-coherent detection (i.e., demodulator not exploiting phase information in the received signal for demodulation) have been proposed in Refs. [12][13][14][15][16][17]. In Refs. ...
... In Refs. [12] and [13], incoming BPSK signal was digitized by a Schmitt trigger. A delay version of the carrier signal (reset signal) was generated by the PD and delay cell. ...
... Qi is a wireless charging standard developed by Wireless Power Consortium (WPC). Qi standard specifies interoperable wireless power transfer and data communication between a wireless charger and a charging device [11]. Qi allows the charging device to be in control of the charging procedure. ...
Many of the modern bio-sensors and bio-implants are placed inside a patient’s body. Hence a question arises for the supply of device which is placed for a long term basis. To overcome the limitation of artificial cardiac pacemaker in terms of source replacement after expiry, this paper present a method to eradicate the surgical technique in order to place a rechargeable source for artificial cardiac pacemaker. For this, a transmitter, which is outside patient’s body, and receiver which is inside circuit of pacemaker, is used to deliver power to artificial cardiac pacemaker based on principle of magnetic induction.
... In order to perform a coherent demodulation in the receiver, this phase difference must be estimated and corrected). Demodulation schemes based on non-coherent detection (i.e., demodulator does not exploit phase information in the received signal for its demodulation) have been also proposed in [6]- [11]. In [6] and [7], incoming BPSK signal is digitized by a Schmitt trigger. ...
... Demodulation schemes based on non-coherent detection (i.e., demodulator does not exploit phase information in the received signal for its demodulation) have been also proposed in [6]- [11]. In [6] and [7], incoming BPSK signal is digitized by a Schmitt trigger. A delay version of carrier signal (reset signal) is generated by the PD and delay cell. ...
... All the above demodulators [6]- [9] include capacitor in circuit design. The layout of the demodulator shows that the capacitors result in low area efficiency [8]. ...
In this paper, a power efficient, fully digital BPSK demodulator is proposed. The design employs a CMOS clipper circuit to clamp all peaks of the negative and positive of the received BPSK signal. Since the acquired reset signal from clipper circuit has double frequency with respect to the digital BPSK signal, a digital frequency divider is used to get the desired reset signal. By the sampling the digital BPSK signal at the edge of the reset signal, the data can be recovered. This technique does not require a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The proposed BPSK demodulator has been designed and simulated in 0.18 pm CMOS technology at 10 MHz carrier frequency. The results show that the proposed demodulator consumes 14 pW using a 1.8 V power supply and it occupies 32×35 pm2 active area.
