Fig 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Axial-flux motor (on the left-hand side) in the plastic injection-molding machine (adapted from Kuo & Chang, 2015)
Source publication
For the last couple of decades, researchers have been trying to explore eco-friendly materials which would significantly reduce the dependency on synthetic fibers and their composites. Natural fiber-based composites possess several excellent properties. They are biodegradable, non-abrasive, low cost, and lower density, which led to the growing inte...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... and Chang suggested a turbo injection mode (TIM) for a pivotal transition engine that can provide specific injection force onto a compactly designed IM machine. Figure 3 illustrates the two-wyewye winding structure of such a machine, and it can be operated in two distinct levels of speed range (Kuo & Chang, 2015). ...
Similar publications
This work is inspired by the current European policies that aim to reduce plastic waste. This is especially true of the packaging industry. The biocomposites developed in the work belong to the group of environmentally friendly plastics that can reduce the increasing costs of environmental fees in the future. Three types of short fibers (flax, hemp...
The key focus of this work was to examine the effect of hybrid fiber reinforcement on the thermal properties of particulate based natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites. Banana and sisal fibers were selected as natural fiber reinforcements for the polyester matrix based composites, which were produced by mechanical stir mix technique. Thermo-Gr...
Drying is a prerequisite for treatments of natural fibers for their posterior incorporation into polymeric matrices. In this work it is presented a study of the natural drying kinetic of Phormium tenax leaves for their use in composites of polypropylene matrix and poly (vinyl acetate) matrices. A comparison between forced and natural drying of Phor...
In this study, Young’s modulus of henequen fibers was estimated through micromechanical modeling of polypropylene (PP)-based composites, and further corroborated through a single filament tensile test after applying a correction method. PP and henequen strands, chopped to 1 mm length, were mixed in the presence of maleic anhydride grafted polypropy...
In an industrial context where the use of friendly materials is encouraged, natural fibers of vegetable origin become more solicited for the reinforcement of composite materials. This work deals with the modeling of the hygro-mechanical behavior through raffia vinifera fiber during the diffusion phenomenon. The modeling of water diffusion through t...
Citations
... 8 Besides, the injection mold route spots a wide range of applications, designs flexible, costeffective routes suitable for complex geometry, and high productivity. 9 Rahman et al. 10 utilized 0 to 10% of agriculture waste leaf fiber (pineapple) for synthesizing low-density polyethylene composite via heat press molding route, and the effects of different orientations for NaOH treat pineapple leaf fiber on physic-thermal-mechanical qualities were evaluated by ASTM procedure. The outcome proved the significance of NaOH treatment pineapple leaf fiber and recorded maximum tensile, impact, and flexural strength and better thermal stability behavior linked with mono low-density polyethylene. ...
Technological growth and biodegradable waste natural fibers are significant choices in polymer matrix composite preparation because of their distinct qualities from monopoly matrix. During the fabrication process, the natural fiber faces poor compatibility and lack of adhesive behavior, resulting in reduced tensile strength and stiffness of the composite. The theme of the research is expanding the mechanical behavior of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composite by the exposure of sodium hydroxide-treated coir fiber (CF) and barium titanate (BaTiO 3) through an injection molding route. Influences of CF and BaTiO 3 on metallographic, tensile, flexural, and impact strength and microhardness of LDPE composite are evaluated, and its outcomes are compared with mono LDPE. The surface morphology of the developed composite is exposed to homogenous dispersion of BaTiO 3 with effective adhesive bonding with CF, which facilitates superior mechanical properties. The LDPE hybrid composite consists of 30 wt% CF and 2.5 wt% of BaTiO 3 and is exploited about 69 ± 1.5 MPa of tensile strength, 54 ± 0.5 MPa of flexural strength, 4.9 ± 0.01 J of impact energy, and 31 ± 1.5HV of microhardness, this is greater than the mono LDPE (unreinforced). The enriched LDPE hybrid composite is suggested for automotive dashboard applications. K E Y W O R D S barium titanate, coir fiber, injection mold, low-density polyethylene, performance analysis Int J Appl Ceram Technol. 2024;1-9.
... Moreover, a natural fiber-made polymer matrix composite via injection mold technology is reviewed and summarized by injection mold technology, promising to obtain the desired shape and improved quality [17]. Natural fiber composite facilitates good machinability behavior [18]. ...
In the modern era, biodegradable natural wastes are significant in polymer composite making because of distinct mechanical/thermal/microstructural qualities related to the monopoly matrix. The main motto of the current work is to develop a low-density polyethylene composite by using 10-, 20-, and 30-weight percentages of waste coir fiber in the form of chopped through injection molding route. Impacts of alkali-treated coir fiber on flexural, impact, and microhardness of low-density polyethylene composite are investigated with ASTM D790, D256-04, and D4762, respectively. Low-density polyethylene composite made by maximum loading of alkali treats coir fiber exploited about 54 ± 0.5 MPa of flexural strength, 1.9 ± 0.01 J of impact energy, and 31 ± 1.5HV of microhardness, which was greater than the low-density polyethylene composite without coir fiber. The 30wt% alkali treats coir fiber/low-density polyethylene composites in dashboard automotive applications.
... An overview of the literature on bio-composites specifically made using the injection-molding technique is provided in this paper. The technical details of injection-molded natural fiber reinforcement-based composites are defined, including their kind and pre-molding compounding process [12]. The study was carried out which provides a comprehensive observation on many features and uses of biocomposites made of natural fibers and polymers, paving the way for future research on biocomposites in both academic and industrial backgrounds [13]. ...
Due to industrialization and urbanization the temperature is constantly rising day by day. Conventional roofs used by low-income community/society like metal, steel, aluminium, copper, etc will absorb heat and increases room temperature which creates discomfort for the people. Use of natural fibre composites as a roof material are said to have benefits for the environment. There is an expansion in the usage of natural composite materials as it helps to decrease the room temperature and provides the comfort for the users. In this research paper, an attempt will be made to develop composite materials for layering of roof using sugarcane bagasse and polymer. The composite formed by using both waste materials like sugarcane bagasse and polymer will be tested in terms of various parameters like thermal conductivity, tensile strength and impact test.
... Common compounding techniques are single/twin screw extruders, two-and three-roll mill ball machines, Brabender, Ragogna, and HAAKE mixers, k-mixers, mechanical and magnetic stirrers, and other common pieces of machinery are some of the prominent ones used to compound filler and polymer matrix [38], [58]- [62]. Nowadays, mixing matrices with nanomaterials frequently involves the use of mechanical stirrers and ultrasonic probes [38], [63]- [67]. To introduce specific nanofillers into the matrix and to prevent contamination, uniform dispersion of nanofillers is a crucial step in the manufacturing of nanocomposites [42]. ...
Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite offers ecological safety towards a sustainable environment. Meanwhile, the deficiency of the poor interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix draws the attention of researchers to be sorted out. The use of inorganic nanofiller is considered as a possible solution to overcome the hurdle nowadays besides strengthening the composite properties. This article thoroughly reviews the use of inorganic nanofillers in natural fiber composites, covering different manufacturing processes and properties. Factors of various manufacturing techniques occupied for composite fabrication are investigated. Moreover, the influences of different nanofillers on mechanical, thermal, chemical, and physical properties of composites are discussed. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the bio composites are critically reviewed that usually exhibit the interfacial bonding and the fractures of the specimen. Furthermore, application of such natural fiber composites and the future investigation pathway in using inorganic nanofiller in composite are narrated.
... To complete the injection unit parts, we have the non-return check valve and the nozzle that contacts the mold and through which the material is injected. In the clamping unit, there are the fixed platen and the mobile platen that hold the mold [22,144]. ...
This review presents the advances in polymeric materials achieved by extrusion and injection molding from lignocellulosic agroindustrial biomass. Biomass, which is derived from agricultural and industrial waste, is a renewable and abundant feedstock that contains mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. To improve the properties and functions of polymeric materials, cellulose is subjected to a variety of modifications. The most common modifications are surface modification, grafting, chemical procedures, and molecule chemical grafting. Injection molding and extrusion technologies are crucial in shaping and manufacturing polymer composites, with precise control over the process and material selection. Furthermore, injection molding involves four phases: plasticization, injection, cooling, and ejection, with a focus on energy efficiency. Fundamental aspects of an injection molding machine, such as the motor, hopper, heating units, nozzle, and clamping unit, are discussed. Extrusion technology, commonly used as a preliminary step to injection molding, presents challenges regarding fiber reinforcement and stress accumulation, while lignin-based polymeric materials are challenging due to their hydrophobicity. The diverse applications of these biodegradable materials include automotive industries, construction, food packaging, and various consumer goods. Polymeric materials are positioned to offer even bigger contributions to sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in the future, as research and development continues.
... We can lessen our reliance on synthetic substances and encourage more sustainable waste disposal techniques by incorporating natural fibers into biocomposites. Energy-intensive procedures used in the manufacture of artificial fibers result in large carbon dioxide releases [1,2]. On the other hand, because they demand less power and frequently require fewer chemical reaction steps, natural fibers offer a reduced carbon footprint. ...
High-performance composites made from polymer matrix materials with a long-life span, durability, and low weight are needed in the automotive, household products, and aerospace industries. Lightweight, good specific stiffness, and excellent specific quality are all characteristics of polymer fiber–reinforced composites. The current study examines the mechanical and wear characteristics of PALF/sisal fiber and silicon nanoparticle (SiO2)–reinforced hybrid polymeric composites with various weight percentages, such as 0–8 wt%. Employing mechanical mixing and sonication, SiO2 NPs are dispersed inside a polymer matrix throughout the production process. After that, the nanocomposites are thoroughly characterized to determine their mechanical characteristics, such as their tensile strength, bending strength, and impact strength. Furthermore, tribological experiments like pin-on-disc and wearing measurements of volume are used to evaluate the wear resistance of the hybrids. The C-type hybrids had the greatest mechanical characteristics among the five distinct types of hybrids (i.e., 53.36 MPa tensile, 61.25 MPa flexural, and 4.98 J of impact energy). Adding 4 wt.% silicon nanoparticles decreases volumetric degradation by 8–13% even under typical loading conditions when compared to A-type hybrids. The presence of silicon nanofillers in the fiber matrix composition could be responsible for the lower tendency for volumetric degradation. The rate of wear was noticed to decrease as silicon content increased, and then, after reaching the minimum values for C-type composites, wear started rising as silicon content increased further. To comprehend the entire performance of the nanocomposites, the physical variables, such as density and retention of water, are also investigated. The theoretical and experimental densities of nanocomposites are 1.221–1.253 g/cm³ and 1.211–1.24 g/cm³, respectively, and have been observed to rise with increasing silicon particle concentration. The findings will aid in the creation of environmentally friendly and high-performing materials for use in a variety of industries, including the packaging sector, construction, and automobile sectors, where enhanced mechanical features and durability against wear are important. In the end, this study provides expanded knowledge of the viability of using SiO2 nanoparticles to improve the performance of organic fiber–reinforced polymeric composites.
... Injection molding technology(Rabbi et al., 2021). ...
Biocomposites have emerged as promising materials with a wide range of potential applications in various fields. With the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly materials, the fabrication of biocomposites has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. This study presents an overview of recent advances in biocomposite fabrication techniques, including electrospinning, filament winding, injection molding, extrusion, nanotechnology, 3D/4D/5D printing, and microfluidic, highlighting the technical procedures, fabricated biocomposites, and limitations that need to be addressed in future research. Electrospinning has shown promising results in producing nanofiber-based biocomposites with improved mechanical and biological properties. Filament winding is used to fabricate high-strength biocomposites for aerospace and automotive applications, whereas injection molding can be employed to produce biocomposites with high-volume fractions of fibers. Extrusion methods are widely employed for blending and processing biocomposites, allowing for the efficient production of various shapes and sizes. Nanotechnology has enabled the production of biocomposites with tailored properties by incorporating nanofillers. 3D/4D/5D printing has revolutionized the fabrication process by allowing the production of complex geometries with high accuracy and reproducibility. Microfluidic techniques can be used to fabricate biocomposite microstructures with controlled porosity. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, such as the limited scalability of some techniques, high production costs, and the need to further optimize mechanical and biological properties. Integrating artificial intelligence in the biocomposite fabrication process can enable the development of more efficient and sustainable manufacturing processes. This study can be useful to researchers and academics in materials science, engineering, biotechnology, industry professionals, policymakers, and regulatory bodies involved in promoting sustainable and eco-friendly materials.
... Composite materials made up of a thermoplastic polymer matrix and a minor proportion of natural fibers are known as natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs) [31]. Although extensive research has been conducted on the mechanical properties of NFRCs produced through traditional methods, such as extrusion and injection molding [31,32], the study of the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed PLA-based NFRCs [33][34][35][36] and the parameters of 3D printing processes, such as infill pattern and geometry [37], is still ongoing. ...
This research examines the impact of self-polymerized polydopamine (PDA) coating on the mechanical properties and microstructural behavior of polylactic acid (PLA)/kenaf fiber (KF) composites in fused deposition modeling (FDM). A biodegradable FDM model of natural fiber-reinforced composite (NFRC) filaments, coated with dopamine and reinforced with 5 to 20 wt.% bast kenaf fibers, was developed for 3D printing applications. Tensile, compression, and flexural test specimens were 3D printed, and the influence of kenaf fiber content on their mechanical properties was assessed. A comprehensive characterization of the blended pellets and printed composite materials was performed, encompassing chemical, physical, and microscopic analyses. The results demonstrate that the self-polymerized polydopamine coating acted as a coupling agent, enhancing the interfacial adhesion between kenaf fibers and the PLA matrix and leading to improved mechanical properties. An increase in density and porosity was observed in the FDM specimens of the PLA–PDA–KF composites, proportional to their kenaf fiber content. The enhanced bonding between kenaf fiber particles and the PLA matrix contributed to an increase of up to 13.4% for tensile and 15.3% for flexural in the Young’s modulus of PLA–PDA–KF composites and an increase of up to 30% in compressive stress. The incorporation of polydopamine as a coupling agent in the FDM filament composite led to an improvement in tensile, compressive, and flexural stresses and strain at break, surpassing that of pure PLA, while the reinforcement provided by kenaf fibers was enhanced more by delayed crack growth, resulting in a higher strain at break. The self-polymerized polydopamine coatings exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, suggesting their potential as a sustainable material for diverse applications in FDM.
... These additional steps also increase operational time and expenses. To overcome these challenges, alternative Fig. 1 Himalayacalamus falconeri fiber undergoing a chopping process and b sieving process methods like DIM (direct injection molding) may be used without compounding [50,51]. The growing demand for biocomposites has spurred research in the design, manufacture, and characterization of their properties [52]. ...
In the present experimental investigation, novel Himalayacalamus falconeri fiber reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites were developed via direct injection molding. Standard test procedures were used to evaluate the mechanical, thermal, microstructural, and water absorption properties of the developed biocomposites as a function of fiber concentration (5–20%) and alkali treatment (5% w/v NaOH solution). It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of all developed biocomposites were gradually enhanced with the addition of fiber concentration up to 15 wt.% and thereafter start decreasing with increasing fiber concentration up to 20%. Alkali-treated biocomposite with 15 wt.% fiber content (PLA/THF-15) exhibited the highest tensile strength (44.59 MPa ± 1.55 MPa) and flexural strength (75.68 MPa ± 0.88 MPa). Untreated biocomposite (PLA/UHF-15) showed a maximum impact strength of 41.61 J/m. Meanwhile, the fractured surfaces from mechanical testing were examined using a scanning electron microscope to identify the causes of failure in the developed biocomposites. Alkali-treated biocomposite with 20 wt.% fiber content (PLA/THF-20) exhibited the highest hardness value of 90.66 HD, while untreated biocomposite with 20 wt.% fiber content (PL/UHF-20) exhibited the maximum water absorption rate (2.60%) and soil degradation rate (2.18%). The Vicat softening temperature (VST) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) were found to be 56.7 °C for PL/THF-20 and 57.55 °C for PLA/THF-15, respectively. It can be concluded from this present investigation that short Himalayacalamus falconeri fiber can be used as reinforcement in PLA-based matrix to make entirely biodegradable green composites that can replace petroleum-based synthetic polymer composites in lightweight and non-structural applications.
... Injection molding is an important technology for fabricating polymer composites without any additional finishing, but it is inefficient for producing single polymer composites [157]. Injection molding is used a lot in the automotive, appliance, medical, and packaging industries because it has many benefits, such as high production speeds, low scrap losses, repeatable high tolerance, low labor costs, and the ability to make a lot of the same thing [158,159]. This method can be used on a wide range of materials, such as metals, glasses, elastomers, sweets, and, most often, thermoplastic, and thermosetting polymers. ...
Reducing energy consumption and minimizing environmental impacts have been significant factors in expanding the applicability of plant fiber-reinforced composites across a variety of industries. Plant fibers have major advantages over synthetic fibers, including biodegradability, light weight, low cost, non-abrasiveness, and acceptable mechanical properties. However, the inherent plant fiber properties, such as varying fiber quality, low mechanical properties, moisture content, poor impact strengths, a lack of integration with hydrophobic polymer matrices, and a natural tendency to agglomerate, have posed challenges to the development and application of plant fiber composites. Emphasis is being placed on overcoming this limitation to improve the performance of plant fiber composites and their applications. This study reviews plant fiber-reinforced composites, focusing on strategies and breakthroughs for improving plant fiber composite performance, such as fiber modification, fabrication, properties, biopolymers, and their composites with industrial applications like automotive, construction, ballistic, textiles, and others. Furthermore, Pearson rank correlation coefficients were used in this review to assess the relationship between the chemical composition of plant fibers with their physical and mechanical properties. If researchers study the behavior of plant fibers using correlation coefficients, it will be easier to combine plant fibers with a polymer matrix to develop a new sustainable material. Through this review study, researchers will learn more about the strategic value of these materials and how well they work in different real-world situations.
Graphical abstract
