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The characteristics and performance of satellite clocks are important to the positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users. Although China’s BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) has been fully operational for more than one year, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the on...
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The BDS ( Beidou) Navigation Satellite System has been a powerful tool in real-time navigation and positioning. In the transitional stage between BDS-2 and BDS-3, it would be a top priority to ensure the antenna is compatible with the two systems. In our investigations, a circularly-polarized (CP) patch antenna is proposed for receiving B1I signals...
Objectives: This study was conducted with a purpose to determine the perception of dental students toward traditional and online teaching methods. Methods: A validated and structured questionnaire was prepared using Google Forms and the study link of the questionnaire was sent through WhatsApp to all the participants. The questionnaire consisted of...
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Due to satellite signal deformations, there are different constant biases in the same satellite signal that are measured by different technical types of receivers and different satellite signals that are measured by the same type of receiver, which are named pseudorange biases. These biases cannot be transmitted to users with existing navigation pa...
Citations
... It has been shown that BE-PPP with Galileo and the Global Positioning System (GPS) can provide a positioning accuracy of a few decimeters when post-processed products or real-time orbit and clock streams are not available (Carlin et al., 2021;Hadas et al., 2019). With the improved accuracy of the BDS-3 orbit and clock offset (Geng et al., 2022), BE-PPP for BDS has become feasible and offers better accuracy than standard point positioning (G. , but lower accuracy than traditional PPP (Hadas et al., 2019). ...
... Elimination of the possible gross error, phase jumps and frequency jumps that may exist in clock data, sampling: 300 s [37,39]. Then, the processed available clock data is used for hardware delay correction using the proposed method. ...
... Kuang et al. developed an uncombined model for the estimation of a BDS-3 multi-frequency real-time clock, and the STD of the double-differenced clock was generally less than 0.05 ns [17]. A series of research on the physical characteristics of atomic clocks show that the quality of BDS-3 atomic clocks is greatly improved compared with BDS-2, but the clock offset and frequency of BDS-3 still exist jumps, and the frequency drift varies in range from −2×10 −18 to 2×10 −18 s/s 2 [18]. About 70% of BDS-3 positioning solutions are within 0.7 m at 10 min thanks to the improvement in the BDS-3 atomic clock stability [19]. ...
The quality of satellite clock offset affects the performances of positioning, navigation and timing services, and thus it is essential to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). This research focuses on the estimation of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) real-time precise satellite clock offset by using GNSS stations located in the Global and Asia-Pacific region based on the mixed-difference model. The precision of the estimated BDS clock corrections is then analyzed with the classification of the orbit types, satellite generations, and atomic clock types. The results show that the precision of the BDS clock offset estimated in the Asia-Pacific for Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit (IGSO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites are 0.204 ns, 0.077 ns and 0.085 ns, respectively, as compared to those of clock offsets estimated in globally distributed stations. The average precision of the BDS-3 satellites clock offset estimated in global region is 0.074 ns, which is much better than the 0.130 ns of BDS-2. Furthermore, analyzing the characteristics of the corresponding atomic clocks can explain the performance of the estimated satellite clock offset, and the stability and accuracy of various parameters of the Passive Hydrogen Maser (PHM) atomic clocks are better than those of Rubidium (Rb) atomic clocks. In the positioning domain, the real-time clocks estimated in the global/Asia-Pacific have been applied to BDS kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in different regions. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of positioning results in global real-time kinematic PPP is within 4 cm in the horizontal direction and about 6 cm in the vertical direction. Hence, the BDS real-time clock offset can supply the centimeter-level positioning demand around the world.
... This is inevitable because a few types of receivers can record the BDS-3 satellites whose satellite numbers are higher than C37 (Cao et al, 2021). As a result, the unity of orbit/clock accuracy and the same precision of phase biases cannot be maintained for each BDS-3 satellite (Zhao et al, 2022;Geng et al, 2022;Hu et al. 2022). ...
As of 2021, a total of four different GNSS constellations – namely, GPS,
GLONASS, Galileo, and BDS-3 – can be used with Full Operational Capability (FOC). In this
work, the contribution of BDS-3 FOC to GPS+GLONASS+Galileo (GRE) PPP-AR is
investigated, considering the three different cut-off angles (7 , 30 , and 45 ) and different° ° °
lengths of static observation sessions (24-, 12-, 6-, 3-, 1-, 0.5-, 0.25-hour). The data of 31
IGS-MGEX stations is processed with GRE PPP-AR and GREC3 (GPS+GLONASS (using
float mode) +Galileo+BDS-3) PPP-AR modes. The results showed that BDS-3 degraded the
horizontal (except for 24-h sessions) and vertical accuracy of static GRE PPP-AR solutions
regardless of the elevation cutoff angle and observation time. The kinematic results showed
that BDS-3 significantly contributed to the accuracy of GRE kinematic PPP-AR for 30 and°
45 cutoff angles. The convergence time analysis showed that BDS-3 only contributes to GRE°
kinematic PPP-AR for the vertical component.
... BDS-3 is a new satellite system developed by China and has been operating fully for more than one year. Ref. [11] analyzed the precise clock products for BDS-3 from GeoForschungsZentrum and showed the characteristics and performance in terms of clock bias, frequency, drift rate, fitting residuals, periodicity, and frequency stability. ...
In recent decades, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have experienced significant changes [...]
At present, most of the space-borne atomic clocks used by the major global navigation satellite systems include rubidium atomic clocks, passive hydrogen master (PHM) clocks and cesium atomic clocks. The new independently developed space-borne rubidium atomic clocks and PHM clocks on BeiDou Global Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) are important hardware improvements. In this paper, performances of new Beidou domestic atomic clocks are evaluated using precise clock offset data from September 2019 to September 2021 and compared with the mainstream space-borne atomic clocks of other satellite navigation systems. The results show that the BDS-3 space-borne PHM clocks have low drift rate and high stability at 86400s interval, which respectively reaches 8.26 × 10⁻¹⁶ and 5.13 × 10⁻¹⁵. These performances are only slightly lower than Galileo PHM clocks. The frequency stability at 86400s interval of BDS-3 rubidium clock is up to 9.03 × 10⁻¹⁵, which is 27.76% higher than GPS rubidium clocks.
