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The future overall trends of desalination cost are estimated using least-square fitting method based on Excel, and four major impact factors, named technology, feed water, energy sources and capacity, are discussed and prospected. Five different types of desalination technology are presented and bench-marked for long-term use. RO and MSF are domina...
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... Nowadays, RO processes dominate the market for both seawater and brackish water desalination accounting for 70% of the total installed capacity. In 1999 the installed capacity of RO processes was 31% and MSF was 65%, and in mid-2014, RO significantly increased and reached 66% while MSF declined to 20%, since it requires more energy [29]. ...
... As well, the global distribution of total membrane systems reached 93% while the total thermal processes decreased to 7% (calculated from ID-Books) [4,29] . ...
... For different water sources as of before 2001, brackish water RO desalination cost was higher than that for pure and river water. In general, from 2005 to 2010, the average cost decreased to 0.3 $/m 3 , while from 2015 onward it decreases to 0.2 $/m 3 for the same source of water [29]. Also, RO seawater desalination cost clearly trended downwards no matter what kind of used technology. ...
-Drought and scarcity of water resources require innovative and sustainable solutions to secure water availability for poor people. Choice of solar energy for desalination is a promising and sustainable cost-effective alternative for improving high quality water supply. Today, almost all Latin American countries use different desalination technologies except for Bolivia. Bolivia has an arid to semiarid climate and suffers from salinity problems especially the Altiplano area. Thus, there is a need to introduce innovative solution using latest technologies such solar desalination at locations with scarcity of freshwater. This study suggests implementing a small desalination plant of about 10 m 3 /day as a demonstration plant and then successively extending the capacity. As well, it is suggested to build a solar energy system with bigger capacity to cater not only for the desalination plant, but also the excess energy to be benefit for homes, roads lighting, and other important purposes for the local community to improve life standard of the people.
... Nowadays, RO processes dominate the market for both seawater and brackish water desalination accounting for 70% of the total installed capacity. In 1999 the installed capacity of RO processes was 31% and MSF was 65%, and in mid-2014, RO significantly increased and reached 66% while MSF declined to 20%, since it requires more energy [29]. ...
... As well, the global distribution of total membrane systems reached 93% while the total thermal processes decreased to 7% (calculated from ID-Books) [4,29] . ...
... For different water sources as of before 2001, brackish water RO desalination cost was higher than that for pure and river water. In general, from 2005 to 2010, the average cost decreased to 0.3 $/m 3 , while from 2015 onward it decreases to 0.2 $/m 3 for the same source of water [29]. Also, RO seawater desalination cost clearly trended downwards no matter what kind of used technology. ...
Drought and scarcity of water resources require innovative and sustainable solutions to secure water availability for poor people. Choice of solar energy for desalination is a promising and sustainable cost-effective alternative for improving high quality water supply. Today, almost all Latin American countries use different desalination technologies except for Bolivia. Bolivia has an arid to semiarid climate and suffers from salinity problems especially the Altiplano area. Thus, there is a need to introduce innovative solution using latest technologies such solar desalination at locations with scarcity of freshwater. This study suggests implementing a small desalination plant of about 10 m3/day as a demonstration plant and then successively extending the capacity. As well, it is suggested to build a solar energy system with bigger capacity to cater not only for the desalination plant, but also the excess energy to be benefit for homes, roads lighting, and other important purposes for the local community to improve life standard of the people.
... 4.5 kWh for 1 m 3 ). Also, they obtained capital cost for the power plant to produce 1 MW of energy is about $ 1 million and the average unit cost to produce 1 Watt from the power plant is about $ 1 approximately (Bashitialshaaer & Persson, 2010 (Bashitialshaaer and Persson, 2013). ...
... Multi-Stage Flash, MSF and Reverse Osmosis, RO processes dominate the market for both seawater and brackish water desalination, both counting today about 86% of the total installed capacity. In 1999 the installed capacity of RO processes was 31% and MSF was 65%, and in mid of 2014, RO was significantly increased and reached to 66% and MSF declined steadily to 20%, since it cost more energy(Bashitialshaaer and Persson, 2013).Thus, it is good idea to use RO because this technology is the main deriving for desalination and must have more advantages over other technologies. Also, from the global distribution the total membrane systems reached to 93% while the total thermal processes are decreased to 7% (calculated from IDA latest book). ...
AL-Karama dam, the second largest dam in Jordan, was constructed in the Jordan valley area in the year 1979. Currently, the dam holds about 72% of its designed storage capacity with total dissolved solids concentration of 2.2%. The dam water was designed to irrigate 100 km 2 of new reclaimed areas and to provide drinking water for more than 30,000 residences. In this work, solar desalination system was suggested. The suggested innovative solution is designed to increase the dam efficiency and to increase water availability annually by 3.3 MCM in phase one to reach 9.2 MCM in the final plan. Furthermore to increase the irrigated areas by 20% in Jordan valley area. Considering the water availability, population and costs, small-scale solar desalination plant with reverse osmosis membrane is recommended.
... Both MSF and RO processes dominate the market for both seawater and brackish water desalination, sharing about 86 % of the total installed capacity (Wangnick, 2002). Over last 20 years the RO technology increased significantly from 31 % in 1990 to more than 65 % today, while MSF declined steadily from 56 % in 1990 to less than 21 % today (Bashitialshaaer and Persson 2013). Thus, the RO alone become the main deriving for desalination technology, which mainly because RO has advantages over other technologies. ...
An experiment for salinity-gradient solar pond has been constructed and operated at the Dead Sea area over a period of 3 months. The pond has a volume of 5m3 with dimensions of (L, H, W) as 2.0m, 2.0m and 1,25m respectively. The two parameters temperature and salinity concentration profiles were evaluated through the measurements of the solar pond with respect to time. The experimental result shows that the bottom layer has a higher temperature and it reached a maximum temperature of 85 ℃ after 100 hour of operating. In this experiment, the thermal insulation for the pond was successful to keep the boundaries isolated that made it possible to extract the thermal energy stored in the bottom zone during the day time, continuously, while maintaining the stability of the solar pond. The total cost of the pond was about $35/sqm, in which the cost of the salt represents 45% of the total cost of the solar pond which is relatively cheap. Therefore, constructing the ponds close to the Dead Sea area is a cheaper alternative. Resulting low cost of utilizing thermal energy that could be a valuable option for multistage flash desalination plant that is functioning below 100 ℃. The operation of this pond reveals that solar pond technology in the Dead Sea area, as compared with other methods of using solar thermal energy for power generation, is more efficient especially for the utilities where direct thermal energy is required.
Gaza has several water problems; inefficient water use by the agricultural sector, limited fresh water supply and high water demand, groundwater contamination, seawater intrusion and shortage of electricity. More water and electricity for the future development of Gaza that will give better life; a significant value of water should be added to the Palestinians living in blocked Gaza; more employment opportunities for this area; free the domestic market for operation and maintenance of their ongoing and exciting projects such as desalination, power and wastewater plants. Reconciliation to reach compromise between the parties in Palestine is the main problem to solve in order to start any projects because so many countries oppose this idea. Several unsuccessful projects were stopped and destroyed in Gaza due to Israeli occupation. Egypt may naturally and peacefully increase its cooperation with and presence in Gaza, which should lead to increased security and peace in the region. In this study, discussion will be made from the past, the current and the future situation for the Gaza peoples as a part of this world. Different solutions will be listed as urgent for the Gaza life involving the building of a joint power and desalination plant, located in Egypt close to the border of Gaza and wastewater treatment plant for water reuse to agriculture purpose.
