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Average soil bulk density values determined by the six different methods and respective standard deviations and coeffi- cients of variation (N=24)
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The objective of this study was to compare forest soil bulk density values obtained through conventional sampling methods such as the volumetric ring (VR: diameter 5 cm, length 10 cm) and paraffin sealed clod (PSC), with a variation of the VR, where rectangular boxes (RB) of
four different dimensions were used. Sampling transects were established o...
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... spatial variability of soil bulk density values, with an error pattern, along the 200 m longitudinal segment for the various sampling methods is presented in Fig. 5. Table 5 presents average soil bulk density values determined by each method, the respective standard deviations and coefficients of variation (CV). Soil bulk density values obtained by the RB4 method present the smallest variation in relation to the average value (CV=2.3%), ...Similar publications
Decreasing phosphorus (P) concentrations in leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) across Europe raise the question about the implications for forest health. Considering the distribution of beech forests on soils encompassing a broad range of nutrient availability, we hypothesized that this tree species exhibits high phenotypic plasticity allowing it...
Citations
... The paraffin coating can result in data scattering and is hardly replicable (Liu and Buzzi 2014). In general, the use of the PCCM leads to an overestimation of the actual volume (van Remortel and Shields 1993;Solgi et al. 2018;Pires et al. 2019). ...
The current study addresses the penetration of viscous fluids into compacted clay samples in the context of volume determination. The volume of compacted clay samples was measured with established methods (paraffin-coated clod method, pycnometer method) and uncoated immersion weighing (IW) with three different fluids (silicone oil, paraffin oil, and canola oil). The suitability of the methods was evaluated statistically. The amount of penetrated liquid into the sample was tracked over time and analyzed. Experimental data were fitted with a modified Washburn’s equation considering different pore sizes in the sample. The fitting yielded very good matches. IW was found to generate the most accurate (i.e., smallest error measurements) and reproducible results for volume determination among the established methods. Thereby, paraffin and silicone oil performed best for IW. The penetration of liquids into the sample was found to be negligibly small for those two liquids in the relevant time range for conducting an IW.
... Bulk density was measured because of its relevance to the calculation of the AWHC. The widely used method of the volumetric ring was used for the soil bulk density measurement (Brady & Weil, 2008, Solgi et al., 2018. The volumetric ring was made of 1.5 mm thick stainless steel with an inside diameter of 5.5 cm and a height of 4 cm. ...
... Bulk density was measured because of its relevance to the calculation of the AWHC. The widely used method of the volumetric ring was used for the soil bulk density measurement (Brady & Weil, 2008, Solgi et al., 2018. The volumetric ring was made of 1.5 mm thick stainless steel with an inside diameter of 5.5 cm and a height of 4 cm. ...
... Bulk density was measured because of its relevance to the calculation of the AWHC. The widely used method of the volumetric ring was used for the soil bulk density measurement (Brady & Weil, 2008, Solgi et al., 2018. The volumetric ring was made of 1.5 mm thick stainless steel with an inside diameter of 5.5 cm and a height of 4 cm. ...
... Due to their frequency of use and reliability, soil cores were used as the reference method to collect samples to determine soil bulk density and moisture content (Solgi et al. 2018). A thinned-wall steel cylinder (inside diameter of 5.33 cm, length of 3.53 cm and volume of 78.76 cm 3 ) was inserted horizontally into the soil at the target depth with a hammer. ...
The impact of machines on forest soils is regularly assessed and quantified using absolute bulk density, which is most frequently obtained by soil cores. However, to allow for repeated measurements at the exact same locations, non-destructive devices are increasingly being used to determine soil bulk density and moisture content in field studies. An example of such a device is a nuclear moisture and density gauge (NMDG), originally designed as a control measurement for soil bulk density and moisture content in geotechnical applications. Unlike road construction or foundation projects that use mineral soil or gravel, forest soils have complex structures and the presence of organic matter, which can skew moisture and density readings from a NMDG. To gain further knowledge in this respect, we performed controlled tests in a sandbox to quantify the influence of varying amounts of saturated organic matter (3, 5, 10, and 15%) mixed with mineral soil in different layers (0–5, 0–10, 0–20 and 0–40 cm) on the accuracy of soil moisture content obtained by a NMDG and soil theta probe at varying depths. Main results illustrated that the presence of saturated organic matter per se was not problematic but moisture content overestimations and related underestimation of dry bulk density occurred when the tested measurement depth was below the created organic layer. Since forest soils often exhibit higher organic matter contents in the upper horizon, correction factors are suggested to minimize the moisture content variations between NMDG and reference method. With the use of correction factors, NMDG can present a non-destructive, fast, and accurate method of measuring soil moisture and bulk density in forestry applications.
... During mechanised skidding of wood assortments, in addition to stand damage (standing trees and young trees) there is also damage to the environment (soil, water, discharge of pollutants, etc.). This and similar research represented the subject of study for numerous authors (Calcante et al. 2018;Ilintsev et al. 2018;Karaszewski et al. 2018;Marusiak and Neruda 2018;Solgi et al. 2018;Labelle and Lemmer 2019;Solgi et al. 2019a;Solgi et al. 2019b.). ...
Mechanisation used in forest utilisation has an impact on the occurrence of damage in stand and on forest land. The research in this work had the objective of determining damage on fir trees and other tree species during felling and processing of trees and their skidding using the forest cable-skidder. The research wasconducted in mixed beech and fir forests in the area of FMA “Glamočko”, M.U. “Hrbinje-Kujača” . The following data were gathered on damaged trees: tree type, breast height diameter, economic importance of the tree, amount of damage, location of damage, cause of damage, types of damage. Damage was recorded on a total of 305 trees, 133 trees of silver fir ( Abies alba ), 130 trees of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), 33 trees of European spruce ( Picea abies ), 8 trees of rowan/mountain-ash ( Sorbusaucuparia ) and one tree of sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ). The overall damage intensity was 18.7%, but together with the old damages, the overall number of ‘wounds’ is 496. According to this, when the old damage isalso considered, then the intensity of damage amounts to 30.6%. The largest amount of damage is in the diameter sub-class ranging from 10 to 14.99 cm. According to the cause of damage, the largest amount of damage occurred during the wood extraction phase (217 trees), while during the felling phase, 88 trees or 29% were damaged. Since the wood extraction phase is divided into the winching and skidding phases, the total number of damaged trees during the winching phase amounted to 157 or 52%, while during the skidding phase, the number of damaged trees was 60 or 19%. To reduce damage to the trees during following operations in forest utilisation, it is necessary to perform more frequent training of all employees working on forest utilisation, to increase controls in execution of operations during forest utilisation, modernise machines used during forest exploitation, and in quality manner open compartments with forest road infrastructure.
... According to van Remortel and Shields (1993), the ingress of paraffin wax into soil clods can reduce their measured volume and, consequently, it results in a higher BD (Solgi et al., 2018). For very gravely soils, Hirmas and Furquim (2006) observed that when the paraffin wax is absorbed deep into clods, problems to remove the soil and wax coatings on the gravel tend to inflate the mass of gravel. ...
... 1d and 2) and not by their spatial variability. According to van Remortel and Shields (1993), the ingress of paraffin wax into soil clods can reduce their measured volume, and, consequently it results in a higher BD as observed in our results (Solgi et al., 2018). ...
... The differences observed in BD from samples from groups 1 and 2 (Table 5) are because clod samples normally overestimates BD from 0.07 to 0.22 g cm −3 in relation to core samples, as has been previously shown in the literature (Solgi et al., 2018;Casanova et al., 2016;Gonçalves et al., 2013;Timm et al., 2005;van Remortel and Shields, 1993;Blake and Hartge, 1986). This is based on the tendency of clods collected to exclude pores between structural units. ...
The paraffin-coated method is a well-used approach to measure the soil bulk density (BD). BD is a physical property of great importance for studies of soil quality and health. Therefore, representative measurements of this property are highly valued. Resin and paraffin wax are utilized to coat soil samples; however, if these materials ingress into the sample it could affect the representativeness of BD evaluation. The advance in three- dimensional (3D) image analysis techniques such as X-ray microtomography (μCT) offers a great opportunity to visualize and quantify the possible penetration of paraffin wax into clod samples. In this paper we investigated porous system morphological properties of soil samples coated with paraffin wax. The morphological properties of the pores filled with paraffin wax inside the samples were also studied. We observed qualitatively that samples with large pores close to their borders were more susceptible to the penetration of paraffin wax. Samples with pores > 10 mm3 had the highest amount of paraffin wax into them. Triaxial shaped and complexly pores also offered less resistance to the ingress of paraffin wax. Positive relations between the amount of paraffin wax inside the samples and the volume of pores measured, pore tortuosity and degree of anisotropy were found. Conversely, the soil pore connectivity was not correlated with the penetration of paraffin wax into the samples, at least for the region of interest (≈27.3 cm3) studied. Finally, an analysis of the impact of paraffin wax ingress inside the samples in measured BD showed increments of ≈0.09 and ≈0.11 g cm−3 in this property when the paraffin wax penetrates into the large pores.
Gume kotača predstavljaju jedini dodir šumskih vozila s podlogom preko kojih se prenose sile, odnosno opterećenja na šumsko tlo, što postavlja zahtjeve pred šumarske stručnjake s ciljem odabira guma pri opremanju vozila na osnovi njihovih dimenzijskih i konstrukcijskih značajki. Osnovne značajke pneumatika obrađene su kroz njihovu konstrukciju, dimenzije i obilježavanje, indeks nosivosti, oznaku brzinske kategorije, tlak punjenja zrakom te dezen gazne površine. Zbog česte povećane vlažnosti šumskih tala te njihove ograničene nosivosti posebna je pažnja posvećena i dodatnom opremanju pneumatika šumskih vozila lancima, odnosno polugusjenicama u cilju smanjenja oštećenja šumskoga tla ili samih pneumatika.
