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![Average monthly temperature (line graph) and rain/snow-fall (bar graph) in Norway (19912015). Adapted from The World Bank Group [13].](profile/Muhammad-Azher-Bhatti/publication/331772799/figure/fig1/AS:736655904366592@1552643862042/Average-monthly-temperature-line-graph-and-rain-snow-fall-bar-graph-in-Norway.png)
Average monthly temperature (line graph) and rain/snow-fall (bar graph) in Norway (19912015). Adapted from The World Bank Group [13].
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Norway is the largest sheep meat producer among Nordic countries with more than 1.3 million lambs and sheep slaughtered in 2017. The sheep industry is limited by the need for in-house feeding during the winter months. In summer, Norwegian sheep are mainly kept on rangeland pastures, with sufficient feed for almost double the current sheep populatio...
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Context 1
... weather from coastal to inland areas changes considerably due to the Gulf Stream, which sweeps across the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico and up the Norwegian coast, providing a milder winter climate for Norway than most other countries at the same latitude. The average temperature falls below 0 • C (Figure 1), and most of the country is covered by snow in the winter season. However, in many coastal areas, the warmth of the Gulf Stream leads to intermittent snow cover. ...
Context 2
... also usually occurs indoors followed by spring pasture grazing of sheep and suckling lambs on fenced land and summer range grazing mostly on unfenced highland pasture areas (Figure 2). Lambs that meet slaughterhouse specifications are separated from their dams at the end Figure 1. Average monthly temperature (line graph) and rain/snow-fall (bar graph) in Norway . ...
Context 3
... Muslim meat festival does not usually coincide with the time of peak meat supply in Norway. Animals that could service this market are still grazing on rangeland pastures at the time of the festival ( Figure 10) [36]. It is not profitable for farmers to bring down free-range grazing animals unless offered an exceptional price. ...
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Citations
... Sheep production is important in several other North European countries, e.g., Norway, Faroe Islands and Iceland (FAOSTAT, 2023). Of the Nordic countries, the sheep industry is most significant in Norway, with more than one million winterfed ewes (Bhatti et al., 2019). In Norway, meat is the main product, with wool and skins as by-products, while sheep milk production is only a niche product (Dýrmundsson, 2006). ...
... The Norwegian sheep production system is extensive and relies on seasonal spring lambing, with free-range grazing in the outfields (i.e., uncultivated semi-natural communal pastures in the mountains, forests and coastal areas) in the short summer season, slaughtering of the lambs in autumn and supplementary winter feeding indoors for breeding animals (Bhatti et al., 2019;Ross et al., 2016). Factors such as climate, length of the growing season, and available natural resources (e.g., pasture quality and grass yields) vary across different regions of Norway (Hanssen-Bauer, 2009;Rekdal and Angeloff, 2021), which in turn may influence animal performance, area use and input factors, and most likely GHGs (e.g., Samsonstuen et al., 2019). ...
... The production cycle is seasonal, with a long indoor feeding season from October to mid-May and free-range grazing in communal semi-natural outfield pastures (transhumance) during summer (Holmøy et al., 2012;Ross et al., 2016;Vatn, 2009). The ewes are mated in late autumn/winter with spring lambing, mainly in April and May (Bhatti et al., 2019;Holmøy et al., 2012). A couple of weeks after lambing indoors, ewes and lambs are usually let out on spring pastures on farm infields (i.e., pastures on cultivated, fertilized and fenced farmland) (Lien, 2016). ...
... Besides the attractiveness of the halal market and its growth potential, research on the purchasing behavior of Indonesian Muslims, particularly millennial Muslims, towards packaged halal foods produced by South Korea has been largely ignored. However, although such halal packaged foods have been widely available, and there are many studies related to the halal food market (Adekunle & Filson, 2020;Bhatti et al., 2019;De Boni & Forleo, 2019;Fuseini et al., 2020;Mahbubi et al., 2019;Yang, 2019;Zhao et al., 2018), there is still a dearth of theory-based research on the purchase of Korean halal packaged foods. In addition, there is a lack of in-depth knowledge about the relationship between halal concepts, such as halal awareness, halal logo and halal components (products), religiosity, and exposure to purchase intention in the context of Korean halal packaged food manufacturers. ...
This study aims to identify millennial Muslim consumers' perceptions of South Korean halal packaged food products and examine the relationship of each determinant to these food products. The research method used is a quantitative survey with a multiple linear regression data analysis method. The results showed that the primary perception of millennial Muslim consumers' intention to buy South Korean halal packaged food is the halal logo or certification. The factors determining this purchase intention do not fully have a positive and significant effect. Factors that have a positive and significant influence include; halal awareness, halal logo/certification, and product ingredients. While the factors of religious belief and exposure do not positively and significantly influence purchasing intentions. This study recommends that businesses engaged in the South Korean food sector with Muslims as their target customers follow halal principles, such as managing halal certification and including halal labels, raw material information, and processing methods of product/food packaging.
... However, the year-round domestic and international demand for lamb meat is ever-increasing (Bhatti et al., 2020). Furthermore, lamb performance varies with the season (Bhatti et al., 2019;Karthik et al., 2021); thus, the production system influences this performance. In agreement, Thompson et al., (2021) reported a trade-off between reproductive (fertility, ovulation and lambing rate) and growth (lamb survival and growth rate of lambs) between spring/summer or out-of-season breeding (Bhatti et al., 2020;Zaher et al., 2020). ...
... The effect of ewe body size could be responsible for this disparity since Gellaper are large-sized while Swakara is a medium-sized breed type. Although the effect of birth weight, sex and birth type have been discussed, ewe body size and condition seems to have a greater impact on lamb's preand post-natal performance (Bhatti et al., 2020(Bhatti et al., , 2019De et al., 2015). In agreement with the current results, birth weights were influenced by season (Norouzian, 2015). ...
The study aimed at determining the effects of breed type, breeding season, sex and type of birth on the growth and reproductive traits of lambs. Two ewe breed types (Gellaper and Swakara) and four ram breed types (Damara, Dorper, GeDo and Swakara) were used. Two lambing seasons, spring (March–May) and autumn (September–November), were considered. Gellaper-based lambs born in autumn had higher (P < 0.05) mean birth weight (4.58 kg) compared to spring-born lambs (3.43 kg). Ram lambs were heavier (P < 0.05) than ewe lambs at weaning and post-weaning age. Singletons were heavier than twins (P < 0.05) at birth, weaning and breeding. Single and autumn-born lambs had a higher average daily gain (ADG) than spring-born lambs (P < 0.05). Ram lambs had a higher pre-weaning and overall ADG (P < 0.05) compared with ewe lambs. Swakara-based lambs gained more from weaning to mating compared to Gellaper-based lambs (P < 0.05). The conception, lambing and annual reproductive rate were all influenced by breed type and season (P < 0.05). Swakara-based lambs had higher reproductive capabilities, while Gellaper-based lambs grew faster but take longer to breed type; autumn lambing gave rise to low birth weights but heavier lambs at weaning and post-weaning, hence suitable for mutton production.
... For small ruminant production to be credible, a pasture-based feed ration is vital. Bhatti et al (2019) argue that by using lighter sheep and goat breeds rather than the dominant heavy "Norwegian White Sheep" (NWS), a larger area of the grass-based grazing ecosystem may be utilised. By diversifying the sheep production systems, farmers may strengthen their role in maintaining important grassland agroecosystems for delivering public good for conservation of agricultural landscape, biodiversity, soil fertility, animal welfare and quality products linked to the territory for the Norwegian society (Bernués et al., 2015). ...
... Norwegian sheep farming, particularly in Western Norway, the hub of sheep farming, will probably be more accepted by society when it is practiced on farmlands and farm pastures that cannot easily be transformed into crop or vegetable production due to climatic, land or soil constraints (Bhatti et al., 2019). In Western Norway, sheep farmers cannot diversify their agricultural system to the same extent as farmers in other Scandinavian countries have access to more land suitable for grain crops and vegetable production (Karlsson et al., 2017). ...
... The model was updated to reflect the price level in 2018 and parameterized with i.a. data from 18 sheep farms in the region (Bhatti et al., 2019). Moreover, we used data assuming the weights and growth rates of the White Spael for modelling purposes. ...
... In Türkiye, sacrificed animals are mainly cattle and sheep. During this period, a significant increase in animal slaughtering, and meat consumption, is observed (Bhatti et al., 2019;Sorvillo et al., 2020). Storage facilities in the houses such as deep freezers ensure that the households consume the sacrificial meat for a long time after the feast. ...
Red meat consumption in the world is in a rapid upward trend and has reached a level that involves many sectors. Studies on red meatconsumption have become a guide not only for policies for the red meat sector, but also for health and environmental practices. Withits population size, structure and economy among emerging economies, Türkiye has an important place in red meat consumption. In thepresent study, red meat consumption in Türkiye and the factors affecting the amount of consumption were examined with the two-stageHeckman Model. According to the findings obtained, red meat consumption in Türkiye is mainly beef and lamb. It was found that factorssuch as income, religious belief, regionality, education and household size affect the amount of consumption. An important finding ofthe study was that only 29.1% of consumers had enough red meat consumption that meets the criteria for a balanced diet. This rate isa proof that people living in the country should reconsider their policies in terms of access to adequate and balanced food. On the otherhand, the per capita consumption of red meat determined for Turkey in the study was found to be considerably higher than the officialfigures. This difference between the values can be reduced by improving the control system for keeping records in enterprises and bymaking adjustments in the calculation criteria
... More directly applicable techniques for off-season breeding include altering light conditions, using hormones or stimulating ovulation in ewes through the use of fertile rams or 'teaser rams' (Curnow 2020;Kennedy 2008). Another common way lamb is made available year-round is by freezing meat products immediately after slaughter (Bhatti et al. 2019). ...
While over the last century food systems have become more controlled, standardized and globalized, the plants and animals that form the basis of our food production still show seasonal fluctuation. The growth and reproductive cycles of these organisms follow seasonal weather patterns, including changes in rainfall, light exposure and temperature. Food designers should consider such aspects of seasonality, as they affect the availability and quality of the ingredients that they work with. Moreover, seasonality brings unique possibilities and challenges that can inspire new and interesting solutions for culinary applications, food propositions and social events. In addition, seasonality can be a goal to aspire to, because it can provide benefits in the domains of sustainability, health and well-being. For these reasons, we propose that, instead of following the current trend of deseasonalization, food designers can contribute to reconcile our food systems with the seasons. This will provide an excellent opportunity for enabling more sustainable, meaningful and healthy rhythms of growing, processing, preparing and consuming food.
... Given that pasture is subject to seasonal availability, alternative rearing methods need to be studied. Fattening lambs indoors on appropriate diets over longer periods could be a means of extending the period in which lamb can be produced thereby increasing the economic sustainability of mountain sheep farms (Bhatti et al. 2019;Gazzarin and El Benni 2020). However, animals of these native breeds have not been selected for this type of production, so their growth rates and carcass characteristics, and the quality of their meat need to be evaluated. ...
Several local sheep breeds of the Alpine regions are in danger of extinction as a result of mountain farms being abandoned. Three fattening trials were carried out on 4 breeds of the Veneto region (Foza, Lamon, Alpagota, and Brogna) on a total of 115 ewes and suckling lambs, weaned lambs and heavy lambs slaughtered at 1356 ± 267, 104 ± 24, 219 ± 26, and 342 ± 14 d of age, respectively. The results confirmed that the adoption of total mixed diets resulted in good in vivo and post mortem performances of culled ewes (64 kg slaughter weight, 48% dressing percentage), suckling lambs (21 kg, 50%), weaned lambs (30 kg, 42%) and heavy lambs (61 kg, 48%). Carcass compactness and fatness increased with the age of the lambs, whereas the proportions of lean meat and bone decreased. Meat lightness and cooking losses decreased with age, whereas redness and chroma increased. The meat quality of culled ewes was like that of heavy lambs. Carcass conformation and composition (aside from size traits), and the quality of the meat differed little among the four Alpine breeds. These results show that local breeds are potentially valuable sources of lamb and mutton meat across different seasons, paving the way for strategies to develop and promote the meat with the involvement of high-quality restaurants and meat retailers.
• Highlights
• Compared to outdoor grazing, the adoption of indoor diets resulted in good in vivo and post-mortem performances of ewes, suckling lambs and heavy lambs.
• Autochthonous Alpine breeds are potentially valuable sources of high-quality lamb and mutton across different seasons of the year.
• This potential could be exploited in developing a prestigious product aimed at high quality restaurants and butchers. The subsequent demand for the product would, in turn, contribute to the survival of the local sheep breeds of Alpine regions.
... For small ruminant production to be credible, a pasture-based feed ration is vital. Bhatti et al (2019) argue that by using lighter sheep and goat breeds rather than the dominant heavy "Norwegian White Sheep" (NWS), a larger area of the grass-based grazing ecosystem may be utilised. By diversifying the sheep production systems, farmers may strengthen their role in maintaining important grassland agroecosystems for delivering public good for conservation of agricultural landscape, biodiversity, soil fertility, animal welfare and quality products linked to the territory for the Norwegian society (Bernués et al., 2015). ...
... Norwegian sheep farming, particularly in Western Norway, the hub of sheep farming, will probably be more accepted by society when it is practiced on farmlands and farm pastures that cannot easily be transformed into crop or vegetable production due to climatic, land or soil constraints (Bhatti et al., 2019). In Western Norway, sheep farmers cannot diversify their agricultural system to the same extent as farmers in other Scandinavian countries have access to more land suitable for grain crops and vegetable production (Karlsson et al., 2017). ...
... The model was updated to reflect the price level in 2018 and parameterized with i.a. data from 18 sheep farms in the region (Bhatti et al., 2019). Moreover, we used data assuming the weights and growth rates of the White Spael for modelling purposes. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of olive mill wastewater (OMW) for moistening dry beet pulp in lambs’ diet on fattening performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. OMW were used to replace partially or totally water used for moistening the dry beet pulp (DBP). Twenty four cross- breed lambs “D’man x Boujaad” were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: T1 containing 27% alfalfa, 11% barley straw and 62% barley grain; T2 containing 26% alfalfa, 10% straw, 32% barley grain and 32% PSB (humidified with100% water); T3 containing 26% alfalfa, 10% straw, 32% barley and 32% PSB (humidified with 50% water and 50% OMW), T4 containing 26% alfalfa, 10% straw, 32% barley grain and 32% PSB (humidi- fied with 100% OMW). The fattening trial was lasted 70 days after 7-days of adaptation period and lambs were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the trial, and fortnightly. At the end of the trial, lambs were slaugh- tered and the carcass dressing percentage (CDP), fatness (1-5 scale), conformation (SEUROP system), ru- minal pH, pH of meat at 0 and 24h postmortem, fat deposition (mesenteric and pelvic fat) were determined. The use of OMW for moistening of dry beet pulp in the lamb diet did not affect the average daily gain, ruminal pH, cold CDP, fatness, conformation, pH of meat at 0 and 24h postmortem and fat deposition (mesenteric and pelvic fat). The average daily gain of lambs was 214.5, 236.8, 219.2 and 217.6 g/d for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The cold CDP was 47.7, 47.3, 47.3 and 47.7 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively.
... For small ruminant production to be credible, a pasture-based feed ration is vital. Bhatti et al (2019) argue that by using lighter sheep and goat breeds rather than the dominant heavy "Norwegian White Sheep" (NWS), a larger area of the grass-based grazing ecosystem may be utilised. By diversifying the sheep production systems, farmers may strengthen their role in maintaining important grassland agroecosystems for delivering public good for conservation of agricultural landscape, biodiversity, soil fertility, animal welfare and quality products linked to the territory for the Norwegian society (Bernués et al., 2015). ...
... Norwegian sheep farming, particularly in Western Norway, the hub of sheep farming, will probably be more accepted by society when it is practiced on farmlands and farm pastures that cannot easily be transformed into crop or vegetable production due to climatic, land or soil constraints (Bhatti et al., 2019). In Western Norway, sheep farmers cannot diversify their agricultural system to the same extent as farmers in other Scandinavian countries have access to more land suitable for grain crops and vegetable production (Karlsson et al., 2017). ...
... The model was updated to reflect the price level in 2018 and parameterized with i.a. data from 18 sheep farms in the region (Bhatti et al., 2019). Moreover, we used data assuming the weights and growth rates of the White Spael for modelling purposes. ...
Fresh meat is a sensitive and unstable product over time due to its composition and physicochemical characteristics (pH and aw). The length of storage time depends on temperature, atmospheric oxygen, endogenous enzymes, humidity, light and, above all, the microorganisms initially present. The challenge of preserving meat dates back to antiquity and has now intensified with the industrialization of meat products. Thus, in this work, we studied the conservation of meat by pomegranate bark extract to extend meat storage time, which may be a promising way to promote this coproduct of pomegranate in meat industry. We evaluated the effect of pomegranate bark extract on the growth of microorganisms naturally present in sheep meat. We carried out the microbial germ count by the decimal dilution method. We performed successive dilutions of the sample in sterile physiological water. Then, we evaluated total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) and total coliforms (TC) The treated meat with three concentration of extracts (50-25-0.12 mg /ml) were stored at 4°C. Then, we monitored the physicochemical and microbiological modification during 12 days of conservation. The results show that the microbial kinetics of the strains were significantly affected by pomegranate bark extract especially with high concentration (C1 = 50 mg/ml). A significant increase in UFC (colony-forming unit) over time was observed in the untreated meat. In conclusion, pomegranate bark extract has a preservative effect against microbial alteration of raw sheep meat.
... For small ruminant production to be credible, a pasture-based feed ration is vital. Bhatti et al (2019) argue that by using lighter sheep and goat breeds rather than the dominant heavy "Norwegian White Sheep" (NWS), a larger area of the grass-based grazing ecosystem may be utilised. By diversifying the sheep production systems, farmers may strengthen their role in maintaining important grassland agroecosystems for delivering public good for conservation of agricultural landscape, biodiversity, soil fertility, animal welfare and quality products linked to the territory for the Norwegian society (Bernués et al., 2015). ...
... Norwegian sheep farming, particularly in Western Norway, the hub of sheep farming, will probably be more accepted by society when it is practiced on farmlands and farm pastures that cannot easily be transformed into crop or vegetable production due to climatic, land or soil constraints (Bhatti et al., 2019). In Western Norway, sheep farmers cannot diversify their agricultural system to the same extent as farmers in other Scandinavian countries have access to more land suitable for grain crops and vegetable production (Karlsson et al., 2017). ...
... The model was updated to reflect the price level in 2018 and parameterized with i.a. data from 18 sheep farms in the region (Bhatti et al., 2019). Moreover, we used data assuming the weights and growth rates of the White Spael for modelling purposes. ...
