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Average inhibition zones in millimeters when plant extracts are on single-use against bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans
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Determining the antimicrobial activity, combined effects of the selected plant leaf extracts of Tagetes minuta, Aloe secundiflora,
Vernonia lasiopus and Bulbine frutescens against selected clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus,
Shigella flexineri, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans
obtained from K...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... was produced by A. secundiflora extract against E. coli in comparison to the other plant extracts ( Table 2). ...Context 2
... average inhibition zones formed by the plant extracts were not significantly different from each other (P˃0.05) (Table 2). ...Context 3
... average inhibition zones formed by T. minuta and V. lasiopus were significantly different from each other (P˂0.05). All average inhibition zones formed by the plant extracts were significantly different from those formed by fluconazole, methanol and DMSO (negative control) (P˂0.05) ( Table 2). ...Citations
... The findings revealed that C. macrostachyus root extracts showed inhibition zones against S. aurous (5.8 mm), S. pneumonia (6.2 mm), E. coli (5.9 mm) and K. pneumonia (6.0 mm) (Fig. 4). The observed high antibacterial activities of the root extracts, especially against S. pneumonia and K. pneumonia, is indicative of their potential use in promoting wound healing [41]. ...
Plants are good sources of various bioactive substances and have significant importance for the discovery of new drugs. In this study, Croton macrostachyus plant roots from six different sites in the Central Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, were collected; and their phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities were investigated. Total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the root extracts were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. Moreover, the antibacterial activities were evaluated by disk diffusion method. Results revealed that total polyphenols and flavonoid contents were in the range of 802 ± 53–1557 ± 75 mg GAE/100 g and 342 ± 26–745 ± 32 mg CE/100 g, respectively. Root extracts of C. macrostachyus were found to have higher antioxidant activities ranging from 3.53 ± 0.38 to 6.38 ± 0.62 mg AAE/g sample. They also showed inhibition zones of 5.8, 6.2, 5.9 and 6.0 mm for Staphylococcus aurous, Staphylococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, and had equivalent potency with the reference Gentamicin antibiotic. Pearson correlation result indicated a strong relationship between total polyphenol contents and their respective antioxidant activities. This study articulates that the root extracts accumulated a substantial quantity of polyphenols and bears a considerable antioxidant activity.
... Microbial infection is a prevailing health problem around the world. Plants remain one of the potential sources of effective agents against microbes, including the deadly infection like tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), syphilis (Treponema pallidum), gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), skin and wound infections [9], diarrhea [10], typhoid fever (Salmonella Typhi), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which directly infects the urinary tract, the pulmonary tract, wounds, burns and also causes other blood infections [8]. Microbial infection has been a major cause of death globally. ...
... Microbial infection has been a major cause of death globally. The rapid increase in the development of resistance to antimicrobial agents by the microorganisms has led to the new incidence and re-exposure of disease [9]. Cinnamomum verum (Syn. ...
A wide range of medicinal plant extracts has phytochemicals that possess antimicrobial properties and these plants are used to treat several infections. The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activities of some spices extracts and to evaluate the phytochemicals present in them. The extracts of spices were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus refluxing with methanol and ethanol. The well diffusion technique was implemented for the evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the extracts and the zone of inhibitions was recorded in millimeters. The antimicrobial test was done against five bacterial isolates: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus and a fungal isolate: Candida albicans. The extracts were concentrated by Rotary Vacuum Evaporator and a stock solution of 200 mg/mL was prepared by dissolving in 10 % DMSO. Concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/mL extracts were used for antimicrobial activity. The result of this study showed that clove extracts had the highest antimicrobial property against all the test microorganisms. Methanolic extract of clove had the highest inhibitory effect against Proteus mirabilis (24.21±0.15 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.78±0.23 mm), and Candida albicans (20.07±0.08 mm) whereas ethanolic extract was effective against Escherichia coli (20.44±0.16 mm), Salmonella Typhi (21.66±0.31 mm) and Candida albicans (21.11±0.09 mm). Cinnamon and pepper extracts, leaving some exceptions, also had antimicrobial properties. The presence of phytochemicals: polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins are the major components responsible for antimicrobial activity. Thereby, this study successfully demonstrated the possibilities of using spices extracts in the treatment of microbial infections.
... 5 mL of 10% ammonium solution was added to this filtrate, and it was carefully stirred. The appearance of a pink, red, or violet in the ammoniacal (lower) phase was taken as the presence of free anthraquinones, according to Opinde and collaborators (19). ...
Background:
“Dividivi” Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd fruits are traditionally used by the Wayuú community in La Guajira (Colombia) to treat oral and skin cavity diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive cocci of group A (beta-hemolytic) that is the cause of pharyngeal disease, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, or toxic shock-like syndrome. Alternatively, Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that is a normal flora of the digestive tract, vagina, or skin folds; it has been known to be the root cause of opportunistic diseases such as diaper rash, oral and esophagus thrush, or vulvovaginitis.
Objective:
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. coriaria (Jacq.) Willd dry fruits on S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053.
Method:
C. coriaria extracts were obtained from the Soxhlet method using two solvents (methanol and ethanol 98%) prepared from pulverized fruits. A phytochemical test and an antimicrobial activity assay were performed using the obtained extracts and tested using S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053 strains.
Results:
A phytochemical profile was performed, examining the presence of bioactive metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and anthraquinones) from each extract. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the ethanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes ATCC 12384, causing inhibition halos of 14.1 ± 0.1 mm and a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 172 mg/ml, and C. albicans test shows inhibition halos of 16.1 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 212 mg/ml. Additionally, the methanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes with inhibition halos of 15.2 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 152 mg/ml; no inhibitory effect was observed on C. albicans.
Conclusion:
This study revealed that C. coriaria has an antimicrobial effect on the tested species opening the field of its possible use as a therapeutic agent.
The study investigates the antibacterial activity of Tithonia diversifolia leaves, including methanol, ethanol and water extracts, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes using the agar well diffusion technique . Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were performed on bacteria by a modification of the standard agar dilution method. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaf extract was determined by standard analytic methods. The study found that Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis showed less susceptibility to water extracts, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris were sensitive to all water extract samples with zone of inhibition of 20.5 mm and 20.0 mm, respectively. However, all methanol extracts were susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris , and Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition of 18.0, 14.0, and 15.0 mm, respectively. Serratia marcescens showed less susceptibility to most methanol extracts, while Clostridium sporogenes showed susceptibility to all ethanol extracts. MICs and MBC values against bacterial strains ranged from 12 - 50 mgmL ⁻¹ and 25 - 100 mgmL ⁻¹ respectively. The study concluded that the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia contain phytochemicals with broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, with ethanol extracts showing high sensitivity. The concentration of these phytochemicals varies by season, with higher levels observed during rainy seasons. The study highlights the potential of Tithonia diversifolia leaves for antimicrobial properties.
A commercial rosemary extract was evaluated for antioxidant effectiveness in rendered chicken fat and antibacterial activity against selected foodborne pathogens. Four treatments were used in the experiment comprising of 25 and 50 ppm rosemary extract (RE), 200 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; commercial antioxidant as positive control), and a negative control without antioxidant. All treatments were subjected to oxidative stability analysis tests including free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (AV), and total oxidation value (TOTOX), which were analysed weekly for a total period of seven weeks. In addition, RE was tested for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion assay (DDA). The results showed that the addition of 50 ppm of RE yielded the most potent antioxidant effect as evidenced by the lowest amounts for negative oxidation indicators (i.e., FFA, PV, AV, and TOTOX) as compared to the other treatments. BHA showed significant antioxidant effect between treatments for FFA and PV, and 25 ppm RE showed significant antioxidant effect between treatments for FFA only. DDA resulted in inhibition zones against all the tested bacteria ranging from 7.7 ± 0.6 mm (S. enterica; weakest inhibition) to 11.8 ± 0.4 mm (K. pneumonia; strongest inhibition). The findings showed that rosemary extract can be used as a natural antioxidant that effectively delays oxidation and exhibits antibacterial properties.
