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![Technical specifications of the Doosan MD196TI diesel engine [42].](publication/347961234/figure/tbl4/AS:1022918888812545@1620894276258/Technical-specifications-of-the-Doosan-MD196TI-diesel-engine-42_Q320.jpg)
Fuel catalytic additives have been tested for many years. Herein, their influence on the overall efficiency of combustion engines is investigated, and their pro-ecological impact is assessed. The majority of this research concerns diesel engines. Despite many advantages, to this day, the use of catalytic additives has not become widespread. Wishing...
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... assessing the emission of exhaust gas components of the tested engine at individual measuring points, the average values presented in Table 7 were obtained. The total increase in NOx emissions (Table 5) measured during the FPC fuel test can be explained by considering that NOx formation in diesel engines occurs due to the reduction of nitrogen as a component of ambient air participating in the fuel combustion process. ...Context 2
... assessing the emission of exhaust gas components of the tested engine at individual measuring points, the average values presented in Table 7 were obtained. The total increase in NO x emissions (Table 5) measured during the FPC fuel test can be explained by considering that NO x formation in diesel engines occurs due to the reduction of nitrogen as a component of ambient air participating in the fuel combustion process. ...Citations
... This effect is shown by reducing the pollutants emitted from combustion and improving the combustion efficiency and performance of the equipment used. Perhaps the most important concern of researchers and industrialists is to reduce fuel consumption and reduce pollutants emitted from combustion [7]. ...
Internal and external combustion studies consider that the combustion of gaseous fuels emits exhaust pollutants that are cleaner than the case of solid or liquid fuels. The researchers prefer that natural gas (which is mostly composed of methane) be mixed with additives that improve the reaction of the mixture to ensure greater effectiveness and reduce pollutants emitted from combustion, and as a result improving combustion efficiency and the performance of the equipment used. In this study the effect of hydrogen or nitrogen addition to methane on the flame formed in the cylindrical combustion chamber was investigated. The study adopted the combustion properties of the pre-mixed using CFD-FLUENT code. Characteristic parameters of the reactive flow (axial velocity, temperature, and mass fraction of carbon monoxide) were adopted. This study focused on addressing the phenomenon of methane enrichment with hydrogen or nitrogen, using mathematical models. The study results showed that the enrichment of methane flame with hydrogen or nitrogen directly affects the studied factors. A correlation appeared between carbon monoxide and temperature. Also, the methane enrichment with hydrogen caused a decrease in the flame temperature, and the exact opposite happened when methane was enriched with nitrogen, as the temperature increased with the increase in nitrogen in the mixture. The flame spreading speed of the hydrogen methane mixture was higher than that of methane and methane-nitrogen mixture. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced by enrichment of methane with hydrogen.
... In the automotive industry and science, the problem is often equated with the content of selected chemical compounds (e.g. carbon monoxide) or groups of the chemical compounds, like nitrogen oxides (NOx) or hydrocarbons (HC) [1][2]. Numerous detection systems, for instance advanced Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS), are used to measure these substances concentration in engine fumes [3][4][5]. ...
In this paper, a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) for cellular studies with software-enhanced metrological parametrisation of toxin-to-cell effects on-chip is shown. A special design of LOC is proposed herein whose performance prior to use was confirmed utilising numerical simulations based on a laminar exhaust microflow module. Model microorganisms – Euglena gracilis – were used as a bioindicator to evaluate the toxicity of jet fuels, i.e. Jet A-1 and Jet A-1 + HEFA (Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids). Apart from the biological results that show notable cell degradation for both of the fuels after 20 min of exhaust exposure (e.g. mobility decrease by 80 % and 100 % for Jet A-1 and Jet A-1 + HEFA), interesting outcomes were also obtained in an exhaust gas chromatography analysis, being in strong correlation with the observed euglena colony behaviour. The major focus was put herein on the concentration of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene isomers). Although the sum of volatile hydrocarbon compounds in the exhaust gas decreased due to the addition of HEFA-type hydrocarbons to the fuel, the concentration of the most toxic, BTEX group, was increased about two times compared to the standard Jet A-1. On that basis, our preliminary tests show that further research in this regard is required, in the context of both the toxin-to-cell impact and its direct correlation with the fuel composition.
... In recent years, nanomaterials are becoming very promising additives for diesel engine fuels. Their aim is to reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines and improve their performance [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. Nanomaterials exhibit excellent properties so that they can be used as fuel additives to improve the performance of diesel engines. ...
... In work [62], an evaluation of specific fuel consumption and emission of selected components of exhaust gases from a six-cylinder compression-ignition engine with direct injection and a displacement of 11,051 dm 3 was carried out. The engine was fed with fuel to which a catalyst containing 5% ferric chloride was added. ...
This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the composition of exhaust gases and the operating parameters of a modern internal combustion Diesel engine. A literature analysis of the methods of reducing the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases from SI engines was conducted. It has been shown that the air filter pressure drop, increasing during the engine operation, causes a significant decrease in power output and an increase in fuel consumption, as well as smoke emission of Diesel engines with the classical injection system with a piston (sectional) in-line injection pump. It has also been shown, on the basis of a few literature studies, that the increase in the resistance of air filter flow causes a change in the composition of car combustion engines, with the effect of the air filter pressure drop on turbocharged engines being insignificant. A programme, and conditions of tests, on a dynamometer of a modern six-cylinder engine with displacement Vss = 15.8 dm3 and power rating 226 kW were prepared, regarding the influence of air filter pressure drop on the composition of exhaust gases and the parameters of its operation. For each technical state of the air filter, in the range of rotational speed n = 1000–2100 rpm, measurements of exhaust gas composition and emission were carried out, as well as measurements and calculations of engine-operating parameters, namely that of effective power. An increase in the pressure drop in the inlet system of a modern Diesel truck engine has no significant effect on the emissions of CO, CO2, HC and NOx to the atmosphere, nor does it cause significant changes in the degree of smoke opacity of exhaust gases in relation to its permissible value. An increase in air filter pressure drop from value Δpf = 0.580 kPa to Δpf = 2.024 kPa (by 1.66 kPa) causes a decrease in the maximum filling factor value from ηu = 2.5 to ηu = 2.39, that is by 4.5%, and a decrease in maximum power by 8.8%.
... The authors performed the emission tests of: CO 2 , CO, HC, NO x , and PM [46][47][48][49][50] for two rail vehicles. The first one is a machine used to monitor the tracks, inspect the rails, test their geometry, and measure their profiles. ...
The paper presents the investigations of exhaust emissions under actual operation of two rail vehicles: a track geometry vehicle and a clearance vehicle. The environmental assessment of this type of objects is difficult due to the necessity of adapting the measurement equipment and meeting the safety requirements during the tests (particularly regarding the distance from the overhead electrical lines). The authors have proposed and developed a unique research methodology, based on which a detailed exhaust emissions analysis (CO, HC, NOx, and PM) was carried out. The complex assessment included the unit and on-track exhaust emissions. In the analyses, the authors also included the operating conditions of the powertrains of the tested machinery. The obtained environmental indexes were referred to the homologation standards, according to which the vehicles were approved for operation. Due to the nature of operation of the tested vehicles, the authors carried out a comprehensive environmental assessment in the daily and annual approach as well as in the aspect of their operation as combined vehicles, which is a novel approach to the assessment of the environmental performance of this type of objects.
... This article presents the analysis results of the harmful substances concentration in the exhaust gas cloud behind a vehicle, both in stationary tests and in motion, for vehicles equipped with a spark ignition engine. For this purpose, a PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) type apparatus was used because it enables the recording of exhaust emissions from a vehicle while traveling on a long route [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Moreover, it is characterized by the direct measurement of road emissions of vehicles in a wide spectrum of engine and drive systems operating points. ...
... As the distance increased for the consecutive measurements, the obtained PM concentration value decreased and increased with increasing vehicle rotational speed. The conducted empirical research concerning the analysis of the harmful substances concentrations in the exhaust gas cloud behind the test vehicle equipped with a spark ignition engine was an approach to the problem of assessing exhaust emissions from moving vehicles [12,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The summary of the relative exhaust gas dispersion behind the vehicle for both stationary and dynamic tests was presented in Table 5. ...
The article presents issues related to the assessment of concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gas cloud behind the vehicle. In the theoretical part, considerations about the harmfulness of exhaust gases and methods of detection of chemical compounds were made, and the issues of von Karman vortices and the Lambert-Beer law were referred to. The test object was a vehicle equipped with an SI engine meeting the Euro 3 standard. The drive unit had a capacity of 2.8 dm3, a rated power reaching 142 kW at 5500 rpm and a maximum torque of 280 Nm at 3500 rpm. The measurements of the dilution of the exhaust gas cloud behind the vehicle were made in stationary conditions (laboratory) and during actual operation in the Poznań agglomeration. In the research, technically advanced equipment from the PEMS group was used. In the analysis of the obtained results, detailed considerations were made regarding the influence of the location of the measuring probe in relation to the exhaust system. As can be seen from the obtained dependencies, the vehicle motion is favorable for the assessment of concentrations behind a moving object, because the ecological indicators at successive distances behind the exhaust system achieve better parameters in most points than in a stationary test.
The increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions are encouraging the search for efficient combustion technologies for transportation. A valuable strategy consists of tailoring the properties of fuels through addition of additives that might increase the octane number subject to the classification, labeling and packaging regulation of fuel quality. In this context, we present an integrated approach involving a high-throughput screening that relies on selected physicochemical factors of aniline-like compounds, measurements of structural resemblance and susceptibility to participate in chemical reactions with radical species, in conjunction with production viability as well as environmental and toxicological risks. This process led to a final set of representative compounds that were chosen to explore their behavior as anti-knock additives. The suitability of these compounds was determined through assays performed to determine the impact on fuel volatility and RON booster efficiency in conjunction with a critical assessment of their eco/toxicological risk estimated by means of a safety index. This holistic strategy led to the identification of N-methyl-p-anisidine, N',N'-diethyl-2-methyl-p-phenylenediamine and N-nitroso-diphenylamine as promising anti-knock additives. This approach is proposed as an alternative strategy to the unsupervised experimental screening of fuel additives.
Recently coal supply chain has obvious benefits regarding stability, economy and safety. But issues increased in the coal supply chain management (CSM) process greatly impacted organizational performance. Therefore, one of the key problems in CSM is identifying and prioritizing the various risks and finding suitable solutions for encountering them at the time of risk occurrence. The objective of the paper is to determine the most influential risk in the context of the South Indian Thermal power plant. For this purpose, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) based stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method has been used to investigate the CSM risks. Based on the Delphi method, thirteen CSM risks were identified. As per the method SWARA, the relative weight of each risk was computed. The findings indicated that power plant-specific fuel consumption, the geographical location of plants from mines, and the quality of coal are the most influential ones. In addition to this, this paper provides some useful implications for managers in the industry regarding organizational performance implementation.
