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Average diurnal variation in the energy balance components for variety of Liangyou Peijiu (LYPJ). T1 is mist spray at 08:00, T2 is mist spray at 12:00, T3 is mist spray at 14:00, and CK is no mist spray. Mist spray was conducted with an electric sprayer, and the spray volume was 1 L/m 2 .
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Heat stress is one of the common agrometeorological hazards in rice production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. To study the mechanism of mist spray in ameliorating heat stress injury, a field experiment was conducted at Nanjing (China) with an early and a late hybrid rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.). The mist spray tr...
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... diurnal variation in the energy balance components for LYPJ under different treatments were similar with LLPJ (Fig. 6). The mist spray at different times increased R n in the rice field (Fig. 6a). R n averagely increased by 14.98, 25.17 and 22.50 W·m −2 in the period from 08:00 to 09:00, from 12:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 15:00 respectively compared to the CK treatment. Different mist spray reduced the H in the rice field (Fig. 6b). H (LLY 268). ...
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... diurnal variation in the energy balance components for LYPJ under different treatments were similar with LLPJ (Fig. 6). The mist spray at different times increased R n in the rice field (Fig. 6a). R n averagely increased by 14.98, 25.17 and 22.50 W·m −2 in the period from 08:00 to 09:00, from 12:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 15:00 respectively compared to the CK treatment. Different mist spray reduced the H in the rice field (Fig. 6b). H (LLY 268). *indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). T1 is mist spray ...
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... were similar with LLPJ (Fig. 6). The mist spray at different times increased R n in the rice field (Fig. 6a). R n averagely increased by 14.98, 25.17 and 22.50 W·m −2 in the period from 08:00 to 09:00, from 12:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 15:00 respectively compared to the CK treatment. Different mist spray reduced the H in the rice field (Fig. 6b). H (LLY 268). *indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). T1 is mist spray at 08:00, T2 is mist spray at 12:00, T3 is mist spray at 14:00, and CK is no mist spray. Mist spray was conducted with an electric sprayer, and the spray volume was 1 L/m 2 ...
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... www.nature.com/scientificreports/ averagely decreased by 10.77, 28.63 and 12.92 W·m −2 in the period from 08:00 to 09:00, from 12:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 15:00 respectively compared to the CK treatment. Mist spray at different times increased the LE in the rice field (Fig. 6c). LE averagely decreased by 25.41, 53.58 and 35.17 W·m −2 in the period from 08:00 to 09:00, from 12:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 15:00 respectively compared to the CK ...
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... of energy balance, mist spray increase the water evaporation in rice fields, mainly affects the canopy temperature by changing the magnitude of the H and LE components, with latent heat exchange serving as an important approach for energy conversion in rice fields 43 ; that is, LE and LE/R n in rice field systems increased after mist spray ( Fig. 6 and Table 1). In contrast to LE, mist spray reduced H and H/R n . This reduction occurred mainly because mist spray reduced the canopy temperature, resulting in a reduction in the temperature gradient between the canopy and the air and a decrease in H in the rice field system. LE/R n of T2 treatment were garter than the other ...
Citations
... Similarly, Xu et al. found that high RH was effective in alleviating the limitation of tomato growth by high temperature and improving the root to crown ratio, compared to 50% RH. In rice, increasing RH by mist spray under heat stress increased chlorophyll content, P n and yield (Jiang et al., 2020). When the effect of low, medium and high humidity on flowering and fruiting of tomato plants was studied (Peet et al., 2003), 50% RH was the optimum humidity at 35°C. ...
High relative humidity (RH) and high temperature are expected more frequently due to climate change, and can severely affect the growth of chrysanthemums. In order to analyze the interactive effects of RH and high temperature on the photosynthetic performance of chrysanthemum, a completely randomized block experiment was conducted with three factors, namely temperature (Day/night temperature, 35°C/18°C, 38°C/18°C, 41°C/18°C), RH (Whole day RH, 50%, 70%, 90%), and treatment duration (3d, 6d, 9d). The control (CK) temperature was 28°C/18°C and RH was 50%. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn-max), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE), maximal recorded fluorescence intensity (Fm), PSII maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), absorption flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), trapped energy flux per cross section (TRo/CSm), electron transport flux per cross section (ETo/CSm) and photosynthetic pigment content of leaves significantly decreased, the minimal recorded fluorescence intensity (Fo), fluorescence intensity at point J of the OJIP curve (Fj) and non-photochemical quenching per cross section (DIo/CSm) significantly increased, the fluorescence difference kinetics of the OJ phase of chrysanthemum leaves showed K-bands. Pn, AQE, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm and photosynthetic pigment content were higher at 70% RH than the other two RH conditions. The dominant factor causing the decrease of Pn in leaves was stomatal limitation at 35°C,38°C, three RH conditions, 3d and 6d, but non-stomatal limitation at 41°C and 9d. There was an interaction between temperature and RH, with a significant impact on Pn. The temperature had the greatest impact on Pn, followed by RH. This study confirms that heat stress severely affects the photosynthesis of chrysanthemum leaves, and when the temperature reaches or exceeds 35°C, adjusting the RH to 70% can effectively reduce the impact of heat stress on chrysanthemum photosynthesis.
... "Sprinkler irrigation, which is the pressurized irrigation system, is recognized as an efficient irrigation technology to get more crop yield per drop" [14]. "It is one of the main irrigation methods in the world because of its water saving and enhanced food productivity potential" [15,16,17]. The advantages of adopting sprinkler irrigation over other traditional surface irrigation methods have been reported by several authors [18,19,20]. ...
An experiment was conducted at ICAR- Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, during the rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objectives of to study improved irrigation scheduling for enhancing water productivity of wheat crops in Vertisols. The experiment involved permanent raised bed cultivation in Vertisols and was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two planting systems (elevated bed and flatbed) replicated three times. The elevated bed levels were set as 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm. Soil moisture was continuously monitored using a real-time sensor network sprinkler irrigation, during crop growth period. Field data on soil moisture, crop performance, and yield were regularly recorded at different crop growth stages. The results indicated that both conventional sprinkler irrigation and real-time moisture sensor-based sprinkler irrigation led to substantial water savings of 27 and 35%, respectively with corresponding yield increase of 9 and 15% when compared to gravity (flood) irrigation, showing their effectiveness. Soil moisture variability study revealed that average soil moisture levels significantly varied when bed elevation was 10 cm or more, as compared to control (bed with normal field level) in different crop physiological stages. This variation occurred under sprinkler irrigation in Vertisols for recommended irrigation water depth. Under recommended irrigation water application through sprinkler, the wheat crop yield increased for elevation variations up to 10 cm bed elevation and the yield reduced significantly for more than 15 cm bed elevation. For sprinkler irrigation, the developed irrigation water application prescriptions (water depth/irrigation) include 400 mm irrigation depth (ID) for bed of 0 cm elevation, 476 mm ID for bed of 20 cm elevation and 552 mm ID for 30 cm bed elevation to sustain the wheat crop yield under soil moisture variability in Vertisols.
... The air temperature and soil water potential were reported to be highly important parameters using the sensitivity analysis. Jiang et al., (2020) studied the impacts of mist spray on micrometeorology of rice field. The findings indicated that the application of mist spray rapidly lowered temperatures and raised relative humidity within the canopy. ...
Micrometeorology plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of agricultural systems by unraveling intricate interactions between climate dynamics and crop performance. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the literature published on crop micrometeorology and indexed in Scopus database from 2000 to 2023. The query yielded only 146 documents, which were subsequently subjected to analysis using an R-based bibliometric tool to assess annual scientific production trend, document types, citation, and keyword analysis. The results revealed zero growth rate of the topic with an average 47.36 citations and total citation of 6536 in the analysis period. USA dominates the number of publications (28.1%), followed by China (17.8%), Japan (11.6%) and Australia (8.9%). India stood at 10th position with only 8 documents contributing 5.5% of the total publications included in the study. The key domains of current research in the realm of crop micrometeorology identified through bibliometric analysis were evapotranspiration, energy balance, gas emissions, and modelling based studies, which are discussed in details in the article. As climate change and global food security becomes more critical, this analysis highlights the role of micrometeorological works within the realm of climate change and crop studies.
... To alleviate the yield loss of rice under HS during the reproductive period, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer should be increased appropriately, and biochar and phosphorus fertilizer should be applied together [82,83]. Spray treatment at the flowering stage can rapidly reduce field temperature, delay leaf senescence, and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus reducing the yield loss of rice caused by HS [84]. In addition, the rational use of growth regulators such as CTK, BR, and ethylene precursors can reduce rice injury under HS [85][86][87][88][89]. Plant antioxidants, osmotic protective agents, and polyamines can also reduce the damage caused by HS, for example, endogenous ascorbic acid can reduce ROS accumulation and maintain leaf function [90]. ...
Heat stress (HS) caused by high-temperature weather seriously threatens international food security. Indeed, as an important food crop in the world, the yield and quality of rice are frequently affected by HS. Therefore, clarifying the molecular mechanism of heat tolerance and cultivating heat-tolerant rice varieties is urgent. Here, we summarized the identified quantitative trait loci (Quantitative Trait Loci, QTL) and cloned rice heat tolerance genes in recent years. We described the plasma membrane (PM) response mechanisms, protein homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and photosynthesis under HS in rice. We also explained some regulatory mechanisms related to heat tolerance genes. Taken together, we put forward ways to improve heat tolerance in rice, thereby providing new ideas and insights for future research.
... Compared with drip and surface irrigation, the evaporation of water droplets in sprinkler irrigation differs in terms of canopy water interception, energy balance and microclimate of sprinkler crops (Liu et al., 2002b). Most studies reported that in sprinkler irrigated farmlands, the air temperature decreased and the relative humidity increased, leading to a lower vapor pressure deficit (Cavero et al., 2009;Jiang et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2021). In this case, Martínez-Cob et al. (2008), using a weighing lysimeter to measure the transpiration of plants under sprinkler irrigation conditions, found that crop ET c decreased with sprinkler irrigation compared with the rainfed treatment. ...
Sprinkler irrigation has been widely used for winter wheat crops in the North China Plain (NCP) to maintain high crop yield and enhance water use efficiency because water resources are scarce. Determining the accurate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) of winter wheat is critical for optimizing sprinkler irrigation management. In this study, an eddy covariance system was deployed in a sprinkler irrigation field to measure the energy balance components (net radiation Rn, soil heat flux G, sensible heat H, latent heat LE) and calculate ETc and Kc. The wheat growth parameters and yield were also investigated. The results showed that the energy balance closure rate, the rate of daily (LE + H) to (Rn - G), was 0.89, indicating a sufficient energy balance closure. Seasonal total LE flux accounted for 67% of the total available energy (Rn - G). The seasonal ETc values were 434 and 396 mm during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 growing seasons, respectively, which are comparable to those (400–470 mm) under surface irrigation. The mean daily ETc was 0.87, 0.46, 3.24, 4.81, and 3.94 mm day⁻¹ in the early growth, overwintering, rapid growth, middle, and late growth stages, respectively. The corresponding Kc values were 0.77, 0.47, 1.09, 1.14 and 0.70. The Kc values were close to those reported in the FAO 56 paper. The Kc is positively related to the leaf area index (LAI), and their relationship was fitted as Kc=0.87+0.14lnLAI(R2=0.96) for an LAI range of 1–7, where ln is a natural logarithm function. The measured wheat grain yield was 9100 and 9857 kg ha⁻¹, and the water productivity (WP) was 2.07 and 2.49 kg m⁻³ in the two seasons, respectively. Both factors are approximately 30% higher than those (7200 kg ha⁻¹, 1.68 kg m⁻³) reported by other studies. Considering the high wheat yield and comparable crop ETc, sprinkler irrigation is recommended for application on the NCP. The seasonal ETc of 400–430 mm and the obtained Kc values in this study can be used to make sprinkler irrigation scheduling for winter wheat on the NCP.
... In addition, the hydrological cycle between land and atmospheric can be effective on irrigation [6]. One of the most prominent and well-known main irrigation methods in the world for wheat to increase crop productivity is sprinkler irrigation [7][8][9]. According to the data obtained from the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, sprinkler-irrigated areas account for 40% and 10% of the total water surface in developed and developing countries, respectively [10]. ...
The genera Triticum and Aegilops have been considered as the main gene pool of wheat due to their features, such as tolerance of all types of abiotic and biotic stresses. This study was conducted to evaluate the cytogenetic analyses in 115 native and wild populations from eleven Aegilops species using their nuclear DNA quantification. Mean 2C nuclear DNA contents of different ploidy levels in the wild wheat of Turkey and Iran were measured using the flow cytometry technique. The obtained results showed that the mean nuclear DNA content in diploid species varied from 10.09 pg/2C (Ae. umbellulata) to 10.95 pg/2C (Ae. speltoides var. ligustica) in Turkey. In Iranian diploids, the mean nuclear DNA content varied from 10.20 pg/2C (Ae. taushii) to 11.56 pg/2C (Ae. speltoides var. ligustica). This index in the tetraploid species of Turkey varied from 18.09 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica) to 21.65 pg/2C (Ae. triaristata), and in Iranian species, it was from 18.61 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica) to 21.75 pg/2C (Ae. columnaris). On the other hand, in the hexaploid species of Turkey, this index varied from 31.59 pg/2C (Ae. crassa) to 31.81 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica); in the Iranian species, it varied from 32.58 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica) to 33.97 pg/2C (Ae. crassa). There was a significant difference in the DNA content of Turkey and Iran diploid as well as tetraploid species; however, in hexaploid species, the difference was not significant. It was concluded that the variation in intraspecific genome size was very low in diploid and tetraploid populations; this means that the low variation is not dependent on geographic and climatic parameters. On the other hand, the interspecific variation is significant at the diploid and tetraploid populations. It is generally very difficult to distinguish Aegilops species from each other in natural conditions; meanwhile, in this study, all species could be, easily, quickly and unambiguously, distinguished and separated using the FCM technique.
... Under heat stress, canopy temperature is strongly associated with yield fluctuations as it is a major indicator of transpiration cooling or stomatal activity, linking tissue temperature and heat avoidance [17,18]. In an effort to manage canopy temperature under high temperature conditions, recent field studies have shown that water mist spray helps to lower the temperature within rice canopy, reduce the peroxidation of membrane lipids, increase leaf photosynthesis, and thereby significantly improving heat avoidance [19,20]. Hence, in the present study we hypothesize that irrigating with cooler belowground water would reduce both soil and canopy temperature and thereby minimize heat stress induced damages in rice. ...
... Our findings reinforce the fact that hybrids are highly sensitive to heat stress and hence the need to develop heat tolerant hybrid rice [40]. Among the two hybrids, LYPJ that is widely planted in the middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River is more sensitive to heat stress [19]. The grain yield of both the cultivars were negatively related with both canopy and soil temperature (Fig. 4). ...
Rice grain yield and quality are negatively impacted by high temperature stress. Irrigation water temperature significantly affects rice growth and development, thus influencing yield and quality. The role of cooler irrigation water in counteracting high temperature induced damages in rice grain yield and quality are not explored. Hence, in the present study two rice hybrids, Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) and IIyou 602 (IIY602) were exposed to heat stress and irrigated with water having different temperatures in a split-split plot experimental design. The stress was imposed starting from heading until maturity under field-based heat tents, over two consecutive years. The maximum day temperature inside the heat tents was set at 38 °C. For the irrigation treatments, two different water sources were used including belowground water with cooler water temperature and pond water with relatively higher water temperature. Daytime mean temperatures in the heat tents were increased by 1.2–2.0 °C across two years, while night-time temperature remained similar at both within and outside the heat tents. Cooler belowground water irrigation did have little effect on air temperature at the canopy level but decreased soil temperature (0.2–1.4 °C) especially under control. Heat stress significantly reduced grain yield (33% to 43%), panicles m⁻² (9% to 10%), spikelets m⁻² (15% to 22%), grain-filling percentage (13% to 26%) and 1000-grain weight (3% to 5%). Heat stress significantly increased chalkiness and protein content and decreased grain length and amylose content. Grain yield was negatively related to air temperature at the canopy level and soil temperature. Whereas grain quality parameters like chalkiness was significantly positive associated with both air and soil temperatures. Irrigating with cooler belowground water reduced the negative effect of heat stress on grain yield by 8.8% in LYPJ, while the same effect was not seen in IIY602, indicating cultivar differences in their response to irrigation water temperature. Our findings reveal that irrigating with cooler belowground water would not significantly mitigate yield loss or improve grain quality under realistic field condition. The outcome of this study adds to the scientific knowledge in understanding the interaction between heat stress and irrigation as a mitigation tool. Irrigation water temperature regulation at the rhizosphere was unable to counteract heat stress damages in rice and hence a more integrated management and genetic options at canopy levels should be explored in the future.
... Irrigation can cool the land surface and increase air humidity in irrigation areas, as found in America [6], China [7,8], and India [9]. Because field microclimate directly influence crop growth, understanding the impact of irrigation on field microclimate could help improve crop growth and irrigation management [10][11][12]. ...
... Sprinkler irrigation is one of the main irrigation methods in the world because of its water saving and enhanced food productivity potential [11,13,14]. Based on the data of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, sprinkler-irrigated areas account for 43% and 10% of the total irrigated area in developed and developing countries, respectively [15]. ...
... Since the solar radiation coming from the atmosphere into the wheat field systems does not change, the crop-soil system obtains a greater amount of net solar radiation energy. Similarly, due to the decrease in SR, R n above the rice canopy during 12:00-13:00 increases by 28.82 W m −2 after mist spraying 1 mm of water [11]. Furthermore, furrow irrigation has a lower SR than drip irrigation, resulting in a 35 W m −2 higher R n [42]. ...
Understanding the impact of sprinkler irrigation on field energy balance, microclimate, and crop evapotranspiration is of great importance for optimizing irrigation scheduling and enhancing crop growth. In this study, the microclimate variables, energy, and water flux were measured using an eddy covariance system during four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing seasons in a sprinkler-irrigated field of North China Plain. The variation patterns of microclimate, energy balance (net solar radiation Rn, soil heat flux G, latent heat LE, and sensible heat H) and crop evapotranspiration (ET) were analyzed during and after sprinkler irrigation events. A novel quantitative model using a stepwise regression method was developed to predict the change in microclimate after sprinkler irrigation by considering irrigation, weather, meteorology, and crop traits. The results showed that the reflectance rate of the wheat canopy decreased by 0.01, and the daily LE/Rn increased by 0.19–0.23 in the 1–3 days after sprinkler irrigation with 40–50 mm water, which finally resulted in crop ET increased by 1.8–4.7 mm during irrigation interval, and seasonal total ET could increase by 9–24 mm when five normal sprinkler irrigations were implemented in a wheat season. The mean daily H/Rn decreased by 0.06–0.17, indicating weak energy exchange between canopy and environment. The measured daily minimum (Tmin), maximum temperatures (Tmax) and daily mean vapor pressure deficit (VPD) decreased by approximately 0.8 °C, 0.9 °C, and 0.25 kPa, respectively, and daily mean relative humidity increased by approximately 7.5% on the first 3 days after sprinkler irrigation; and these changes decreased and were negligible on the 5th–7th days. The decreases in daily Tmin, Tmax, and mean VPD after sprinkler irrigation could change more under higher irrigation amounts and sunny days with a larger crop leaf area index based on the fitted models.
... This disease not only can result in loss of entire crops but also can poison livestock (Coufal-Majewski et al. 2016;Sung et al. 2007). Studies have shown that stresses such as high or low temperature, and pathogenic fungi can cause premature senescence of plants, reduce antioxidant enzyme activity, and inactivate Rubisco; It also affects the ability of plants to absorb CO 2 (Jiang et al. 2020;Chen et al. 2020;Xia et al. 2016), which disrupts the structure and function of Photosystem II (PSII), leading to a decline in photosynthetic capacity (Kim 2011;Xia et al. 2016). High endophytic populations can increase activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) antioxidant enzymes in plants under low-temperature stress (Chen et al. 2020). ...
Epichloë gansuensis and Claviceps purpurea are common species of Clavicipitaceae on drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians). We conducted an inoculation test by spraying a spore suspension of C. purpurea during the flowering stage of drunken horse grass. The disease incidence, disease index, chlorophyll content, leaf senescence characteristics, and photosynthetic indexes of symbiotic (E +) and non-symbiotic (E-) drunken horse grass were measured 15 days after inoculation. A. inebrians-endophyte symbionts showed, which delayed the senescence of leaves, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and proline content, reduced malondialdehyde content, and increased leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate. Epichloë endophyte significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the incidence and disease index of ergot disease. The structural equation models showed that endophyte indirectly reduced the incidence of ergot disease by affecting malondialdehyde content. It was the first time to successfully inoculate ergot pathogen into the grass-endophyte symbionts. Epichloë endophyte reduced the colonization of the grass by C. purpurea.
... The moderate increase of nitrogen application and combined application of biochar and phosphorus have also been shown [167,168] to alleviate rice yield losses caused by HS at the reproductive stage. Mist spray treatment during the flowering period rapidly reduces temperatures in the rice field, delays leaf senescence, and increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thus alleviating HS-caused yield loss [169]. ...
Heat stress (HS) caused by rapidly warming climate has become a serious threat to global food security. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for over half of the world’s population, and its yield and quality are often reduced by HS. There is an urgent need for breeding heat-tolerant rice cultivars. Rice plants show various morphological and physiological symptoms under HS. Precise analysis of the symptoms (phenotyping) is essential for the selection of elite germplasm and the identification of thermotolerance genes. In response to HS, rice plants trigger a cascade of events and activate complex transcriptional regulatory networks. Protein homeostasis under HS is especially important for rice thermotolerance, which is affected by protein quality control, effective elimination of toxic proteins, and translational regulation. Although some agronomic and genetic approaches for improving heat tolerance have been adopted in rice, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice response to HS are still elusive, and success in engineering rice thermotolerance in breeding has been limited. In this review, we summarize HS-caused symptoms in rice and progress in heat-stress sensing and signal cascade research, and propose approaches for improving rice thermotolerance in future.
