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Context 1
... Hammamat sediments were deposited in intracratonic basins and were preserved in down-faulted blocks, or in topographic lows. (Table 1) and radio- elements (K(%), eU, and eTh) within each rock unit were used to calculate the radioactive heat production. ...
Context 2
... the following six rock units: sedimentary, metavolcanic, metasediments, granitic, Hammamat sediments and Dokhan volcanic rocks were assigned for further calculation of the radioactive heat production based on the concentrations of potassium, uranium and thorium within each rock unit. In this work, we averaged roughly the density for each rock unit (Table 1) from the densities given by Shabban (1973). Calculating a statistical average density value for each rock unit was very difficult. ...
Citations
... It is also used to estimate and assess the terrestrial radiation dose to the population and to identify areas of potential natural radiation hazard [International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2003]. Moreover, the airborne gamma-ray survey is used to determine the heat production maps (Richardson and Killeen, 1980;Granar, 1982;Salem et al., 2005). ...
Geophysical techniques, be they seismic, magnetic, gravity, or the like, have been extensively applied to discover mineral resources. A combination of two or more geophysical data interpretations can push the further limit of human knowledge in understanding underground geology structures rather than using only a single geophysical data result. Integration of geophysical data can use two or more different geophysical properties to image the deep geology by easily overlaying the two results in the same coordinates frame. In our research, we discuss the use of gravity, magnetic, seismic, magnetotelluric, radiometric, and induced polarization datasets in mineral exploration. Five case studies are used to show the role of geophysics in mineral exploration. The results showed that the geophysical surveys represent some techniques that can be used as effective tools to detect subsurface objects, promising areas for mineralization, mineralization related to hydrothermal and structural systems, and preferred sites for drilling.
... A. Yusuf et al. applied in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous terrains [10,24,25]. ...
... The average RHP values of 2.5 μW/m 3 presented for the present granites is comparatively lower than the 3.2 0 μW/ m 3 , 3.90 μW/ m 3 , 2.94 μW/m 3 , and the 2.60 μW/m 3 values earlier reported by [1,25,27], and [30] respectively (Table 3). However, the average RHP values of the granitic rocks found in the present research is higher than the average crustal granite value of 1.48 μW/ m 3 [24]. Moreover, the average granitic RHP values obtained in the present study is greater than the 2.40 μW/m 3 , and 2.03 μW/ m 3 values reported for Gebel Duwi, Egyptian granites, and south western Nigerian granites by [24], and [7] respectively ( Table 3). ...
... However, the average RHP values of the granitic rocks found in the present research is higher than the average crustal granite value of 1.48 μW/ m 3 [24]. Moreover, the average granitic RHP values obtained in the present study is greater than the 2.40 μW/m 3 , and 2.03 μW/ m 3 values reported for Gebel Duwi, Egyptian granites, and south western Nigerian granites by [24], and [7] respectively ( Table 3). ...
An estimate of the radiogenic heat production (RHP) across the different petrologic units of northeastern, Nigeria was previously not performed. Hence, their geothermal potentials are not widely known. However, an airborne radiometric data of equivalent uranium, (eU), equivalent thorium (eTh,) and percentage potassium (% K) acquired by Nigerian geological survey agency (NGSA) in the year 2009 was deployed in the evaluation of the RHP across the major petrologic outcrops of northeastern, Nigeria. The objective of this study is to estimate the quantity of RHP across the 13 petrologic units of the northeastern Nigerian terrain via the use of an empirical equation (RHP=ρ(0.0952Cu+0.0256CTh+0.0348Ck)). The petrologic units studied are; medium-coarse grained biotite-hornblende granites (OGe), porphyritic biotite-hornblende granites (OGp), banded gneiss (bG), charnokytes (Ch), ignimbrites (JYG), migmatites-gneiss (MG), basalts (bb), Gombe sandstones (GS), Pindiga Formation (PS), Yolde Formation (YL), Bima sandstones (BS), Keri-Keri Formation (KK), and alluvium (AL). Basic/preliminary processing such as; signal integration, signal validation, and examination of spurious data were applied prior to the RHP computation. The results of the heat production analysis performed show the range of RHP to be from 1.11μW/m3 to 3.35μW/m3 Hence, the maximum heat production value of 3.35μW/m3 was recorded along porphyritic biotite-hornblende granites (OGp) rock block, while the least value of 1.11μW/m3 was recorded over alluvium (AL) rock outcrops. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the RHP values over the study location shows a gradual increase from the middle, low heat production (sedimentary zones) to the high heat producing areas (granitic and metamorphic zones) around eastern and western parts. The petrologic units arranged in order of decreasing magnitude of radiogenic heat generation are; OGp > MG > OGe/bG > bb > GS > Ch > JYG > BS > PS/YL > KK > AL. On a general note, the petrologic units studied were classified as low in terms of geothermal character based on comparison with other previous global RHP studies.
... The airborne gamma-ray spectrometric technique has been already used in different worldwide areas to compute radioactive heat production of Gabal Duwi Area, Egypt (Salem et al., 2005), of Gabal Arrubushi area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt (Yousef, 2016), in northern Palmyrides (Area-3) (Asfahani et al., 2016), and in Syrian Desert (Area-1), Syria ( Asfahani, 2018-a). ...
... Radioactive heat production has been also estimated from the concentrations of radioelements measured in the laboratory (Fernandez et al., 1998), and directly from the gamma-ray logs (Bücker and Rybach,1996;Asfahani, 2018-c). Besides, the radioactive heat production has been recently evaluated using the available data measurements of airborne gamma-ray spectrometric technique and applying the equation (1) (Richardson and Killeen, 1980;Thompson et al., 1996;Salem et al., 2005;Yousef, 2016;Asfahani et al., 2016;Asfahani., 2018-a). ...
En este estudio se utilizó la técnica de espectometría de rayos gamma para evaluar la producción de calor radiactivo (HP, por sus siglas en inglés) del área de Ar-Rassafeh Badyieh (Área-2), en Siria. Las nueve unidades establecidas, puntuadas con anterioridad, para el Área-2 se caracterizaron por separado para el parámetro HP. Como parte de un nuevo emfoque, se propone aplicar el modelo de número de concentración (CN) y los gráficos log-log asociados con la técnica fractal para mapear el equivalente medido de uranio (eU, por sus siglas en inglés), el torio equivalente (eTh, por sus siglas en inglés) y el potasio, (K%) además del HP calculado del Área-2. El HP del Área-2 varía entre un mínimo de 0.06 y un máximo de 4.28 μw/m con un promedio de 0.548 μw/m y una desviación estándar de 0.27μw/m. Los valores de HP más altos observados están relacionados con los ambientes fosfatados representados por dos unidades puntuadas litológicas A y B.
Palabras clave: Producción de calor radiactivo, ambientes fosfatados, espectrometría aérea de rayos gamma. Área-2, Área de Ar-Rassafeh Badyieh y Siria.
doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2022.61.1.2120
... Radioactive heat production has been calculated from concentrations of radio-elements measured in the laboratory (Fernàndez et al., 1998) and directly from gamma-ray logs (Bücker and Rybach, 1996). In addition, radioactive heat production has been estimated from airborne gamma-ray data (Thompson, 1996;Salem et al., 2005;Clauser, 2011;Asfahani, 2019;Elsadek et al., 2019;Scharfenberg et al., 2020). The type of rock, rock boundaries, and rock density must be accurately identified to calculate the radioactive heat production from airborne gamma-ray data. ...
The El Gilf El Kiber area is one of the most promising areas for urban growth and reclamation projects in the southwest of Egypt. In the study area, the lithological units vary in age from Precambrian (mainly granite) to Quaternary (mainly sand sediments). The analysis of airborne magnetic and gamma-ray spectrometry data was incorporated into that of the remote sensing data (Landsat-8). The integrated analysis was used to detect the lithological distributions and to delineate the subsurface basement rocks that control the radioactivity in the study area. It was also used to determine the relationship between radiogenic heat production (RHP) and land surface temperature (LST) that was retrieved from the Landsat-8 thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) data. The output of the principal component analysis (PCA) of Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data is a false-color map (PC1, PC2, and PC3 as red, green, and blue, respectively) displaying the various lithological units in the study area. The LST map, calculated from Landsat-8 TIRS data, shows that the surface temperatures range from approximately 41 to 53 °C. The highest concentrations of eU, eTh, and K in the area were 25 ppm, 121 ppm, and 7.8%, respectively. The RHP values ranged from 1.1 μW/m³ to 15.1 μW/m³. These relatively high anomalies are associated with basement outcrops and the sedimentary rocks overlying shallow basement rocks. The total horizontal derivative (THD) of the magnetic data delineates the horizontal extension of the basement rocks. The Curie point depth (CPD), estimated from magnetic data, ranges from 35.5 km to 41.0 km. The results also exhibited geothermal gradients ranging from 16.10 °C/km to 14.14 °C/km, and heat flow ranges from 35.4 mW/m² to 40.8 mW/m². It was evident after comparing that the RHP and LST maps exhibited the same features as the gamma-ray spectrometric maps. Moreover, the areas around the basement rocks exhibited higher radioactivity, RHP, and temperature than the basement rocks themselves.
... Radioactive HP parameter can be determined by applying different techniques, such as the airborne spectrometry gamma-ray technique (Richardson and Killeen, 1980;Thompson et al., 1996;Salem et al., 2005;Yousef, 2016;Asfahani et al., 2016b;, gammaray spectrometry applied on rock samples in laboratory (Fernandez et al., 1998;, and natural GR well-logging technique (Bücker and Rybach, 1996). ...
... Applied Radiation and Isotopes 142 (2018) xxx-xxx Arrubushi area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt (Yousef, 2016); the Gabal Duwi area, Egypt (Salem et al., 2005); and the northern Palmyrides, Syria (Asfahani et al., 2016). ...
... Radioactive HP is estimated from the concentrations of radioelements measured in the laboratory (Fernandez et al., 1998) and directly from the gamma-ray logs (Bücker and Rybach, 1996). Furthermore, the radioactive HP has been recently evaluated from the data measurements of airborne spectrometric gamma-ray technique and using the formula provided by Rybach, (1976aRybach, ( ) (1976b (Richardson and Killeen, 1980;Thompson et al., 1996;Salem et al., 2005;Asfahani et al., 2016;and Yousef, 2016). ...
Radioactive heat production (HP) in the Syrian desert (Area-1) is estimated by using the available data of aerial spectrometric gamma technique. The HP is separately well characterized for 10 geological units, which are identified on the already established Area-1 scored map. Fractal technique combined with concentration-number (C-N) model and log-log graphs is used to map total radioactivity, equivalent uranium, and HP in Area-1. The HP in Area-1 varies between a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 7.23 μw/m³, with an average of 0.584 μw/m³ and a standard deviation of 0.341 μw/m³. The lithological phosphatic units A, B, C, and D are characterized by a higher HP than their surrounding units, because of their richness in uranium concentrations.
... Other accessory minerals, such as allanite, monazite, apatite, sphene, zircon, xenotite, thorite, thorianite, euxenite, pyrochlore and brannerite, often intimately associated with biotite, may also contain U. Granitic rocks rich in U (and Th) are sometimes referred to as, hot granites' on account of their high rates of heat production. Some locations results show relatively high values comparable with the crustal sedimentary rocks (0.33 mW m -3 e 1.8 mW m -3 ) (Abbady, 2010 andSalem A. et al., 2005) and the obtained values for igneous and metamorphic rocks in a previous study (Abbady et al., 2006). However such notably high radioactive heat generated may be attributed to several factors such as: (a) the presence of increased amounts of accessory minerals (Helbig & Treitel, 1996), (b) the increase of radioactivity with the degree of acidity of these rocks, and (c) the increased content of the radioactive potassium isotope 4 K. Finally from the general tendency for the main rock groups, the radioactive heat generated in igneous rocks increases from basic to acidic rocks. ...
... More than 90 per cent of the heat flow measurements exceed the world mean and high values extend to the coasts where they are nearly twice the world mean (Girdler & Evans, 1977). Accordingly, the countries bordering the Red Sea have good prospects for the utilization of geothermal resources on their Red Sea margins (Morgan, Boulos, & Swanberg, 1983;Salem A. et al., 2005). The earth heated up by a combination of three processes, the most important one is radioactive decay of U, Th, and K produced a build up of heat in the Earth interior (probably they are the most important contributor). ...
Determining the temperature distribution within the lithosphere requires the knowledge of the radiogenic heat production (RHP) distribution within the crust and the lithospheric mantle. RHP of crustal rocks varies considerably at different scales as a result of the petrogenetic processes responsible for their formation and therefore RHP depends on the considered lithologies. Radioactive heat-production data of granites in north and south-eastern Arabian shield Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are presented. Radium-equivalent uranium (RaeU), thorium (eTh), and potassium (eK) were determined by sealed-can gamma-ray spectrometry on 600 g of coarsely crushed sample. A total of 253 rock samples were investigated, covering all major rock types of the area. Southeastern granite shows higher Heat Production HP (2.19–8.04 μW m-3) and total Heat Generation Unit (0.76–19.07 HGU) than northeastern granite (HP 1.82–4.12 μWm-3, 4.31–10.35 HGU). North and Southeastern granite locations shows higher average value of total Heat Generation Unit (6.7 HGU and 7.16 HGU) than the average value of 3.8 HGU for the continental crust. The contribution due to U is about 45%, that from Th is 37.7% and 17.3% from K. The corresponding values in north-eastern are 49.1%, 37.8% and 13.1%, respectively. The calculated values showed good agreement with global values except in some areas. These data can be used to discuss the effects of the lateral variation of the RHP rate on the heat flux and the temperature fields in the upper crust. Keywords: Radioactivity, Th/U, Ggranite, Heat-producing, Arabian shield, KSA
... Khaled (1991) attributed such levels of maturation to heat produced by the decay of uranium in phosphorites underlying these prolific horizons. Mapping of radioactive heat production from airborne spectral gamma ray of Gebel Duwi was constructed by Salem et al. (2005) as shown in Fig. 15. They concluded that the sedimentary rocks in Gebel Duwi area have higher heat production value (0.25 to 3.09 μW m −3 ) than the crustal average for sedimentary rocks. ...
Abstract In Egypt, organic-rich sediments in the Duwi and
Dakhla Formations of the Campanian-Danian age are customarily assigned as Boil shale^ that occupies the middle latitudes
of the country but may extend southward to Kurkur Oases.
This oil shale belt has a vast worldwide extension, and it is
considered as major oil- and gas-prone source rock in many
places, especially in the Middle East. The sedimentation of the
oil shale was triggered by the major transgression event that
occurred during the Late Cretaceous. The lithology, type of
kerogen, organic richness, and thickness of these organic-rich
sediments vary markedly both on lateral and vertical scales. In
Quseir area, the in-place geological reserves, of oil shale of the
800-kcal/kg quality, is estimated to be more than 9 billion tons
that can produce 5.48 bbls equivalent upon retorting. Very
optimistic resources are expected in the unexplored Nile
Valley region. The factor analysis of data rank representing
1176 core samples and analysis of 58 major and trace elements
besides Rock-Eval analyses point to five main controlling
factors that control deposition of oil shale. The terrestrial indicators Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, and K2O and the marine indicators Ca and Sr are oppositely loaded in the first factor. The
second factor expresses the reducing conditions that prevailed
during the deposition of the organic-rich marine environments. The euxinity of the basin is recognized by the third
factor where sulfide and vanadium seem to be mutual. The
fourth factor expresses the role of dolomitization while the
fifth factor points to the humble role of oxidation.
Considering the metric core samples, the highest TOC content
recorded in the borehole drilled in Abu Tartur plateau is 3.6%,
but it is about 14% for Quseir area. Regarding the spot samples in Quseir area, the highest TOC measured about 24%. It is
not only the low TOC in Abu Tartur but also the kerogen type
that is of type II + III, mostly of terrestrial origin (gas-prone)
and lithology dominated by argillites. Organic richness is remarkable in Quseir-Safaga area, where the average TOC of
160-m-thick sequence is about 5%, with kerogen of type I or
mixed I + II, mostly of marine origin (oil prone). The Dakhla
Formation (Maastrichtian-Danian) is the richest in organic
matter while Quseir Formation (Campanian) has the least organic richness and lowest kerogen quality. Detailed investigation on biomarkers confirms the relations among transgression, organic richness, kerogen type, and anoxic conditions.
The organic matter is immature as witnessed by the low S1
values (<5%, in average), the low Tmax (<430 °C), the low
vitrinite reflectance (<0.4%), and biomarker signature. The
variation in the S1 values between 1 and 9% is attributed to
the influence of tectonics associating the Red Sea rift. In
Quseir-Safaga area, there are particular prolific horizons of
oil shale that seem to be visible for utilization by different
technologies of combustion and retorting. The content of the
heavy metals and uranium, as well as the spent, is a significant
benefit. The faulting, dragging, and steep tilting of beds in the
Quseir-Safaga area shall remain a serious challenge for extensive utilization of the estimated in-place geological reserves
... Radioactive heat production was calculated from the concentrations of radioelements measured in the laboratory (Fern andez et al., 1998) and directly from the gamma-ray logs (Bücker and Rybach, 1996). Besides, the radioactive heat production was later estimated from airborne gamma-ray data using the formula of (Rybach, 1976;Richardson and Killeen, 1980;Thompson et al., 1996 andSalem et al., 2005). To calculate the radioactive heat production from airborne gamma-ray survey data, both the types of rocks and their boundaries must be well identified beforehand. ...
The present work deals with mapping of radioactive heat production from rocks in the Gabal Arrubushi area in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt based on airborne spectral gamma-ray survey data. The results show that the radioactive heat production in the areas ranges from 0.01 μWm-3 to 5.2 μWm-3. Granites, muscovite and sericite schists in the western part of Gabal Arrubushi area have abnormally high radioactive heat production values from 2.57 μWm-3 to 4.44 μWm-3. Meanwhile, the higher averages of radioactive heat production of these rock units change from 1.21 μWm-3 to 1.5 μWm-3. The intermediate averages of heat production of felsitic mylonite schist, chlorite schist, felsites, amphibolites and Hammamat sediments are below the crustal average value range, i.e., from 0.8 μWm-3 to 1.2 μWm-3. The lowest averages of heat production values are less than 0.8 μWm-3 and found in the following rock units: Wadi sediments, rhyolites, andesites, gabbro and serpentinites.
