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In view of the growing needs of energy in Pakistan, the efficient use and development of renewable energy sources has become a major issue in the country. This has brought the intention of several national and multinational companies to design and implement a major work plan for energy conservation and construction of renewable energy sources like...
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... Solar radiations were calculated and plotted throughout the country. The results are discussed here on regional bases. In Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas , lowest incoming solar radiation intensity was 92.38 W/m 2 in December at Gupis and highest 339.25 W/m 2 at Gilgit in June. Solar radiation intensity greater than 150 W/m 2 was observed at most humid zones of Kashmir during February to October while greater than 200 W/m 2 observed in whole Northern and Kashmir regions during April to September. In these areas, monthly average solar radiations remain from 107.1 to 297.0 W/m 2 during the year as shown in Figure 1. In North West Frontier Province (NWFP) , lowest (76.49 W/m 2 ) incoming solar radiation intensity was observed at Cherat in December and highest (319.33 W/m 2 ) at Risalpur in June. As shown in Figure 2, from March to October solar radiation intensity was greater than 150 W/m 2 in the province except for southern parts where it extends from February to November. Figure 2 also indicates that the radiation intensity greater than 200 W/m is persistent in all regions of NWFP from April to September except Cherat. Monthly average solar radiations vary from 113.91 to 295.75 W/m 2 . It has been observed that the southern part of NWFP has a reasonable potential for solar energy than the northern part of the province. In Punjab , minimum solar radiation intensity (96.11 W/m 2 ) was observed in December in humid zone of northeastern region and highest (315.14 W/m 2 ) in southern part in May (Figure 3). Solar radiation intensity greater than 150 W/m 2 observed from February to November in upper Punjab except Murree while lower southern parts of province like Khanpur, Bahawalnagar, and Bahawalpur have still greater potential throughout the year. It has been observed that radiation intensity greater than 200 W/m 2 is available in most upper parts of Punjab during March to September (like in Sialkot, Mianwali, Lahore, Faisalabad, and some of the southern regions). Average monthly solar radiation remains from 138.73 to 286.81 W/m 2 during the year (Figure 3). In Balochistan , lowest solar radiation intensity 135.73 W/m 2 observed in December at Jiwani and highest 329.05 W/m 2 at Quetta during June. Solar radiation intensity greater than 150 W/m 2 observed throughout the year except in some of the northern and south western parts of the province, where this condition is persistent only from February to November. Solar radiation intensity larger than 200 W/m was observed from March to October. Monthly average solar radiations vary from 153.61 to 281.94 W/m 2 during the year (Figure 4). Like Balochistan, Sindh province also has a lot of solar energy potential than other parts of the country. Solar radiation intensity remained 145.29 W/m 2 (lowest) in December in coastal areas and highest 331.27 W/m 2 in central regions of Sindh during June. Solar radiation intensity greater than 150 W/m 2 was observed throughout the province, except Rohri where intensity was less than 150 W/m 2 in December. The radiation intensity greater than 200 W/m 2 was observed from February to October in the province except in northwestern parts and coastal areas of Sindh. Monthly average solar radiation intensity remained from 162.44 to 299.31 W/m 2 during the year (Figure 5). Annual solar radiation intensity greater than 200 W/m 2 was observed in almost every part of the country except some of the coastal and northern regions. In summer, day length ranges from 12 to14 h and in winter 8 to10 h in Pakistan. Normally, 10 to 12 average day-length hour have been observed in Pakistan during the year. In most parts of the country, for a 10 h day, average solar radiation intensity ranging from 1500 W/m 2 /day to 2750 W/m 2 /day (Figure 6). This has been observed especially in southern Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan during one year. Depending upon the area and capacity of solar panel, large amounts of power can be generated, that is, in an area of 100 m ; 45 MW to 83 MW power can be generated in a month. Figure 7 shows the distribution of average annual solar direct normal irradiance (DNI) across Pakistan. Areas with DNI above 5 kWh/m 2 /day are preferred for photovoltaic technologies. It has been observed far greater potential exhibits in southern parts of the country. From this study, it can be concluded that solar radiation intensity remains favourable from March to October throughout the country. The analysis shows that solar radiation intensity greater than 200 W/m 2 was observed, from February to October in Sindh, from March to October in Balochistan region, from April to September in NWFP, Northern Areas and Kashmir region while from March to October in the Punjab. In most parts of Southern Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan, there is an encouraging potential for solar power generation throughout the year. In an area of 100 m 2 , 45 MW to 83 MW power can be generated during a month in these regions. It has been observed that southern part of Pakistan where annual solar direct normal irradiance is above 5 kWh/m 2 /day is ideally suitable for photovoltaic ...
Citations
... In this regard, detailed numerical simulations were carried out in COMSOL Multiphysics (V6.1) using a 3D model of the thermocline which was optimized to select the best results. For simulating the system in COMSOL, initial dimensions of the thermocline tank were chosen by setting a design target, which was used to generate steam at 150 °C for 2 h during the discharging cycle [38]. ...
... Considering ṁ as 2e−3 kg s −1 , C p(water) as 4186 J kg −1 K −1 , ΔT as 131 K, and Δt as 7200 s, the calculated E req was obtained as 7.9 MJ. Similarly, for the HTF in the charging cycle [38]. ...
... Using an energy balance based on E req as 7.9 MJ, C p as 2150 J kg −1 K −1 , ΔT as 123 K, and Δt (charging time) as 36,000 s, the calculated ṁ (HTF) was obtained as 8.2e−4 kg s −1 . Similarly, an expression for the energy required to be stored in the storage medium ( E req(storage) ) is as follows [38]. ...
Solar energy is one of the major sources of renewable energy and is being extensively harnessed. However, the intermittent nature limits solar energy to act as a stand-alone energy source. Therefore, it becomes imperative that effective and economical methods of storing solar energy on a large scale are developed. Both sensible and latent heat storage methods are available. The use of a thermal energy storage (TES) system is an attractive choice for high-temperature applications such as power generation plants. The present study investigates the development of a small-scale TES system using a concentrated solar collector. For this purpose, a small cylindrical thermocline tank with suspended copper pipes in the storage medium was developed, with vegetable oil working as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and being circulated through the pipes to transfer heat to used engine oil as the storage medium. A pump continuously circulates the HTF through the charging loop. TES was designed and developed based on the results of numerical simulations before the physical development of the experimental setup. Numerical calculations were performed for determining heat transfer and charging characteristics using different heat storage materials. The numerical results showed that a maximum temperature of 67 °C was achieved in the 100-min simulation while in the experimental results, a maximum temperature of 64 °C was achieved. The experimental results were found in close conformance with the simulation results. The experiments showed that the flow rate of 0.088 L s−1 was optimal and provided the highest temperature in the thermocline tank. The discharging experiment showed that the apparatus is viable to be used for 5.5 h for heating purposes. The salient feature of the study is an inexpensive TES system development and can act as a benchmark for the future development of renewable technology.
... Both systems can operate at low solar concentration, leading to a substantial increase in efficiency. With abundant sunlight [11] and wind resources [12], Pakistan is wellpositioned to capitalize on the growing demand for clean energy [13] and is richly endowed with solar [14] illustrated in Fig. 1(a) and wind energy potential, which remains largely untapped displayed in Fig. 1 (b). ...
... Photocatalytic potential of prepared CeO 2 samples was evaluated by degradation of solution of methyl orange dye (MO) under direct sunlight exposure in spring days when the temperature was 33.88°C having normal light intensity [43]. Sunlight was used in photocatalysis investigations because it is a commonly available as well as sustainable light source. ...
In this study, cerium nitrate hexahydrate was used as a precursor to create nanocrystalline ceria nanoparticles, which were then created utilizing a simple and economical sol-gel method by adjusting the pH of the reactants between 6 and 12. Under direct sun radiation, wastewater containing methyl orange (MO) was photodegraded using the produced CeO2 NPs. For recent photocatalysis experiments, the degree of crystallinity, shape, dimensions, and degree of MO photodegradation were characterized and analyzed using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV–Vis spectrometry. According to the results, the pH of the synthesis solutions had a significant impact on the ceria-based photocatalysis of MO. Ceria NPs synthesized at a pH of 8 demonstrated optimal photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the results showed that variation in catalyst loading, initial concentration of MO, pH of MO-wastewater as well as exposure time have significantly impacted on photocatalytic performance of optimized CeO2. The optimum percentage degradation of around 75 % of MO was achieved in 80 min exposure of sunlight. Optimized low-cost ceria NPs prepared herein may be employed for dyes containing industrial wastewater treatment throughout the year using ordinary sunlight.
... The comparison suggested that wind and solar energy are the better alternate energy sources in Pakistan as compared to fossil fuels based on their renewable nature, spatial availability and intensity. Adnan et al. (2012) analyzed the magnitude of solar radiation data of 58 distinct energy production stations and revealed that solar radiations of 5-7 kWh m2 days were received over 95 percent of Pakistan's entire territory. In addition, 1 kW of solar PV may provide 0.23 kW of power, which is a substantial increase Pakistan's solar power potential is projected to be at 2,900,000 MW (2900 GW) by the AEDB. ...
Availability of smooth power supply for the industrial and residential consumption is a major resource that assists the economic and social development of a nation. Automation and intelligent systems are energy intensive and the adequate electricity is required in order to operate such systems. However, there are electricity generation and distribution challenges in most of the developing countries as a result of disparity in the energy supply & demand and the absence of improved infrastructure. Pakistan being the 5th most populated developing country has the substantial demand of energy, accounting for 56% of total generation whereas thermal energy accounts for 61% of all electricity generated in Pakistan. Therefore, it is required to look for the feasible alternate solutions to address these challenges by incorporating renewable energy and the net metering. In first phase of this study, a survey was conducted to collect the feedback from the photovoltaic (PV) consumers and in second phase, market assessment was performed and the electricity systems were designed & analyzed using cost benefit analysis to measure the financial performance as well as carbon credits. Analysis was performed using Meteonorm, Google Maps and Helioscope Simulation software. Following the objective of this study, a self-sustaining power distribution system for a housing society using net metering is proposed to balance the energy production and consumption, combating greenhouse gases emissions from the energy produced by fossil fuels and to upgrade the existing electricity distribution system. The results indicate a remarkable performance of the centralized power distribution system. Till date, no specific study has proposed a sustainable centralized model for addressing energy issues as a self-sustaining power distribution system in a housing society. The proposed integrated model can aid in maximizing the use of PV system.
... The system is designed to analyse the feasibility and solar thermal power potential of Quetta, Balochistan which is in Pakistan with the GPS coordinates of 30.1798 • N, 66.9750 • E. The locality has a rich solar potential with an average DNI ranging in between 1500 and 2750 W/m 2 /day throughout the year [27]. In 2015, a meteorological station was installed for the real time DNI measurement of solar insolation [28]. ...
The heliostat field layout in a central receiver solar thermal power plant has significant optical losses that can ultimately affect the overall output power of the plant. In this paper, an optimized heliostat field layout based on annual efficiency and power of 50 MW for the local coordinates of Quetta, Pakistan, is proposed. The performance of two different heliostat field layouts such as radial staggered and Fermat’s spiral distribution are evaluated and different design points in a year are considered for the analysis. The field layouts are then optimized using a rejection sampling based Genetic Algorithm (GA). It considers the output power and mean overall efficiency for vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox, and winter solstice as objective functions. The GA optimizes the heliostat field parameters, namely, security distance (DS), tower height (TH), heliostat width to length ratio (WR), and the length of heliostats (LH). The study system was developed in MATLAB for validation. It was observed that for the radial staggered layout, the number of heliostats decreased by 364 and the efficiency was improved by 8.52% using GA optimization relative to unoptimized results field layout. The annual efficiency for Fermat’s spiral configuration was improved by 14.62% and correspondingly, the number of heliostats decreased by 434.
... Production on large scale is easy and cheaper than their counterparts. Their efficiencies lie from 7 to 13% [11]. Many experts say that their efficiencies will climb up to 16% in future models due to the research and advancement being done into them [12]. ...
With the frightening rate of decrease of main energy resources such as fossil fuels, together with the environmental deprivation caused by the procedure of harnessing these energy sources, it has turned out to be an urgent need to spend in renewable energy resources that would adequately fulfil the growing energy requirements without degrading the environment. Solar energy is the direct conversion of solar radiations into Direct Current (DC) using solar cells and other solar technologies. Conversion of sunlight into electricity for industrial and domestic applications is both clean and environment friendly. The conversion efficiency of commercially available solar cells is in the range of 10% to 20% only. While recent advancements in solar technology has significantly improved the solar cell efficiency, but still the maximum efficiency falls in less than 20% range depicting enormous room for improvement. Solar cells accomplish better efficiency in cold weather than in hot climate. Solar panels are rated at 25 C˚ while panel temperature simply reaches to 70C˚ or more in the hot summer days. The deviation from the 25 C˚ temperature reduces the efficiency of the solar cell up to 25%. A 100W panel produces only 75W in the months of May-June in most parts of Pakistan where temperatures reach 45 C˚ and above in summer when electricity demand is high. The focus of this research work is to improve the efficiency of the solar cells by keeping the cell temperature within permissible limits. An experimental model is developed for two types of solar panels i.e. Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline. In the experimental model, both the solar panels were installed with a temperature sensor connected to Arduino. The temperature sensor measures the temperature of the solar panel. If the temperature of the solar panel is increased to a certain level the Arduino will generate a signal to a solenoid valve connected to it. The solenoid valve, connected to a water reservoir, would be turned ON and the water will be sprayed on the glass surface of the panel making a cooling effect. If the temperature increases further the Arduino will switch on the fan. The fan would turn ON making a cooling effect. The performance of both types of solar panels were analyzed by measuring the output power of the solar panel with and without cooling system. The results show that the efficiency of the solar panels were improved significantly by employing the dual cooling system.
... W/m2) at Cherat and Gilgit, respectively. According to Adnan et al. (2012), the monthly solar radiation intensity in the nation ranges from 136.05 to 287.36 W/m2. According to the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority's (NEPRA) 2020 annual report, there is 38700 MW of installed power generation capacity in Pakistan. ...
Solar energy is a sustainable and widely available energy resource among renewable energy resources for tackling the long-term issues of the energy crisis. The World Energy Council, the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and the UN Development Programme all estimate that solar energy has a potential of 1,600 to 49,800 exajoules (4.41014 to 1.41016 kWh) annually on a worldwide scale. Although solar PV global electricity generation is only 3.1 per cent. According to media reports, 63 percent population of Pakistan that is approximately 140 million either have no access to the electrical grid or are facing daily load shedding for more than 12 hours. Our region is considered for solar insolation due to its unique geographical location and climate characteristics. Almost all of the country experiences high levels of solar radiation for eight to ten hours every day, thanks to the more than 300 sunny days it receives each year. Hence, this study aims to assess the solar energy potential of Model Town, Lahore, serving as a reference point for all residential areas in Pakistan that constitute 47 per cent of the nation's electricity usage, as stated earlier in research studies. One of the main residential regions of Lahore is Model Town. For the study purpose, a cadastral map is collected from the Estate Man Properties International and a Surface digital model from ALOS is obtained. Solar potential is computed by performing the Area Solar Radiation analysis with the help of selected urban parameters layers such as aspect and slope, integrated through GIS. The results show that the maximum amount of solar radiation is 4459.15 kWh/m 2. The minimum solar radiation, the model town is receiving is 7.65 kWh/m 2 for the current year.
... Apart from this many small localities that are far from the national grid can be facilitated from the solar energy. According to a given estimate, if solar panels are installed in the outskirts of Islamabad they can lighten up to 40,000 villages 24/7 that are even not provided with electricity even for about 10 hours in a day (Adnan, Hayat, Haider, & Mahmood, May 2012). ...
p style="text-align:justify">Technological advancements in the last few decades have created energy and cost-efficient power plants, but it is not a prominent feature in the electricity supply-chain. While many long-term and short-term energy alternatives are available, Pakistan still has a significant number of people who do not have access to electricity; as there are many areas that are neither connected to the national grid nor the provincial grids. This paper aims to find the reasons behind the energy crisis in Pakistan, keeping Islamabad as the focus of study, and to find the effect of use of renewable resources on the reduction of shortage of electricity. We will be focusing on the facts that how energy crisis has been affecting the economic growth of the country. Our data collection will be based on primary sources and secondary sources along with which we will be conducting pilot study to check the feasibility of using the solar energy as an alternative form of electricity.</p
... The total radiations on sloped surface from Liu and Jordan Model is given by (11) Solar radiations on tilted surface from Koronakis model are estimated by (12) Total radiations on tilted surface from Badescue model are estimated by (13) Temps and Coulson model is anisotropic model and solar radiations on any inclined surface are estimated by (14) Hay and Devies model estimate the solar radiations on tilted surface by (15) Here, A is termed as anisotropic index, and it depends upon the transmittance of atmosphere for beam radiations. ...
... The monthly average daily terrestrial radiations on tilted plane in the city Karachi determined from equation 11,12,13,14,16 As discussed, MAPE, MBE and RMSE are not the enough tool to decide the best possible model, so, t-stats were also calculated from equation 21 to select the best possible model for approximation of total radiation on the sloped surface and is presented in figure 9. It is clear that Liu and Jordan model has t-stats of 0.72, Koronakis has 1.17, Badescue has 0.52 Hay and Davies has 2.4 Temps and Coulson has 2.56 while HDKR has 2.47. ...
... 43,44 Need for temperature and soiling effect investigation and tilt angle optimization for PV farm for Pakistan According to Koppen climate classification, Pakistan lies in the subtropical climate region with immense solar irradiance available. 45 Adnan et al. 46 explored that vast potential of PV power is available in southern parts of the country where temperature rises to 50 • C and daily direct normal irradiance exceed 5 kWh/m2. According to a report of World Bank on World Development Indicator, Pakistan has a huge concentration of particulate matter of a size 10 μm (PM10) and ranked in the zone having the highest dust concentration. ...
The output energy produced by the photovoltaic system strongly depends upon the amount of solar radiation harvested by the photovoltaic panels. Varying the tilt of photovoltaic panels at the optimal angle and/or cleaning the photovoltaic panels at regular intervals are some of the techniques that could enhance the photovoltaic system performance albeit at the cost of increased labor and water budget. Here, we explore a farm-level study to investigate the effect of different tilt angle adjustment schedules on the performance of conventional north/south ([Formula: see text]) tilted monofacial photovoltaic farms. We further compare the performance of optimally tilted [Formula: see text] photovoltaic farms with that of east/west ([Formula: see text]) faced vertical bifacial photovoltaic farms for various dry periods for Lahore, Pakistan. We show that for a dry period of one month, the performance of [Formula: see text] tilted farm is decreased by [Formula: see text]40 kWh/m[Formula: see text] as compared to that for [Formula: see text] farm that exhibits a performance degradation of [Formula: see text]3 kWh/m[Formula: see text]. Further, [Formula: see text] farm performs better than [Formula: see text] vertical farm if the cleaning is performed on (or before) fortnightly basis. Further, if cleaning is delayed for one month, then [Formula: see text] vertical farm performs better than [Formula: see text] tilted farm. The results presented in this work are beneficial for the development of [Formula: see text] faced vertical bifacial farm in dusty climates and regions with scarce water supply.
