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This article discusses the framework of safer cars in Malaysia based on the Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) and New Car Assessment Program (NCAP). The new era of automobile safety is presumably come at the right time for Malaysia after the two important milestones i.e. local assembly initiative in 1960’s and the national car project in 1980’s. The matu...
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... vehicle industry layout has become more complicated, especially in the company's structure due to ownership policies, merges and takeovers [7]. Nevertheless, the setups will fit into any of the stages shown in Table 1 [7,8]. The country has the likes of NAZA, Tan Chong Motor Holdings (TMCH) and DRB-HICOM to explain the above mentioned stages. ...
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Starting from 2011, ASEAN NCAP has been mandated to carry out crash tests on new cars in the ESCAP region, particularly Southeast Asia. With a total population of over 630 million, the 10 countries comprising ASEAN have seen passenger vehicle sales reach over three million units. To date, 90 percent of the vehicles sold in ASEAN market have been te...
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... In contrast to Perodua, whose sales in 2016 totaled 207110 units and which held a 40% market share as compared to Proton's 14%, which only reached 72,290 units (Sulaiman & Chau, 2021). But Proton and Perodua seem to have lost a lot of sales over the years (Nadzri et al., 2016;Jawi et al., 2016). This may be because of tough competition from other foreign car models and other factors. ...
In today’s world, automobile industries play a very important role in contributing to the
development and growth of one country’s economy. In the car business, which is very
competitive, companies must make sure that their products are appealing to consumers and
well-liked, as well as highly valued. Branding is not about presenting more choices but about
providing buyers with clear choices. Hence, investigating the brand loyalty towards the
national car among Malaysians would pave the way for the automobile industry to prosper
along with other automobile industries worldwide. This study aims to identify the relative
strengths of all factors in influencing brand loyalty among customers towards two brands of
national cars in Malaysia. A total of 409 respondents to this study were at least 18 years old
and car owners of the national brand, and they were selected from all dealers of Perodua and
Proton in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. In this study, descriptive analysis, independent t-test and the
Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The sample consisted of an almost equal
breakdown of Perodua and Proton car owners. The findings show that the car owners show a
moderate level of brand satisfaction, brand price, brand quality, brand equity and brand
loyalty with their current cars. All the independent variables, which are brand satisfaction,
brand price, brand quality, and brand equity, are strongly correlated with brand loyalty
towards the national brand. Perodua owners were more loyal and committed than Proton
owners. Brand loyalty has become an essential factor for all manufacturing companies. To gain
customer loyalty, a company should produce products with good quality, suitable pricing, and
more equity.
... It has been said that women tend to display more cautious driving behavior, while men have a slightly higher tendency to speed than women (Cestac, Paran, & Delhomme, 2011). Moreover, previous research has focused on data gathering and analyzing the factors that contribute to driving behavior (Al-Balbissi, 2003;Jawi, Abu Kassim, Md Isa, Hamzah & Ghani, 2016;Macey & Schneider, 2008;Vecino-Ortiz et al., 2014). In contrast, little research has been conducted on behavior interventions pertaining to driving, especially among women in Malaysia. ...
The road environment is one of the factors that contribute to road accidents. Extensive research has been conducted on the diversity of road users, conditions, and environments; however, it tends to be general in focus. In Malaysia, the road environment is an important element of the Critical National Information Infrastructure (CNII) agenda. As women play a greater role in a country’s population growth, they are considered to hold greater responsibility for the nation’s sustainability. This paper examines the road environment in Malaysia, centering on women’s perceptions and using emotions as a predictor. The study data were collected via an online Google form that was specifically targeted at female drivers. A total of 93 respondents participated in the survey. The results include an R2 value equal to 0.27 with a 99% confidence interval. The results indicate that emotions played a moderate role in determining women’s perceptions of the on-road environment. Meanwhile, respondents with negative emotions were able to separate their cognitive processes without affecting their perception. Current research indicates that the confidence interval-based estimation of relevance (CIBER) technique is efficient at predicting behavior and is useful for behavior modification in the future, which has significant implications for policy revision and recommendations. Limitations of this research include its focus on women and reliance on data collected during the pandemic, which may be different from other events or situations. Finally, this research suggests that it would be appropriate to establish future behavior interventions among road users at the national level.
... The framework for safer cars in Malaysia has been discussed thoroughly by a group of researchers from the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) in an article published in 2016. Jawi et al. (2016) suggested that there will be growing demands for safer vehicles that would make car manufacturers progressively meet market demands. Apart from that, establishing the NCAP program is also expected to help minimize crash cases caused by faulty vehicles using automobile safety ratings. ...
Road safety has become one of the most hazardous threats to human kinds since 1.25 million road traffic deaths occur every year, with young people between the age of 15-29 mostly died from road traffic death. As this figure continues to increase steadily each passing year, concerns on developing strategic road safety planning have been taken into the picture. Governments, including Malaysia, refer to outputs from road safety indexes to assess their performance and improve local conditions. Several road safety indexes have included Malaysia in their list, which is stratified according to income status, continents, and the number of populations, to name a few. However, the competitions were seen to be unfairly played as each and every country are unique and different from each other thus ideal comparisons are very challenging. This paper aims to shed light on this issue by suggesting suitable and strategic indicators to be used in a targeted road safety index to allow a fair comparison between countries. Any related articles available on the internet were scoured so that the fundamentals of a targeted road safety index could be developed. The results show that the development of a road safety index requires careful and distinctive works as the road safety index was meant to compare countries and work as planning and monitoring tools. Also, other road safety indexes are showing different outputs between countries. To overcome this, new and targeted road safety indicators were proposed according to each pillar in the United Nations Decade of Action 2015- 2020. Developing the proposed road safety index can provide an alternative road safety index and a tool to encourage and motivate countries to improve their local road safety conditions.
... Based on Figure 1, the NCAP endeavour is visualized as the "external party" outside the car manufacturer-regulator-consumer regular framework (car manufacturers from here will be referred to as OEMs) (Jawi et al., 2013;Abu Kassim et al., 2016). The Vehicle Type Approval (VTA), which is carried out by the Road Transport Department (RTD; locally known by the Malay acronym -JPJ) (Abdul , acts as the 'gatekeeper' of vehicles' roadworthiness and crashworthiness based on the Malaysian legal framework (Jawi et al., 2016b). As of today, the ASEAN NCAP rating is still optional but able to attract many OEMs to obtain the safety rating (Abu Kassim et al., 2019). ...
The New Car Assessment Program for Southeast Asian Countries, or ASEAN NCAP, is tasked to assess the safety level of private passenger vehicles (PPVs) in the ASEAN region by providing the consumers with a quick-to-consume star rating. This is part of the move to elevate the road safety situation as well as to bring automotive consumerism to another level. In Malaysia's context, this endeavour complements the Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) by the Road Transport Department (RTD/JPJ), which conceptually acts as the gatekeeper before PPVs are entering the market. Other than educating the consumers directly, e.g. through many media outlets as well as safety labelling effort in car showrooms, there is also another approach to optimize the impact of safety rating, i.e. to set several policies that make ASEAN NCAP rating as a statutory requirement for: (1) public transports; (2) rental fleets; and, (3) government fleets. This paper discusses the recently proposed policy to embed ASEAN NCAP's safety rating into Malaysia's e-hailing regulation. The results show that the cutoff of 3-star can be immediately brought to 4-star, and finally to only allow 5-star cars as an eligibility factor to obtain e-hailing Vehicle Permit (eVP). It is hoped that this initiative can be expanded to rental and government fleets in the near future.
... In return, Malaysia has produced a substantial number of new drivers every year [21]. Subsequently, this has also created problems in road traffic environments such as traffic congestion, speeding and mixing of vehicles especially motorcycles and cars [11]. On the same note, speeding behaviour has been recognized to be the notorious offence committed by young drivers worldwide [10]. ...
The increasing number of young drivers involved in road accidents and fatalities is worrying. Among the common causal of traffic accidents in Malaysia, is believed to be caused by speeding behaviour. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the characteristics of speeding have uncovered a range of contributory factors about driver's behaviour. This study investigates the tendency for young drivers to involve in speeding behaviour and what factors have influenced this behaviour. A structured survey questionnaire distributed to drivers age between 18 to 24 years old. The respondents were obtained based on convenient sampling at selected rest areas and lay-bys of accident hotspots in Peninsular Malaysia. The results reveal that involvement in an accident, length of driving experience, situational and road environment factors can influence young drivers to involve in speeding behaviour. The responses were given by respondents based on their revealed preferences, which this somehow does not represent their actual driver behaviour in the real scenario. Countermeasures have been proposed to mitigate the issue. Recommendation for future work includes conducting an in-depth interview with young drivers to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.
... Being aware of such a problem, Global New Car Assessment Programme (Global NCAP) was founded in 2011 to support newly established NCAPs in developing countries and regions, from the technical, strategic, logistics and financial aspects (Seeck et al., 2003;Mohd Jawi et al., 2016). To date, two new NCAPs have been launched (Latin NCAP in 2010 andASEAN NCAP in 2012) in addition to two pilot programmes in India (Safer Cars for India) and the African region (Safer Cars for Africa). ...
This paper shall discuss three New Car Assessment Programs (NCAPs) in different emerging markets. Each program faces its own challenges, with different issues to be addressed and strategy worked out for OEMs, in order to benefit vehicle consumers. Two key success factors to ensure an NCAP's effectiveness in keeping consumers well informed about vehicle safety levels in an emerging market include: (i) a capable strategic and technical team; and (ii) dynamic safety requirements in a voluntary or mandatory environment.
... It is important to ensure all vehicles are roadworthy and has good quality to ensure minimal aftermarket issues. During BR, in order to guarantee the safety and quality of vehicle that is to be registered in Malaysiaincluding its components, systems and separate technical unitthe government through Road Transport Department (RTD) Malaysia or better known as Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ) and the Department of Environment (DOE) have imposed mandatory compliance towards Vehicle Type Approval & Homologation (VTA) under the Road Transport Act 1987 and the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Mohd Jawi et al., 2016). ...
This paper aims to review relevant legal framework, statistics, news reports and findings from the ‘automotive ecosystem’ study by MIROS relating to car maintenance issues in Malaysia. The automotive consumerism data mainly comes from the Road Transport Department (RTD), Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MDTCC) and National Consumer Complaints Centre (NCCC), in addition to news articles via web search. In summary, there are several laws and legislations involving various authorities which can be utilised to safeguard automotive consumers ranging from before car registration, during car ownership up to de-registration of the car. Based on the statistics and news reports, car maintenance complaints mostly involved motor vehicle workshop and parts, accessories as well as vehicles. With respect to motor vehicle workshop, quality of repair received the highest number of complaints in NCCC report in 2015 (51.1%), while sales service and manufacturing defects were the main issues in the parts, accessories and vehicles category (22.5% and 21.4% respectively). In regard to car users’ behaviour in Klang Valley (500 respondents) and Kuching (300 respondents), a majority of them chose to bring their cars for maintenance either to authorised service centre or general car workshops, instead of performing the maintenance themselves or alternating between the available options. Most car users’ agreed on the importance of scheduled maintenance according to manufacturer recommendation and performing maintenance at general car workshops. However, they are unsure of the quality, in addition to maintenance and retrofitting behaviour.
... The NCAP program as visualized in Figure 3acts as the 'third party' between car manufacturers (OEMs) and consumers (Abu Kassim et al., 2016a; Mohd Jawi et al., 2013b). The Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) which is carried out by the Road Transport Department (RTD/JPJ) acts as the 'gatekeeper' of vehicles' roadworthiness and crashworthiness based on the Malaysian legal framework (Mohd Jawi et al., 2016). ASEAN NCAP supplements that role with more focus on the power of consumers by educating consumers on safety as well as encouraging OEMs to embed the latest automotive technologies (Abu Kassim et al., 2016a). ...
After five years of establishment, ASEAN NCAP has assessed 62 distinct car models available in the ASEAN market and produced 96 ratings based on the Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) and Child Occupant Protection (COP) rating system. The program has so far drawn participation from 20 different brands or OEMs, signifying a mutual understanding between ASEAN NCAP and OEMs to create a 'safer car' environment in the region. This review presents a compilation of the results as well as ASEAN NCAP's distinctive contribution to the automotive ecosystem in Malaysia, where the program was initiated. In a broader sense, ASEAN NCAP has achieved meaningful and promising results toward a safer automotive ecosystem for Malaysian road users and provided added-value to car ownership.
... The actual targets is to improve the level of vehicle safety especially the crashworthiness. Within 5 years of its program, ASEAN NCAP has gained respect which ultimately improved the vehicle safety scenario in the region (Mohd Jawi et al., 2016). And how does this happen, history repeated itself. ...
Does an engineer requires an Art of War? There is no mechanical answer to the question, however the answer very much depends on how people view the "Art of War" none of the ancient Chinese tales has captured more beautifully than the essence of Sun Tzu's The Art of War (Dimovski et al., 2012; Emerson & Peter, 1994). It has been a premier classic of strategists. Who doesn't remember its famous quotes "to overcome others' armies without fighting is the best skills". It is not what engineers look for, the best solution at the most efficient cost?
... In return, Malaysia has produced a substantial number of new drivers every year [21]. Subsequently, this has also created problems in road traffic environments such as traffic congestion, speeding and mixing of vehicles especially motorcycles and cars [11]. On the same note, speeding behaviour has been recognized to be the notorious offence committed by young drivers worldwide [10]. ...
The increasing number of young drivers involved in road accidents and fatalities is worrying. Among the common causal of traffic accidents in Malaysia, is believed to be caused by speeding behaviour. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the characteristics of speeding have uncovered a range of contributory factors about driver's behaviour. This study investigates the tendency for young drivers to involve in speeding behaviour and what factors have influenced this behaviour. A structured survey questionnaire distributed to drivers age between 18 to 24 years old. The respondents were obtained based on convenient sampling at selected rest areas and lay-bys of accident hotspots in Peninsular Malaysia. The results reveal that involvement in an accident, length of driving experience, situational and road environment factors can influence young drivers to involve in speeding behaviour. The responses were given by respondents based on their revealed preferences, which this somehow does not represent their actual driver behaviour in the real scenario. Countermeasures have been proposed to mitigate the issue. Recommendation for future work includes conducting an in-depth interview with young drivers to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.
