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Atomic force microscope image of outer side of hollow fiber membrane. Pressure applied on polymer solution: 6.9 kPa gauge; air gap: 80 cm; bore fluid flow rate: 0.1 ml/min; temperature: 20–22 ◦ C; coagulation bath: distilled water. Arrow shows the direction of bore
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Context 1
... Structure of hollow fiber membrane by AFM images Fig. 2 shows the AFM image of the outer surface of the hollow fiber when the bore fluid flow rate was 0.1 ml/min. Fig. 3 is a similar image when the bore fluid flow rate was 0.4 ml/min. In these figures, nodules and nodule aggregates are observed. These two figures further indicate the following. Similar AFM images of the outer surfaces were ...
Context 2
... seems to be two effects of the bore fluid flow rate on the pore size of the inner surface of hollow fibers. One is due to its effect on the bore fluid/solvent Fig. 4. Atomic force microscope image of inner side of hollow fiber membrane (hollow fiber spinning conditions, same as Fig. 2; arrow shows the direction of bore liquid flow). exchange rate. The higher the flow rate, the faster is the mass transfer at the inner surface, which means a higher rate of bore liquid/solvent exchange. As a re- sult, a shorter time for bore liquid/solvent exchange is required before polymer starts to solidify. Nucleation and growth of ...
