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An overview of the reported electrochemistry studies on the chemistry of the element for targets for isotope production in ionic liquids (ILs) is provided. The majority of investigations have been dedicated to two aspects of the reactive element chemistry. The first part of this review presents description of the cyclotron targets properties, espec...
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... The recovery of uranium nuclear waste, particularly depleted uranium (DU), opens avenues for various applications, including medical devices, catalysts, semiconductors, sensors, the fabrication of photoelectrochemical solar cells, the fabrication of integrated circuits, and micro-pocket fission detectors (MPFDs) for in-core neutron detectors [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Depleted uranium (DU), a by-product of the uranium enrichment process, possesses a distinctive composition characterized by a majority of uranium-238 isotope and lower content of uranium-235 and uranium-234 isotopes compared to natural uranium [16,17]. ...
This study investigates the impact of the uranium electrodeposition process on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) surface at varying potentials as a means of environmental uranium remediation. The chronoamperometry technique was employed for the electrodeposition process, applying potentials ranging from − 0.60 to − 2.00 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A 2-mM uranyl acetate dihydrate (UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O) solution in 0.1-M KClO4 served as a model uranyl ion (UO2²⁺) source. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the presence of uranium and the formation of a thin layer on the electrode surface. Roughness measurements obtained through AFM analysis at different applied potentials vs. RHE were compared before and after uranium electrodeposition at BDD electrodes. Additionally, the identification of various uranium oxides resulting from the electrodeposition procedures was conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. These analyses revealed the presence of UO2, UO3, and U3O8 on the BDD electrode surface due to the electrochemical deposition process, with a notable proportion of U3O8 observed. Ultimately, the optimal potential for efficient U⁶⁺ remediation from aqueous media and the formation of a homogenous thin layer conducive to nuclear technology development was determined to be − 1.75 V vs. RHE.
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... Silver nanoparticles synthesis done by BmimBF4 ionic liquid and obtained isotropic spherical and large-sized anisotropic hexagonal nanoparticles in shape [61], and gold nanoparticles were synthesized in an aqueous solution using a laser ablation technique, where oxygen in the water caused partial oxidation, which increased their chemical reactivity [62]. Some other metal nanoparticles, such as aluminum, tellurium, ruthenium, iridium, and platinum, have been synthesized in ionic liquids [63]. ...
Water is one of the prime substances for all plants, animals, and human for their survival. If there was no water, we cannot imagine life on earth and clean water is equally important for humans. Therefore, at present, we have to find out the way to use water from wastewater. Advanced oxidation process is excellent technique to remove organic and hybrid materials through chemical treatment procedures. In advanced oxidation process (AOP), various types of chemical materials are used. For the synthesis of chemicals, green synthesis of compounds has received great scientific attention for a decade, this is due to the economic and environmental benefits as an alternative to chemical methods. Its byproducts are nontoxic reagents that are eco‐friendly. Green synthesis is used for different approaches, e.g., water splitting, renewable energy, catalytic applications, sensors, gas absorption, etc. Currently, heterogeneous catalyst is one of the most promising candidate in industrial societies due to their good thermal and chemical stability, well‐defined surfaces and functionalized structure with different type of materials, which have suitable area for the reactions. Thus, heterogeneous catalysts are also known as surface catalysts. With remarkable surface properties and structural modifications, we can enhance their performances as well. In this chapter, we focus on the basic concepts of different types of heterogeneous catalysts, metal oxides, perovskites, graphene, double‐layered hydroxides, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), various techniques for the synthesis with emphasis in green synthesis, scope, importance in AOPs, and in wastewater treatment.
... By analyzing these properties, perfect IL can be chosen for the particular application. ILs can be utilized in a variety of fields such as synthesis of organic and inorganic materials, electrochemistry, catalysis as well as bio-catalysis reactions, materials science, and separation technology (Chotkowski et al., 2020;Gholami et al., 2020;Lee et al., 2020;Nasirpour et al., 2020;Su et al., 2020;Yin et al., 2020). Imidazolium-based ILs have become the focus of much research because of the presence of the imidazole ring in the structure. ...
The desire of improving various processes like enhanced oil recovery (EOR), water treatment technologies, biomass extraction, organic synthesis, carbon capture etc. in which conventional surfactants have been traditionally utilized; prompted various researchers to explore the self-assembly and aggregation behavior of different kinds of surface-active molecules. Ionic liquids (ILs) with long alkyl chain present in their structure constitute the advantageous properties of surfactant and ILs, hence termed as surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs). The addition of ILs and SAILs significantly influence the surface-activity and aggregation behavior of industrially useful conventional surfactants. After a brief review of ILs, SAILs and surfactants, the prime focus is made on analyzing the self-assembly of SAILs and the mixed micellization behavior of conventional surfactants with different ILs.
... This paper focuses on electrochemical deposition of nickel layers from aqueous baths intended exclusively for application in accelerator systems as targets for production of medical radioisotopes. A discussion of the electrodeposition of Ni 60 Ni(p,n) 60 Cu [18][19][20][21] nat Ni(α,x) 60 Cu [22,23] nat Ni (p,xn) 60 Cu [24] 61 Cu 3.34 h β + (62%) EC (38%) 61 Ni(p,n) 61 Cu [14,[18][19][20]25] 60 Ni(d,n) 61 Cu [14,16,18,19,[25][26][27] 60 Ni(α,dn) 61 Cu [22] 60 Ni(α,p2n) 61 Cu [22,26] nat Ni(d,x) 61 Cu [27,28] nat Ni(α,x) 61 Cu [22] 58 Ni(α,p) 61 64 Ni(p,n) 64 Cu [2, 17-20, 25, 30-57] 64 Ni(d,2n) 64 Cu [16,20,34,40,58,59] nat Ni(α,x) 64 Cu [15] 67 Cu 61.83 h β − (100%) 64 Ni(α,p) 67 Cu [15,22,23,44,60] nat Ni(α,x) 67 57 Ni [11,61] 58 Ni(p,pn) 57 Ni [61] 60 Ni(p,nt) 57 Ni [61] EC electron capture targets from non-aqueous electrolytic baths (ionic liquids) can be found elsewhere [79]. ...
This paper reviews reported methods of the electrochemical deposition of nickel layers which are used as target materials for accelerator production of medical radioisotopes. The review focuses on the electrodeposition carried out from aqueous electrolytes. It describes the main challenges related to the preparation of suitable Ni target layers, such as work with limited amounts of expensive isotopically enriched nickel; electrodeposition of sufficiently thick, smooth and free of cracks layers; and recovery of unreacted Ni isotopes from the irradiated targets and from used electrolytic baths.
Interaction of ionic liquids with iron porphyrin (FeP) arises in a number of application of ionic liquids such as dye-sensitized solar cells, batteries, and conversion of CO2 to value-added products, etc. Furthermore, ionic liquid-FeP interactions are thought to be responsible for ionic liquid biodegradation and catalytic breakdown of ionic liquids. Despite the importance of ionic liquid-FeP interactions, there is a lack of information on what conformations ionic liquids adopt when presented to FeP and how thermo- dynamics of subsequent electron transfer reaction is affected. To begin to answer these questions, electronic structure calculations are performed to assess how the bind- ing propensity of the homologous series of 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium [Cnmim]Cl (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) to FeP is affected as the alkyl chain length and the initial conformation of the cation presented to FeP are varied. The conceptual density functional theory framework is then invoked to compute the electrophilicity index of the ionic liquid-FeP complex to glean insight into the ability of the complex to acquire an electron. Calcu- lations suggest two equally likely conformations of ionic liquids with similar Gibbs free energy change; however, the enthalpic and entropic contributions differ based on the conformation adopted by ionic liquids which in turn affects the subsequent electron transfer process. The importance of results is discussed in terms of experimentally observed alkyl chain length-dependent biodegradability of ionic liquids.
The uranium electrodeposition process on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) surface at varying potentials as a means of environmental uranium remediation has been studied. The chronoamperometry technique was employed for the electrodeposition process, applying potentials ranging from − 0.60V to -2.00V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A 2mM uranyl acetate dihydrate (UO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ·2H 2 O) solution in 0.1M KClO 4 served as a model uranyl ion (UO 2 ²⁺ ) source. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the presence of uranium and the formation of a thin layer on the electrode surface. Roughness measurements obtained through AFM analysis at different applied potentials vs. RHE were compared before and after uranium electrodeposition at BDD electrodes. Additionally, the identification of various uranium oxides resulting from the electrodeposition procedures was conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. These analyses revealed the presence of UO 2 , UO 3 , and U 3 O 8 on the BDD electrode surface due to the electrochemical deposition process, with a notable proportion of U 3 O 8 observed. Ultimately, the optimal potential for efficient U ⁶⁺ remediation from aqueous media and the formation of a uniform thin layer conducive to nuclear technology development was determined to be -1.75V vs. RHE.
Electrochemistry is an important research domain to realize the electrochemical transitions of a target species in its feed solution. The area has wide applications in both non-aqueous and aqueous reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels. Here, all of the literature reports dealing with the electrochemical behavior of lanthanides and actinides in ionic liquid (IL) solvents containing strongly coordinating extractants and the feasibility of their direct electrodeposition intended towards a novel wing of the aqueous reprocessing are gathered and discussed in a comprehensive manner. The variation in the electrochemical results in IL phase based on the ligand structure and the functional moiety present in it has been highlighted by correlating the complexing ability of these extractants with metal ions. Decisive parameters such as diffusion coefficient (D), charger transfer coefficient (), charge transfer rate constant (ks), activation energy (Ea), etc., were compared with each other to draw out the consequence of a particular ligand/IL system. The novelty of electrochemistry in neutral ligand ionic liquids has been showcased in detail. The practicality of direct electrodeposition from the extracted IL phase has also been covered in the review to draw an innovative pathway of metal ion recovery.
