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Asterotexis cucurbitacearum VIC 42814. a, b. Symptoms on leaves of Cucurbita pepo: a. adaxial side; b. abaxial side, showing the hypophyllous colonies ; c. external mycelium hyaline, connecting the ascomata in formation; d. immature ascomata in formation; e. fertile locules exposed on irregular fissures; f, g. vertical section of the ascomata, showing the appressoria with a central hyaline penetration peg, covered by the mature ascomata; h. vertical section of a fully developed ascoma, showing parallel and vertically orientated asci; i. asci; j. ascospores. — Scale bars: c – i = 10 μm; j = 5 µm.
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Members of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae are obligate biotrophic fungi with a pantropical distribution that grow in direct association with living plant tissues and produce external ascomata and bitunicate asci. These fungi are poorly known, with limited information about their taxonomic position in the Dothideomycetes. Much of what is known...
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... to slipper-shaped, unequally 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, upper cell subglo- bose, lower cell smaller, subcylindrical to subcuneate, hyaline to slightly yellowish (unlike members of the Asterinaceae), smooth. Asexual morph unknown. Persoonia - Volume 35, 2015 Asterotexis cucurbitacearum (Rehm) Arx, Fungus 28: 6. 1958. - Fig. 8 Basionym. Dothidella cucurbitacearum Rehm, Hedwigia 36: 376. 1897. ≡ Rhagadolobium cucurbitacearum (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., Ann. Mycol. 12: 275 .1914. Colonies hypophyllous, irregular to star-shaped, solitary to confluent, sometimes extending along the veins, dark brown to black, 1-3 mm. External mycelium growing through ascomatal cavity ...
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... Asterinales/Parmulariaceae/Parmularia, Pleosporales/Didymellaceae/Dydimella, Capnodiales/Mycospharellaceae/Paramycosphaerella, and Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe were the main dominant taxonomic groups among the host plant species analyzed. These groups are known to establish numerous symbiotic and parasitic ecological relationships with plant species [20,34,[87][88][89][90][91]. ...
Elucidating the complex relationship between plants and endophytic fungi is very important in order to understand the maintenance of biodiversity, equity, stability, and ecosystem functioning. However, knowledge about the diversity of endophytic fungi from species of the native Brazilian Cerrado biome is poorly documented and remains largely unknown. These gaps led us to characterize the diversity of Cerrado endophytic foliar fungi associated with six woody species (Caryocar brasiliense, Dalbergia miscolobium, Leptolobium dasycarpum, Qualea parviflora, Ouratea hexasperma, and Styrax ferrugineus). Additionally, we investigated the influence of host plant identities on the structure of fungal communities. Culture-dependent methods coupled with DNA metabarcoding were employed. Irrespective of the approach, the phylum Ascomycota and the classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes were dominant. Using the cultivation-dependent method, 114 isolates were recovered from all the host species and classified into more than 20 genera and 50 species. Over 50 of the isolates belonged to the genus Diaporthe, and were distributed into more than 20 species. Metabarcoding revealed the phyla Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota, and Zoopagomycota. These groups are reported for the first time as components of the endophytic mycobiome of Cerrado plant species. In total, 400 genera were found in all host species. A unique leaf endophytic mycobiome was identified in each host species, which differed not only by the distribution of fungal species, but also by the abundance of shared species. These findings highlight the importance of the Brazilian Cerrado as a reservoir of microbial species, and emphasize how endophytic fungal communities are diversified and adapted.
... Asterinales M.E. Barr (1986), based on the type species of the order, Asterina melastomatis Léveillé, which had its DNA extracted, sequenced and studied phylogenetically for the first time by Guatimosim et al. (2015), demonstrating that the Asterinales is polyphyletic. Based on molecular data of the type species, Asterinales stricto sensu includes two Colony with open thyriothecia and surface mycelium. ...
... h Brown and verruculose ascospore. Scale bars: a = 200 µm, b-c = 50 µm, d-e-f = 20 µm, d = 10 µm, g-h = 10 µm families, namely: Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae (Guatimosim et al. 2015;Giraldo et al. 2017;Phookamsak et al. 2019;Johnston and Park 2019;Hongsanan et al. 2020a;Le Renard et al. 2020;Firmino and Pereira 2021). ...
The description of a new Mediterranean species, Coltricia insularis, is provided, on the basis of material collected in Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Spain
... Asterinales M.E. Barr (1986), based on the type species of the order, Asterina melastomatis Léveillé, which had its DNA extracted, sequenced and studied phylogenetically for the first time by Guatimosim et al. (2015), demonstrating that the Asterinales is polyphyletic. Based on molecular data of the type species, Asterinales stricto sensu includes two Colony with open thyriothecia and surface mycelium. ...
... h Brown and verruculose ascospore. Scale bars: a = 200 µm, b-c = 50 µm, d-e-f = 20 µm, d = 10 µm, g-h = 10 µm families, namely: Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae (Guatimosim et al. 2015;Giraldo et al. 2017;Phookamsak et al. 2019;Johnston and Park 2019;Hongsanan et al. 2020a;Le Renard et al. 2020;Firmino and Pereira 2021). ...
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
... Species of this family are characterized by ascomata with upper walls comprising radiating cells with star-like or longitudinal splits and dark brown hyphae with appressoria (Hongsanan et al. 2014. Currently, there are 19 genera listed in Asterinaceae (Dai et al. 2018;Guatimosim et al. 2015;Hongsanan et al. 2020). Arnaud (1918) treated Asterolibertia as a separate genus in Asterinaceae based on the presence of intercalary appressoria (Firmino et al. 2016). ...
Asterinales is an important epifoliar order which generally lacks of DNA-based sequence data. There are many genera in Asterinales lacking molecular data and the exact taxonomic placement of those genera is undetermined. In this study, we introduce Brunneofissuraceae fam. nov. and Cirsosia mangiferae sp. nov. and Asterina neomangiferae nom. nov. based on morpho-molecular evidences. All fungal specimens were collected during September (2020) from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The phylogenetic analysis based on 28s (LSU) and 5.8s (ITS) sequence data confirmed the placements of Asterolibertia, Brunneofissura, and Cirsosia in Asterinales. We provide the first molecular data for Asterolibertia (current name is Asterina) and Cirsosia. Comparative morphologies and phylogenetic analyses are provided for each taxon using illustrations and well-supported phylogenetic analyses.
... Su diseminación puede ser el viento, agua y organismos pequeños como insectos que actúan como vectores (CESAVEG 2008, Lastres y Soza, 2009). Al ser un hongo biotrófico crece de manera directa en los tejidos de las plantas, las cuales se manifiestan como manchas en toda la hoja o parte de ella (Guatimosim et al. 2015). Hofmann y Piepenbring (2011), mencionan que los hongos pertenecientes a la familia Asterinaceae crecen en los tallos u hojas verdes de las plantas. ...
Aislamiento e identificación del fitopatógeno causal de viruela o "negrilla" en Agave salmiana de municipios del estado de Hidalgo, México Isolation and identification of the causal phytopathogen of smallpox or "negrilla" in Agave salmiana from municipalities of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico RESUMEN Antecedentes: La viruela o negrilla es una enfermedad presente en las hojas de Agave spp., manifestándose con man-chas foliares de color negro parecido al hollín. Se ha reportado que el daño es causado por Asterina mexicana, sin embargo , se desconoce si es el único hongo que causa dicha enfermedad. Objetivo: Identificar por métodos microbiológicos y moleculares el agente causal de viruela o negrilla en plantas de Agave salmiana de diferentes municipios del estado de Hidalgo, México. Métodos: Se utilizaron métodos microbiológicos y moleculares para la identificación de hongos causantes de viruela o negrilla en plantas de Agave salmiana. Resultados y conclusiones: Dentro del análisis, las cepas que se aislaron de las lesiones en hojas de A. salmiana mos-traron características macroscópicas y microscópicas correspondientes al género Curvularia y la identificación molecular comprobó la presencia de Curvularia lunata. De lo anterior se deduce que la enfermedad de viruela o negrilla presente en A. salmiana no necesariamente puede ser causada por A. mexicana, siendo el primer reporte donde se aísla C. lunata de un hospedero atípico como agave. ABSTRACT Background: Smallpox or "negrilla" is a disease present in the leaves of Agave spp., manifesting itself with black leaf spots similar to soot. It has been reported that the damage is caused by Asterina mexicana, however, it is unknown if it is the only fungus that causes this disease.
... The ascostroma of Parmulariaceae are dark brown to black, shield-like and elliptical with a carbonaceous origin (Inácio & Cannon 2008, Inácio et al. 2012, Dai et al. 2018. The ascostroma in Parmulariaceae opens by radiating fissures to release ascospores (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2018, while Meliolaceae has superficial globose to subglobose ascomata covered with setae or appendages (Hongsanan et al. 2015b, Zeng et al. 2020. In Meliolaceae, the rudimentary ostiole of the ascomata may dissolve, to compensate for turgor, and the ascospores are released in a gelatinous mass (Nayar et al. 1998). ...
... Micropeltidaceae and Microthyriaceae have elongated and cylindrical, 4-8-spored asci, without a distinct ocular chamber (Hofmann 2010, Zeng et al. 2019. Species of Parmulariaceae have 8-spored, thick-walled, bitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci with a distinct ocular chamber (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2018. Species in Meliolaceae have unitunicate asci with 2-3-ascospores (Mibey & Hawksworth 1997, Hosagoudar & Riju 2013, Hongsanan et al. 2015b). ...
... Parmulariaceae is considered a polyphyletic group and comprises 35 genera with distinguishable characters (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Hongsanan et al. 2020, Wijayawardene et al. 2020. Parmulariaceae has been placed in different orders such as Dothideales, Dothiorales, Hemisphaeriales, Hysteriales and Microthyriales by different mycologists (Müller & von Arx 1962, Ainsworth 1971, Luttrell 1973, Barr 1979, Hawksworth et al. 1983, 1995. ...
... Analyses of extant taxa show that thyriothecia with scutella of radiating hyphae appear to have evolved independently in flyspeck fungi in different orders, mostly in a single class, Dothideomycetes (Wu et al. 2011;Guatimosim et al. 2015;Le Renard et al. 2020a). The diversity of hyphal organizations in scutella appears to be useful in distinguishing among species forming scutella (Wu et al. 2011;Guatimosim et al. 2015;Mapook et al. 2016a;Le Renard et al. 2020c). ...
... Analyses of extant taxa show that thyriothecia with scutella of radiating hyphae appear to have evolved independently in flyspeck fungi in different orders, mostly in a single class, Dothideomycetes (Wu et al. 2011;Guatimosim et al. 2015;Le Renard et al. 2020a). The diversity of hyphal organizations in scutella appears to be useful in distinguishing among species forming scutella (Wu et al. 2011;Guatimosim et al. 2015;Mapook et al. 2016a;Le Renard et al. 2020c). In surveying angiosperms from the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group, Upchurch recognized abundant fungal colonization of leaf cuticle surfaces (Upchurch and Doyle 1981;Upchurch 1984aUpchurch , 1984b. ...
... We borrowed thyriothecial and rhizothyrial specimens from the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (CBS), Oregon State University (OSC), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (VIC), and University of British Columbia (UBC). For comparison with the fossils, we examined thyriothecia from four lineages of Dothideomycetes thought to have independent origins (Wu et al. 2011;Guatimosim et al. 2014Guatimosim et al. , 2015Hongsanan et al. 2014;Mapook et al. 2016a;Le Renard et al. 2020a When the revived extant host tissue could be cut easily, we prepared peels of host cuticle and epidermal cells, with the fungus in situ. This involved shaving a thin layer of plant tissue parallel to the host surface, up to a few cells thick (i.e., up to~300 mm). ...
Premise of research. Mesozoic to Cenozoic fungi forming scutella, shield-like coverings of sporulating tissue on leaf surfaces, offer insights into the diversification of filamentous ascomycetes. We found a new fungal sporocarp type consisting of radiate scutella growing from the stomata of leaves of a conifer in a survey of dispersed plant cuticles from the Lower Cretaceous of Virginia. Here, we interpret the new morphotype and compare it with other fossil groups and with extant taxa. Methodology. We isolated fragments of conifer cuticles colonized by the fungus from macerated clays of the Potomac Group, lower Zone 1 (Aptian, 125–113 Ma), and studied them using light microscopy. We analyzed the anatomy of scutella of living taxa and compared the fossils with extant taxa producing either rhizothyria, asexual sporocarps that release spores from below the outer edge of the scutellum, or thyriothecia, sporocarps that release spores through dorsal cracks or an ostiole. Pivotal results. Stomatothyrium placocentrum gen. et sp. nov. has a radial arrangement of scutellum hyphae, characteristic of extant and fossil thyriothecial species in Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota). The scutella develop cracks on the dorsal surface that may showthe dehiscence mechanism. Unusually for dehiscence in Dothideomycetes, the cracks follow the scutellum circumference rather than its radius. Each scutellum arises from a host plant stoma, appearing first as a hyphal columella that broadens into a flat scutellum disk on the leaf surface. The morphotype is common, and we found more than 63 specimens at different developmental stages on cuticle fragments. Conclusions. Its unique morphology suggests that S. placocentrum gen. et sp. nov. represents a now extinct group of leaf-dwelling Dothideomycetes that formed thyriothecia. This discovery contributes to our understanding of the range of character combinations of early epiphyllous Ascomycota. © 2021 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published by The University of Chicago Press.
... Currently, Asterinales stricto sensu is composed of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae families (Giraldo et al., 2017;Phookamsak et al., 2019;Johnston and Park, 2019;Le Renard et al., 2020). Since the first descriptions of Asterinales by Léveillé in 1845 these fungi are treated as being biotrophic (Bezerra, 2004;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2008;Hofmann et al., 2010;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2011;Hosagoudar, 2012;Hongsanan et al., 2014;Guatimosim et al., 2015). Until now, all attempts to isolate members of Asterinales have failed by trying to isolate individual ascospores through dilution technique or transferring the entire ascomata to the medium (Hofmann, 2010;Chomnunti et al., 2011;Hongsanan et al., 2014). ...
Although asterinaceous fungi have been studied for many years, all previous attempts to isolate, cultivate, and propagate these fungi in vitro have failed. This paper provides the first reports of in vitro isolation of representative strains of species belonging to four fungi from different genera belonging to Asterinales. To confirm if the sequences of DNA obtained from the mycelia are the same obtained in the direct extraction, a phylogenetic analysis of nuc LSU rDNA was performed. This paper reports for the first time the success of in vitro culturing of asterinaceous fungi using the ascospores ejection technique, opening perspectives of studies of genetics, physiology, among other aspects of the biology for this very understudied group of fungi.
... However, they differ from those in the Aureoconidiellales based on the morphology of the asexual morphs. The Asterinales is mainly characterised by taxa that are coelomycetes with pycnothyrial conidiomata (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Jaklitsch et al. 2016). The Cladoriellales is a monotypic order related to cladosporium-like hyphomycetous fungi with ...
The Genera of Fungi series, of which this is the sixth contribution, links type species of fungal genera to their morphology and DNA sequence data. Five genera of microfungi are treated in this study, with new species introduced in Arthrographis , Melnikomyces , and Verruconis . The genus Thysanorea is emended and two new species and nine combinations are proposed. Kramasamuha sibika , the type species of the genus, is provided with DNA sequence data for first time and shown to be a member of Helminthosphaeriaceae ( Sordariomycetes ). Aureoconidiella is introduced as a new genus representing a new lineage in the Dothideomycetes .
... Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Dothideomycetes, to accommodate Parmulariaceae. Members of Parmulariaceae are reported with biotrophic and pathogenic lifestyles and thus, the genera of this family are unculturable (Guatimosim et al. 2015). Direct extraction of DNA from fresh specimens is the best way to obtain some common loci, such as ITS and LSU sequences data (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2019. ...
... Members of Parmulariaceae are reported with biotrophic and pathogenic lifestyles and thus, the genera of this family are unculturable (Guatimosim et al. 2015). Direct extraction of DNA from fresh specimens is the best way to obtain some common loci, such as ITS and LSU sequences data (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2019. Since most of the genera lack sequences in GenBank, the classification is still confused and problematic. ...
... Since most of the genera lack sequences in GenBank, the classification is still confused and problematic. For example, Hemigrapha and Inocyclus were transferred to Asterinales by Guatimosim et al. (2015) and Dai et al. (2018) based on morpho-molecular analyses. Parmulariaceae has various structures in ascomata types, asci and ascospores forms (Inácio & Cannon 2008, Dai et al. 2018. ...
This is the second in a series of papers in which we examine the type species of genera in Parmulariaceae. Specimens of type species of Hysterostomella, Mintera, Rhipidocarpon and Viegasella are re-examined and their descriptions and illustrations are provided. Hysterostomella is characterized by large, black, circular or elliptical ascostromata, later becoming irregular, rather flat and opening by irregular fissures. Asci are subglobose, obovoid and bitunicate and ascospores are dark brown, ellipsoidal with a single septum. Mintera is similar to Viegasella in having radiating, loculate ascostromata forming on leaf surfaces. However, Mintera is distinguished by its appressoriate mycelium. Rhipidocarpon has carbonaceous, flattened ascostromata with ridges, irregularly radiating from centre to the outer rim, becoming a fan-shape, ridges containing elongated locules, which open by a longitudinal slit and contain numerous asci. Based on their morphological characters, the placement of the genera in Parmulariaceae is confirmed.
