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Ostracods may be excellent organisms to use as indicators of water quality, but such an idea requires detailed knowledge about their ecology, distribution, biology, and habitat requirements. To show whether ostracods are useful as indicator species, the patterns of their diversity and their relationship with seven major physicochemical variables in...
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... were collected from eleven sites (Fig. 1) representing five different water bodies (three lakes, two wetland pools, two ponds, two creeks, and two springs) in the Bolu region (about 11 200 km 2 of area, including the cities Düzce and Bolu, located on the north-west of Turkey). Table 1 includes both geo- graphical and environmental data for each site. Among the three lakes, ...
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... general, the species has been reported from highly oxygenated waters (Table 3), but as indicated with the present study, its range can be much lower (Table 1). E. virens has a broad salinity tolerance, ranging from fresh (163 S/cm) to moderately saline (1148 S/cm) waters (Mezquita et al., 1999b, c). However, it has little tolerance for acidic waters though it can tolerate pH values over 9.0 (Delorme, 1991). ...
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A total of 52 ostracod taxa (35 live spp. 17 subfossils) were collected from 70 shallow aquatic bodies with 11 different habitat types in Ağrı province (Turkey). Fabaeformiscandona acuminata is a new record for the Turkish ostracod fauna while 29 species were new for the province. Three types of habitats (stream, ditch and pond) contained the highe...
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... Additionally, the Chironomidae exhibit remarkable resistance to pollution, enabling their survival even in conditions characterized by low dissolved oxygen levels (Okuku et al., 2006;Kuntz and Tyler, 2018). The Ostracods, recognized for their ability to endure broad variations in different environmental parameters (Kulkoyluoglu, 2007), have demonstrated a high tolerance to elevated organic pollution levels (Aiello et al., 2020) and can persist in environments with low levels of dissolved oxygen (Kulkoyluoglu, 2004;Ruiz et al., 2013;Parameswari et al., 2020). However, in heavily organic-polluted waters near urban or industrial areas, the ostracods were notably scarce (Poquet et al., 2008). ...
Wastewater originating from the Phetchaburi municipality undergoes treatment in a series of five distinct stages at the King’s Royally Initiated Leam Phak Bia Environmental Research and Development Project (LERD) in Phetchaburi province, Thailand. These stages involve a sedimentation (pond 1), three oxidation ponds (ponds 2 to 4), and a final stabilization pond (pond 5). These ponds serve as habitats for macroinvertebrates; consequently, their diversity and composition might be influenced by fluctuations in water quality and seasonal variations. The primary aim of this research was to analyze the diversity and species composition of macroinvertebrate communities concerning varying levels of organic contamination across the five wastewater treatment ponds at LERD. This investigation spanned three seasons: cold season (December 2019), rainy season (July 2020), and hot season (April 2021). The findings revealed that the diversity and species composition of macroinvertebrate communities displayed distinct alterations across multiple environmental gradients, especially identifying the significant influence of organic loading levels observed in ponds 1 to 5. The macroinvertebrate communities exhibited two distinct groupings, with the Chironomidae and Candonidae or ostracods prevailing prominently in ponds 1 and 2 (heterogenous environments). This prevalence was attributed to the high levels of detrital food and the robust resilience of chironomid larvae and ostracods to organic pollution, thriving even in environments characterized by low dissolved oxygen levels. Conversely, the prevalence of snails from the Thiaridae family in ponds 3 to 5 (homogenous environments) indicated improved water quality conditions, notably lower organic matter levels, and a higher dissolved oxygen content. In addition, the study identified seasonal variations in macroinvertebrates, likely influenced by the differing organic loading and environmental conditions. Thus, this research provided insights into the factors shaping macroinvertebrate communities in a wastewater treatment system.
... The distribution of living ostracod species is also influenced by their ability to disperse, as these organisms can produce resting eggs (Meisch 2000). Therefore, fossil and modern (living) ostracods can be powerful and reliable indicators to reconstruct and estimate climate and environmental changes in past and present conditions, respectively (Holmes and Chivas 2002;Külköylüoğlu 2004). They are separated into two main indicator groups: positive [cosmopolitan (or cosmoecious) species with wider geographical distribution and tolerance levels to different environmental variables] and negative (noncosmopolitan species with limited tolerance levels and relatively narrow geographical distribution) (Külköylüoğlu et al. 2020). ...
Rarity as a multidimensional concept has not been discussed for the ostracods along with the effects of physicochemical factors and sedimentation rates of waters on their distribution. We randomly sampled 91 aquatic sites including eight habitat types in the Çanakkale Province to study ostracod species rarity, commonness, and ecological preferences, and to test the relationships between the rarity index (average of geographic range, habitat specificity, and population size indices) and environmental factors. A total of 44 ostracod taxa (25 living) were reported from 75 sites. Among the species, Candonocypris caledonica was recorded for the first time in Türkiye. Sixty percent of 25 living species exhibited cosmopolitan characteristics, making significant contributions to the diversity of ostracods. The well-known cosmopolitan species, Heterocypris salina (rr = 0.268), Cypridopsis vidua (rr = 0.289), Limnocythere inopinata (rr = 0.330), Ilyocypris bradyi (rr = 0.370), and Psychrodromus olivaceus (rr = 0.390), were identified as common species based on the rarity index (rr) values. Of the environmental variables, only sediment grain sizes (×2000, ×500, and ×63 μm) were found to be effective on the distribution of ostracod species. The Shannon index exhibited a positively significant association with ×2000, while the population size index displayed a linear relationship with ×63 μm grain size, indicating a small population size and rarity. Associations among index values, sediment grain size, and water quality variables showed that comprehensive studies on ostracods, analyzing both water and sediment, can provide a clearer and more precise information for evaluating the rarity and ecological preferences of species.
... As mentioned above, ostracods could potentially be used as bioindicators for water quality assessment, and even though publications on this topic are rare, attempts to use them as indicators have been made (Mezquita et al. 2001(Mezquita et al. , 2005Külköylüoğlu 2004Külköylüoğlu , 2013Pieri et al. 2012;Ruiz et al. 2013; Barut et al. 2015;Tan et al. 2021). A study done by Pieri et al. (2012) in Ledra River basin (NE Italy) has to some extent indicated that more polluted sites have less regionally rare species and more common ones than the sites with less pollution. ...
... Non-cosmopolitan ostracods usually have relatively narrow tolerance ranges for most environmental factors, compared to cosmopolitan species with wider ranges of tolerance to different environmental variables, including pollution (Külköylüoğlu 2013). The decrease in numbers of non-cosmopolitan species may be an indication of both low water quality and/or species succession in a newly developing habitat (Külköylüoğlu 2004;2023). ...
The diversity of Ostracoda in Central Serbia is relatively unknown. With the aim of exploring this diversity, and increasing the overall knowledge on their ecology, this study was carried out over a mountainous area in Central Serbia and some parts of the Vojvodina province. In total, 46 samples were collected from 36 water bodies, with several different habitat types. Ostracods were present in 22 of those water bodies, at 27 sites. A total of 17 species were recorded, six of which are new additions to the fauna of Serbia. A multivariate analysis (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) of ostracod communities and their relationship with measured environmental factors is given, with four out of five measured environmental factors showing a significant relationship with the distribution of recorded species. These were water temperature, altitude, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen, while pH was not significant. A cluster analysis (UPGMA) of the samples in which ostracods occurred was also performed using Jaccard distances. It grouped samples into 7 clusters, primarily defined by presence/absence of certain species. In addition, the proportion of non-cosmopolitan ostracod species was calculated for each sample, as well as for geographically grouped samples, to investigate if the percentage of non-cosmopolitan species potentially correlates with the observable state of sampling sites, mainly in terms of anthropogenic pressure and/or habitat degradation.
... The results of the present study (Table 3) support the idea that cosmopolitan species play a significant role in species diversity, as previous studies have shown (Külköylüoǧlu et al. 2012;Yavuzatmaca 2019). These species can tolerate a wide range of water quality variables, which is why their presence in high numbers indicates lower water quality (Külköylüoğlu 2004). However, it is worth noting that most of the sites sampled in the present study (95%) had excellent and good water qualities (Table 4). ...
We assessed the relationships between non-marine ostracods and water quality by collecting samples from 80 randomly selected sites between 18-22 May 2022 in the Amasya province. A total of 28 taxa (18 recent) were recorded from 59 sites, and 25 of them were new for the Amasya province. The most common species were Ilyocypris bradyi, Heterocypris incon-gruens, and Prionocypris zenkeri. Only 5% of the sampled sites had poor and unsuitable water status. We found ostracods in a range of water conditions, from excellent to unsuitable. Heterocypris salina, along with the most common species, was found in site 41 with unsuitable waters. The Shannon diversity index and abundance of ostracods showed non-linear relationships with the water quality index value (WQI). Although P. zenkeri did not display a linear relationship with WQI, it tended to occur in waters with increasing WQI values, indicating lower water quality. Water temperature and pH were found to be the most influential variables on species distribution, while the number of species indicated positive and negative relationships with chloride and sulphate, respectively. The functional richness values indicated that species in dams had developed swimming setae on the second antennae, while species in streams had reduced setae. The functional evenness values exposed that the functional distance between species in dams and troughs was more regular compared to streams. These results suggest that functional diversity indices can be used to evaluate the function and indicator potential of ostracod species in aquatic systems.
... A review of the literature reveals studies using ostracods as indicators to estimate present and past environmental conditions and for different purposes. For example, Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) is used as an indicator of water salinity, with nodes on the carapace developing in habitats with <0.05 ppt salinities but not above this level (Keyser 2005). Padmanabha and Belagali (2008) recorded a negative relationship between water quality index and species diversity of ostracods but a positive relationship with population density in the lakes of Mysore. ...
The potential of ostracod species as indicators of water quality and the influence of key ecological parameters on their distribution were evaluated by collecting samples from 39 streams during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. Thirty-seven ostracod taxa (23 living, 14 subfossil) were identified, with Hemicypris anomala (Klie, 1938) being newly reported for Turkey. The summer season exhibited the highest diversity, indicated by the highest Shannon index value of 2.119, while the spring season showed the lowest diversity with a Shannon index value of 1.673. The variability in species composition was greater in the autumn than in other seasons. Among the nine factors affecting species distribution, the first three were found to be total nitrogen, magnesium, and elevation. Ilyocypris decipiens Masi, 1905 and Stenocypris intermedia Klie, 1932 indicated medium water quality in relation to the electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen and phosphorus. Stenocypris intermedia depicted waters of medium quality for biological oxygen demand and poor quality for nitrate. Ilyocypris monstrifica (Norman, 1862) signaled waters of good quality for total nitrogen and medium quality for dissolved oxygen. Potamocypris fallax Fox, 1967 and Potamocypris similis G.W. Müller, 1912 characterized good and medium water quality regarding dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus, respectively. Cypridopsis vidua (O.F. Müller, 1776) was identified as a positive-pollution indicator related to ammonium. The results suggest that ostracods have great potential as indicators of water quality, but more detailed studies on water quality parameters and ostracods are needed.
... Previous studies Yavuzatmaca 2020) provided supportive evidence for the view that ostracod species with small tolerance and relatively high optimum and abundance values seem to prefer certain habitat conditions. Therefore, ostracods can be used as proxies for interpreting ecological and evolutionary events (Külköylüoğlu 2004). ...
Changes in water qualities of the natural aquatic bodies cause habitat and species diversity lost. To understand effects of seasonal water quality changes on the ostracod species diversity and occurrences in Lake Eğirdir (Isparta, Turkey), a total of 23 ostracod taxa (10 live species, 13 taxa) were collected from ten stations in the lake during three years of seasonal samplings from 2016 to 2018. Six taxa (Candona candida, C. cf. weltneri, Fabaeformiscandona breuili, Heterocypris incongruens, Ilyocypris decipiens, Limnocythere inopinata) are new reports for the lake. There was no significant difference between the numbers of species found from littoral and pelagic zones. The number of ostracods were higher (4 live, 14 taxa) in winter seasons than the spring (5 live, 10 taxa), summer (4 live, 9 taxa) and fall (8 live, 5 taxa) seasons. Ostracod Watch Model illustrated that Physocypria kraepelini, Neglecandona neglecta and Darwinula stevensoni showed similar seasonal occurrences in almost all seasons during the study. Of these, P. kraepelini was the most abundant species while the others were relatively rare and/or very scarce in their occurrence and abundance values. The mean value of the dissolved oxygen was significantly different between pelagic and littoral zones (p < 0.05). The CCA diagram displayed 84.4% of the correlation between eight species and five ecological variables (water temperature, ammonium, pH, dissolved oxygen, depth). Two species (P. kraepelini and F. breuili) and D. stevensoni showed significantly negative correlation with NH4 and pH, respectively. Species with similar optimum values seemed to have similar ecological and/or habitat preferences along with similar seasonal occurrence patterns. Results point to a reverse relationship between ecological tolerance and optimum estimates of the species. Thus, ostracods with a narrow tolerance range can be considered good indicator species for the water quality estimates. Accordingly, our measurements exhibited that Lake Eğirdir is mainly dominated by NO3-N and NH4-N, suggesting a critical reduction in water quality values. Compared with the fossil ostracods, finding six live of 12 fossil species during the present study provides supportive evidence that aquatic conditions of the lake have been declining since the Holocene age. Indeed, dominance of cosmoecious species and absence of several rare species can also be other supportive evidence of the lake water quality decline.
... Non-marine ostracods are increasingly used as biological indicators in paleolimnology and paleoclimatology studies, as well as in pollution monitoring and management and environmental change studies, being of utmost importance enhancing our knowledge about their ecology and taxonomy (e.g. Külköylüoğlu 2004;Castillo-Escrivà et al. 2016;Michelson et al. 2016, and references therein;Coviaga et al. 2018a). For their use as bio-and paleoindicators, a direct relationship between the environmental variables and the metacommunity structure is assumed (Michelson et al. 2016). ...
Understanding the mechanisms structuring metacommunities is a fundamental question in community ecology. Ostracods are an ideal study group for metacommunity studies, due to their environmental sensitivity, high dispersal capacity and increased use as biological proxy in (paleo-)ecology studies. We studied the contribution of environmental and spatial processes in the structure of non-marine ostracod metacommunities in Northern and Southern Patagonia. A total of 37 ostracod species were found at the 105 environments studied. According to variation partitioning results, the metacommunities in Northern Patagonia were influenced by a combination of species sorting (environmental control, including non-spatial and spatial components) and spatial effects (e.g. dispersal limitation), while species sorting (environmental control, due to non-spatial components) was the principal mechanism affecting Southern Patagonia. Discrepancies between the degree of environmental and spatial control affecting ostracod metacommunity structure was associated with differences in study area extension and in sampled site distances, more than differences in Ostracoda response. Instead, the spatial extent did not influence total beta diversity and its components between the studied areas. Our study expands the understanding of the drivers affecting the non-marine ostracod metacommunities in Patagonia, Argentina, and also the variables affecting the structure of the ostracod assemblages. Increased knowledge in these aspects has important implications for (paleo-)ecology studies, allowing reliable interpretation in biological assessment programs and paleoenvironmental interpretation.
... Alkalaj et al. (2019) argued that C. ophtalmica was one of the most common species in Iceland lakes and cave pools (except springs) where it was reported from very cold (6.6°C) and even high conductivity value (e.g., 4950 lS/cm). However, the authors failed to report some of those earlier studies (e.g., see Delorme 1991;Bellavere et al. 1999;Külköylüoglu 2000Külköylüoglu , 2004 where maximum and minimum ranges of some of the ecological variables were already higher than what they reported. Additionally, C. ophtalmica was reported from a heavily polluted lake (Lake Yeniçaga) in Turkey where it was collected in two separate seasons (April-May, July-October) (no species were recovered in September) ). ...
... Indeed, our results indicated that anthropogenic activities caused negative impact on species diversity and richness that were critically dropped down and did not recover during the study. Besides, our findings support the results of earlier studies (e.g., Hokkanen and Pimentel 1984;Kirkpatrick and Barton 1997;Külköylüoglu 2004;Külköylüoglu et al. 2017c) that increasing numbers of cosmopolitan and/or invader species in natural habitats (i.e., Hıdırşeyhler wetland) can cause a decline in the fauna and/or flora of that ecosystem (i.e., ostracod assemblages). Turkey has about 135 wetlands of variable size, shape, and types in about 2 206 835 ha of surface area, only 13 of which have been accepted as ''Ramsar sites'' by the Ramsar Convention. ...
To outline influence of anthropogenic activities on natural aquatic habitats such as wetlands, we sampled ostracods along with measuring several different aquatic variables at four different aquatic bodies between 2019 and 2020 in the Hıdırşeyhler Village (Bolu, Turkey). We found 15 living and 10 subfossil ostracods. Species with high tolerances (Eucypris virens) and/or with swimming abilities (Cypria ophtalmica) were reported from the canal and wetland. Non-swimmer ostracods (e.g., Prionocypris zenkeri) were only found from the creek. Ostracod Watch Model illustrated some species with stenochronal and eurychronal (e.g., Heterocypris incongruens) occurrences per site. CCA results displayed that water temperature and electrical conductivity were the most important explanatory variables on species. Unbiased diversity indices revealed the highest diversity in the canal followed by the creek, wetland, and trough. Wetland diversity exhibited positive and negative correlations with the canal and the creek, respectively. Tukey’s pairwise test supported the significant comparisons between the trough, canal, and wetland (p < 0.01). The ratio of tolerant species per station was slightly higher in the canal than the wetland, trough, and creek. This suggests the fact that species encountered from the creek seem to be habitat specific and may be considered more vulnerable to changes in aquatic conditions. Frequency of species encountered in three habitats (wetland, canal, and trough) was significantly changed after the construction (digging and converting the wetland) activities began in August 2019. This activity was a negative impact on species diversity and richness in the wetland area where the diversity sharply dropped down and did not recover during the study. In contrast, this was probably advantage for some cosmoecious species.
... Besides, the abovementioned works on the ostracods in eastern Inner Mongolia (Zhai et al., , 2013(Zhai et al., , 2015 are far from being sufficient for characterizing the ostracod fauna in this region in view of the limited type of aquatic habitats they investigated, i. e., the three large, brackish, alkaline lakes. This would hamper future ostracod-based ecological studies in this region, considering that ostracods are important bio-indicators of the ecological conditions of modern waters (Külköylüoglu, 2004;Pieri et al., 2007Pieri et al., , 2012. ...
... The eggs of H. incongruens are resistant to desiccation and freezing (Sohn and Kornicker, 1979;Rossi et al., 2012), and could remain viable after passing through the guts of birds and fishes (Proctor, 1964;Kornicker and Sohn, 1971). These merits, together with the omnivorous feeding strategy and the broad temperature tolerance (Meisch, 2000;Külköylüoglu, 2004), we propose, are responsible for the prevalence of H. incongruens in various ponds in central-eastern Inner Mongolia. In many of the ponds we sampled, the water is contaminated by feces and urine of livestock and sometimes shows brownish or yellowish color. ...
Despite previous scientific investigations on the limnic ostracods in eastern Inner Mongolia, the ostracod assemblages in aquatic habitats other than the large brackish lakes in this region have been poorly studied, hampering comprehensive knowledge of the regional ostracod fauna. Here we analyze the ostracod assemblages in various surface waters in central-eastern Inner Mongolia, including the abundant ponds formed due to road construction that are otherwise rare on the grassland, as well as natural swamps, lakes, and running waters. A total of 19 species of living ostracods are recovered, with the ponds dominated by Heterocypris incongruens and Ilyocypris mongolica, swamps by Physocypria kraepelini, lakes by Limnocythere inopinata and I. mongolica, and running waters hosting fewer ostracods. Comparative study of the ostracod assemblages from different areas in China and Mongolia reveals intermediate to strong degree of ecological disturbance of the aquatic habitats in central-eastern Inner Mongolia, as denoted by the prevalence of the ecologically tolerant widespread species H. incongruens, L. inopinata, and P. kraepelini. We propose that the ecological disturbance of the aquatic habitats in this area originates from both artificial and natural factors: the flourishment of H. incongruens and P. kraepelini reflect unstable and polluted environments due to human activities including road constructing and livestock raising, while the ubiquity of L. inopinata is due to enriched and fluctuating water chemistry under semi-arid climate. The endemic ostracods in central-eastern Inner Mongolia show sporadic occurrence, and future conservation of these species should be focused on the sites that possess favourable ecological niches.
... Estimated degrees of freedom increases in taxa abundances and richness may, at least in part, be not the result of increasing ecosystem health (Norris and Thoms, 1999;Bouyer et al., 2007) or biodiversity recovery (Harding et al., 1998;Palmer et al., 2010), but rather a potential case of anthropogenically facilitated "pseudorichness" (Külköylüoğlu, 2004) due to increasing rates of biological invasions (Seebens et al., 2021). While widescale shifts in ecological communities towards non-native taxa were significant in the present study, they were found to be influenced by environmental variables, principally temperature, elevation, latitude, and stream type. ...
Rates of biological invasion continue to accelerate and threaten the structure and function of ecosystems worldwide. High habitat connectivity, multiple pathways, and inadequate monitoring have rendered aquatic ecosystems vulnerable to species
introductions. Past riverine invasion dynamics were largely restricted to large rivers, leaving out smaller rivers that commonly harbour high freshwater biodiversity. Moreover, biodiversity time series have rarely been used to investigate invasions across larger spatial-temporal scales, limiting our understanding of aquatic invasion dynamics. Here, we used 6067 benthic invertebrate samples from streams and small rivers from the EU Water Framework Directivemonitoring program collected across Central Europe between 2000 and 2018 to assess temporal changes to benthic invertebrate communities as well as non-native species.We assessed invasion rates according to temperature, precipitation, elevation, latitude, longitude, and stream type. Overall, average daily temperatures significantly increased by 0.02 °C per annum (0.34 °C in total) while annual precipitation significantly decreased by 0.01 mm per annum (−67.8 mm over the study period), paralleled with significant increases in overall species richness (12.3 %) and abundance (14.9 %); water quality was relatively stable. Non-native species richness increased 5-fold and abundance 40-fold, indicating an ongoing community shift from native to non-native species. The observed increase in invasions was stronger in low mountain rivers compared to lowmountain streams,with the share of non-native species abundance and richness decliningwith increasing elevation
and latitude but increasing with temperature. We found thermophilic non-native species invasion success was greatest in larger sized streams, at lower latitudes, lower elevations and higher temperatures. These results indicate that widespread environmental characteristics (i.e., temperature) could heighten invasion success and confer refuge effects (i.e., elevation and latitude) in higher sites. High altitude and latitude environments should be prioritised for prevention efforts, while biosecurity and management should be improved in lowland areas subject to greater anthropogenic pressure, where non-native introductions are more likely.
