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Anemia is a global health problem affecting most developing countries. We examined the prevalence of anemia and its predictors among children under 5 years of age in Arusha District, Tanzania. Random sampling technique was used to identify 436 children aged 6–59 months. Anemia status was assessed by measuring hemoglobin concentration from blood sam...
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... [31] Comparable with the findings reported from Uganda, 37.2%, Menz Gera Midir district in eastern Amhara, 28.5%, [7] and Gondar town, 28.6%. [8] However, lower than the finding of a study conducted in the Gaza Strip-Palestinian, 59.7%, [32] Arusha Rural District, Tanzania, 84.6%, [33] Bugando Medical Center Mwanza, Tanzania, 77.2%, [34] Sudan, 49.4%, [35] Haiti, 38.8%, [36] Cape Verde, 51.8%, [11] and Ethiopia. [9][10][11][12] The discrepancy might be due to variations in the geographical location, socioeconomic status of parents, and child-feeding practice. ...
Childhood anemia is a significant global public health problem. It influences the physical and cognitive development, as well as immunity of affected children. This in turn leads to poor academic performance, low working potential, and increased morbidity and mortality. There is limited facility-based data on the magnitude and predictors of anemia among under-five children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among under-five children attending public Hospitals in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized University Hospital and Jugal Hospital from July 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022. A total of 330 under-five children were involved by systematic random sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and other possible factors were collected through face-to-face interviews with children’s parents/legal guardians. Four milliliters of venous blood samples were collected for a complete blood cell count. Collected data were checked for completeness, entered into Epi-Data Statistical Software Version 4.6, and exported into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was conducted and P < .05 were considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of anemia was 33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.9%–37.9%). Age of children 6 to 11 months (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 3.94, 95% CI: 1.55–10.01) and 12 to 23 months (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.15–7.43), no maternal education (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.53–12.35), not exclusively breastfeeding (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.11–3.52), being severely stunted (AOR = 3.39, 95 CI: 1.70–6.75), and underweight (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.12–3.87) were significantly associated with anemia among under-five children. In this study, anemia among under-five children is a moderate public health problem. This study revealed that young child age, maternal education level, early initiation of complementary feeding, and child undernutrition were factors associated with anemia. Thus, efforts should be made to improve the child’s nutritional status as well as enhance maternal awareness of nutrition and child-feeding practice through health education. Regular childhood nutritional screening and appropriate intervention for malnutrition are needed. Besides, further studies assessing serum micronutrient levels should be conducted to differentiate the specific cause and type of anemia.
... The overall prevalence of anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months in Tanzania, according to the 2022 TDHS-MIS data, was 70.16%, a signi cant increase from previous studies, which reported 53.6% [18] and 57.80% [19]. In some regions of Tanzania, the prevalence of anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months was alarmingly high, reaching up to 84.6% [20]. However, in other regions, the rates were lower, such as 37.9% ...
Background: Various studies have explored the risk factors for anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months, but the effect of maternal anemia on child anemia has been less examined. This study sought to analyze the impact of maternal anemia on anemia in children in this age group in Tanzania.
Methods: Data was extracted from the Tanzania TDHS-MIS 2022, conducted from March to July. A total of 2,500 children aged between 6 and 59 months were included in the final analysis. The analysis considered both univariate and multivariate odds ratios (COR and AOR, respectively), with a 95% CI, as determinants of anemia. Data was analyzed using R software.
Results:The overall prevalence of anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months was 70.16% (95% CI = 68.32; 71.95), with 40.8% of cases classified as mild, 56.4% moderate, and 2.8% as severe. This prevalence was higher in children < 24 months (75.1%). In the model adjusted for other factors, maternal anemia emerged as a potential indicator for anemia in this age group, with an AOR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.18; 1.87) for mild anemia, 1.71 (95% CI: 1.32; 2.21) for moderate, and 2.14 (95% CI: 1.08; 4.26) for severe anemia. Furthermore, children under 24 months, males, with a recent history of diarrhea, in families with more than two children, and with mothers aged between 20 and 29 years, were more likely to develop anemia. On the other hand, children who received drugs for intestinal parasitosis in the last six months were less likely to have anemia.
Conclusion:This study highlights the high prevalence of child anemia in Tanzania, especially in children under 24 months. Maternal anemia emergedas a significant potential predictor for child anemia. Targeted interventions that address both maternal and child health are crucial for reducing the prevalence of anemia and improving child health outcomes.
... In East Africa, anemia continues to be a serious public health problem, the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age such as female university students is higher, which ranges from 19.2% in Rwanda to 49% [20,21]. A recent study in Mwanza, Tanzania reported a prevalence rate of anemia at 77.2% [22]. Uganda is among the countries where there are very high levels of anaemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and pregnant women [23]. ...
This research aimed to evaluate the prevalence and factors contributing to iron deficiency anemia among undergraduate female medical students at Kampala International University Western Campus (KIU-WC). Employing a cross-sectional study design, data was collected from a sample of undergraduate female medical students at KIU-WC using a simple random sampling method. The information gathered through questionnaires was entered into Microsoft Excel 2013 and analyzed using Stata 12.0. Among the 384 randomly selected respondents, the study revealed an anemia prevalence of 15.89%. The socio-demographic factors significantly associated with anemia included age group (20-24 years vs. less than 20 years), mother's education level (high school vs. no education), and primary expenses (social events vs. buying food). Additionally, nutritional behaviors such as frequency of meals per day (3-4 meals vs. 1-2 meals) and weekly breakfast intake (6-7 times vs. 0-1 time) were associated with anemia. Comparatively, the prevalence of undernutrition among these female medical students was relatively low compared to similar studies. Notably, age, mother's education level, primary expenses, frequency of meals, and weekly breakfast intake emerged as significant factors associated with anemia among undergraduate female medical students at KIU-WC.
... 7 Also, mothers who do not visit antenatal/ postnatal clinic, mothers' level of education, diarrhea, malaria, fever, parasitic infestations, poor sanitation, and maternal anemia are other circumstances that leads to anemia. 1,[24][25][26] Studies have proven that the factors associated with anemia are multifactorial and context-dependent. 21 The contribution of these determinants to childhood anemia are complex and vary from country, dietary practice, and environmental factors. ...
Background and Aims
Despite the implementation of anemia control interventions in Ghana, anemia prevalence is still high in children under‐fives. Reducing the prevalence of anemia requires identifying and targeting associated critical risk factors. This study seeks to identify predictors of anemia among children under‐fives in Ghana.
Methods
Nationally representative data from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey was used in this study. Both fixed and random effects (multilevel) logistic regression models were applied to 2434 children to identify critical factors associated with anemia.
Results
In this study, 54% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52.0–57.0) of children under‐5 years were anemic. Infants were more likely to be anemic (66.7%) compared with other children below 5 years. In the multivariable multilevel model, the risk of anemia was found to be higher in younger children especially 6–11 months old (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.59, CI: 2.54–5.08) and 12–23 months old (aOR = 2.97, CI: 2.08–4.23), children who had malaria (aOR = 1.53, CI: 1.13–2.06), children whose mothers were not registered but not covered with health insurance (aOR = 1.45, CI: 1.21–1.74) or were not even registered for insurance (aOR = 1.49, CI: 1.15–1.93), children born to adolescent mothers (aOR = 2.21, CI: 1.36–3.57), children born to non‐Christian mothers (Islam [aOR = 1.53, CI: 1.17–2.00]), children born to families of poorer households (poorest [aOR = 3.01, CI: 1.64–5.51]; poorer [aOR = 2.56, CI: 1.65–3.98]); middle (aOR = 2.03, CI: 1.32–3.11) and richer (aOR = 1.78, CI: 1.19–2.64), and children who lived in either Upper East (aOR = 2.03, CI: 1.26–3.26) or Central (aOR = 2.52, CI: 1.42–4.47) regions. Significant unobserved community‐level differences in anemia prevalence were observed.
Conclusion
The probability of anemia in children under‐fives differs substantially from one community to another, and the prevalence remains high. The identified critical risk factors should be addressed. Multifaceted and targeted approaches are needed to help reduce the anemia prevalence in this setting to achieve the multiple United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, which are related to risk and prevalence of anemia by 2030.
... In East Africa, anemia continues to be a serious public health problem, the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age such as female university students is higher, which ranges from 19.2% in Rwanda to 49% [20,21]. A recent study in Mwanza, Tanzania reported a prevalence rate of anemia at 77.2% [22]. Uganda is among the countries where there are very high levels of anaemia among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and pregnant women [23]. ...
This research aimed to evaluate the prevalence and factors contributing to iron deficiency anemia among undergraduate female medical students at Kampala International University Western Campus (KIU-WC). Employing a cross-sectional study design, data was collected from a sample of undergraduate female medical students at KIU-WC using a simple random sampling method. The information gathered through questionnaires was entered into Microsoft Excel 2013 and analyzed using Stata 12.0. Among the 384 randomly selected respondents, the study revealed an anemia prevalence of 15.89%. The socio-demographic factors significantly associated with anemia included age group (20 – 24 years vs. less than 20 years), mother’s education level (high school vs. no education), and primary expenses (social events vs. buying food). Additionally, nutritional behaviors such as frequency of meals per day (3 – 4 meals vs. 1 - 2 meals) and weekly breakfast intake (6 – 7 times vs. 0 – 1 time) were associated with anemia. Comparatively, the prevalence of undernutrition among these female medical students was relatively low compared to similar studies. Notably, age, mother’s education level, primary expenses, frequency of meals, and weekly breakfast intake emerged as significant factors associated with anemia among undergraduate female medical students at KIU-WC. Keywords: Anaemia, Women of reproductive age, Pregnant women, Female medical students, Haemoglobin.
... Risk factors for anemia are known to vary in different settings and they include; having intestinal parasites, malaria, HIV infection, nutritional de ciencies, hematological malignancies and chronic diseases such as sickle cell disease (3,9,10). Anemia among under-ve children may also result from interaction of factors such as poor socioeconomic status, low level of maternal education and maternal health status (11)(12)(13). ...
... Understanding the prevalence, morphological types and factors associated with anemia among speci c settings and population groups is crucial for tailored interventions. (9,17). Even though the national and regional prevalence of anemia among under-ve children are available in, data on the magnitude, morphological patterns and factors associated with anemia in speci c settings are scarce because few studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of anemia in speci c settings (12). ...
... To determine the factors associated with anemia, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to determine the strength of association between anemia and risk factors (8, 9). A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically signi cant for association. ...
Background
Anemia is a global public health concern that causes significant mortality and morbidity especially in children. The risk factors for anemia vary in different settings, including having intestinal parasites, malaria parasitemia, HIV infection, nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, and the habit of taking meals with tea. Understanding the burden, morphological types and factors associated with anemia is important in guiding the development and implementation of intervention programs.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, morphological types and factors associated with anemia among under-five children hospitalized at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Materials and Methods
This was a cross-sectional facility-based study conducted among under-five children hospitalized at Muhimbili National Hospital. A convenient sampling technique was used to obtain study participants. Data on sociodemographic characteristics of the children and their caregivers were obtained using a pretested structured questionnaire, and nutritional status of each child was assessed. Complete Blood Count (CBC) results on the day of admission was recorded. Data were entered in SPSS software version 27 for analysis. Continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range, while categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages. To determine the factors associated with anemia, significant variables from univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis, and adjusted odds ratio was calculated to determine the strength of association. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
The prevalence of anemia was found to be 85.9% with the proportion of mild, moderate and severe anemia being 22.9%, 45.7% and 31.4% respectively. Microcytic hypochromic anemia was the predominant morphological type of anemia among the study participants. Receiving a last dose of anthelminthic medication more than three months prior to admission and the habit of taking meals with tea were found to be significantly associated with anemia.
Conclusion
Prevalence of anemia among under-five children hospitalized at Muhimbili National Hospital is high. Intervention programs to address anemia in Tanzania should take on board the identified modifiable factors in order to reduce the prevalence of anemia among under-five children.
... This can relate to foodborne pathogens such as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and Campylobacter spp., with contributions of small ruminants, poultry, pigs, or cattle differing between countries Rukambile et.al., 2019). At the same time, meat and other animal-source foods are important for both nutritional (Chirande et al., 2015;Kejo et al., 2018) and sociocultural (Århem, 1989) reasons, including child growth, cognitive development, and educational attainment (Neumann et al., 2003;Sanchez, 2020). Governments play critical roles ensuring the safety of animal-source foods through food safety policies at national and local levels (FAO & WTO, 2017; Mwamakamba et al., 2012). ...
Background
Food safety will likely be a major policy agenda item as populations and demand for meat grow and livestock intensification progresses in Tanzania and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Meeting this demand comes with considerable meat safety challenges, risks, and opportunities. This paper offers evidence-based reflections on the governance of the Tanzanian red meat value chain, articulating potential policy implications for red meat food safety in Tanzania and other LMICs.
Methods
This paper synthesizes existing knowledge and data about the food safety dimensions of the Tanzanian red meat value chain, analyzing it through a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats (SWOT) framework. This knowledge and data includes: 1) a review of relevant Tanzanian policy and legislation up to 2020; and 2) published and unpublished multi-disciplinary field and laboratory work conducted under the Hazards Associated with Zoonotic enteric pathogens in Emerging Livestock meat pathways (HAZEL) project in Northern Tanzania.
Results
Strengths include some enabling policies, legislation, workforce, informal networks and infrastructure supporting meat safety. Weaknesses included confusion over mandates, limited resources and infrastructure for compliance/enforcement, lack of data on meat-borne disease, and limited attention to invisible pathogenic meat contamination. Opportunities include strong in-country training infrastructures and the significant economic potential of boosting meat production systems. Although increased revenue could support meat safety investments, this couples with risks of food safety infrastructure failing to keep up with growth (while envisioned increased centralised production may introduce new forms of meat safety risk), and potential inequalities in economic opportunities, gains and meat safety investments, especially for rural, small scale and/or female meat chain actors and their communities.
Conclusions
Agricultural intensification and centralized abattoirs may benefit meat safety and spur economic growth but may not alone generate value for Tanzania and has risks. Investments may overlook rural livestock systems and small-scale actors needing critical meat safety improvements. In addition to basic infrastructure investments, context-appropriate innovations encouraging local-level meat safety may provide cost-effective opportunities for Tanzania and other LMICs to strengthen food safety.
... Age was a predictor of anaemia in YC and SAC in Ethiopia. A previous study in Ethiopia found that age was not a determinate factor for anaemia in SAC (96) nor among children aged under five in Tanzania (97) . However, other studies have reported that anaemia decreased with increasing age among children aged under five in Bangladesh (98) and among Ethiopian children aged 6-23 months (99) . ...
... The transition period from breast milk alone to complementary food is a very critical period because children are vulnerable to becoming malnourished [6,7]. The failure of giving complementary feeding for the first time will have an impact on the risk of failure to thrive [8,9], poor nutritional status [10,11], risk of obesity [12,13], iron nutritional anemia [14][15][16], diarrhea [17][18][19], allergies [20], celiac [21], risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus [22,23], and cardiovascular disease [24] to cause infant death [25]. ...
Background: Proper breastfeeding and complementary feeding at the beginning of birth until the age of 24 months has an important role in optimizing nutrition for the first 1000 days of life to obtain optimal individual health status until adulthood. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC), especially nutritional counseling on the success of exclusive breastfeeding and appropriate complementary foods. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design from secondary data from basic health research (RISKESDAS) in DKI Jakarta Province with a total sample of 230 mothers aged 15-49 years who had children aged 6-24 months. Data were analyzed univariate, bivariate using the Chi-Square test and multivariate using multiple logistic regression tests. Results: The results showed that the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding was 56.5% and proper complementary food was 39.6%. The results of the Chi Square test showed that there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and maternal age (p = 0.025) (OR: 2.21 95% CI: 1.09 – 4.48), maternal education (p = 0.008) (OR: 4.80 95% CI: 1.79 – 12.8) , maternal parity (p = 0.009) (OR: 2.58 95% CI: 1.25 – 5.30), antenatal care (p = 0.000) (OR: 4.82 95% CI: 2.13 – 10.9), and postnatal counseling (p = 0.006) (OR: 2.72 95% CI: 1.31 – 5.65). Meanwhile, on the accuracy of complementary feeding, there was a relationship between maternal age (p = 0.027) (OR 2.32 95% CI 1.07-5.02), maternal education (p = 0.000) (OR 3.16 95% CI 1.67-5.98), maternal parity (p = 0.027) (OR 2.36 95% CI 1.08- 5.17), received ANC (p = 0.000) (OR 4.61 95% CI 1.84-11.6), and nutrition counseling (p = 0.004) (OR 2.98 95% CI 1.38-6.43). The most dominant variable with the success of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding for the first time is ANC with odds ratios of 4.82 and 4.08, respectively, after being controlled by postnatal counseling. Conclusion: This study shows that the impact of ANC and PNC, especially nutritional counseling, has a role in the success of exclusive breastfeeding and the appropriateness of giving complementary foods for the first time. ANC and PNC, especially nutrition counseling, are very important for every pregnant woman and need to be socialized to relevant policy makers and pregnant women's families.
... 7 Anemia is a serious issue in Ethiopia, but the prevalence rate in Atinago is relatively low when compared with other studies that found 57% in Ethiopia, 9 66% in Bata District, Equatorial Guinea, 15 and 84.6% in Tanzania. 27 In contrast, other studies revealed a prevalence of 26.6% in Mexico, 28 Anemic preschool children were significantly higher in households experiencing food insecurity. This finding is in line with previous reports from various regions of Ethiopia, such as Della town, 18 Menz Gera, 29 and Damot Sore district. ...
Introduction
Anemia is a serious public health concern that affects more than 25% of the world's population. It is still widespread and at its most severe in Ethiopia. This study pointed to identify the magnitude and predictors of anemia in preschool children in Atinago.
Method
A structured interview and anthropometric metrics had been used in a cross‐sectional study to collect data from 309 preschool children using a systematic sampling strategy from May 10 to June 25, 2022. Frequencies, percentages, means, and a bar chart were created as descriptive statistics. Factors that were significant at the 25% level in univariate analysis were run through multiple logistic models. Odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals were developed to determine the relevant predictors.
Result
The majority (51.7%) of preschool children in Atinago town had anemia. The finding reveals that poor dietary diversity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.07), children from families with food insecurity (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.31–3.9), child–mothers used iron folate for less than 3 months during pregnancy (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.07–3.48), households with more than five children (AOR = 1.880, 95% CI = 1.12–3.18), and stunted children (AOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.05–3.01) were highly susceptible to anemia.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that anemia was a serious issue among preschool children in Atinago. Therefore, stakeholders should provide community‐based nutrition training on consuming diverse diets, dietary improvements in the home, consuming iron‐rich meals, and the like; encourage mothers to participate in early ANC follow‐up; and strengthen activities aimed at identifying households with food insecurity status.
