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Assessment of toxic effect of xenopericardium treated with GA, EGDE, EGDE+PE on the viability of EA.hy926 cells * р=0.001 for intra-group comparison after 24 and 72 h; # р<0.01 for comparison between GA group and similar epoxy-preserved groups
Source publication
The aim of the study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of xenopericardial biomaterial treated with di- and pentaepoxides on the cell cultures in vitro.
Materials and methods:
Samples of bovine and porcine pericardium were used in the work. Three different modes were employed for preservation: 1) 0.625% solution of glutaraldehyde (GA) and a two-f...
Citations
... Although PhotoFix tissue was reported to be non-immunogenic, biocompatible, noncalcifying, and non-cytotoxic, 22 clinical results also reported failure and a high rate of rapid SVD, 23 which was considered to be based on susceptibility to enzymatic digestion. 24 Despite attempts to use alternative cross-linking agents, such as ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EDGE) 25 or the naturally derived genipin, 26 to date no superior alternative strategy is available to avoid the use of cytotoxic GA. ...
Glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated bovine pericardium is still the gold standard for the fabrication of bioprostheses needed for the surgical treatment of valvular malfunction. Although excellent stability and low immunogenicity are accomplished, the application of GA is considered to be causal for structural valve deterioration, diminishing the long-term durability of bioprosthetic tissue. The novel GA-free SULEEI-treatment of bovine pericardium combines decellularization, riboflavin/UVA-cross-linking, and low-energy electron beam irradiation. In the present study, we initiated an in vivo application. We used a subcutaneous rat model to compare the immune and tissue responses, calcification propensity, and biomechanical properties of the alternatively prepared SULEEI bovine pericardial tissue with standard glutaraldehyde-fixed and industrially produced bovine pericardial patch material. SULEEI pericardium evokes a similar immune reaction and tissue response as the control standard bovine patch material. The calcification propensity of SULEEI tissue was low, and biomechanical analysis revealed a heterogeneous but similar pattern in tissue stiffness compared to the control patch. The results of this study highlight the potential of SULEEI-treated bovine pericardial tissue as a candidate for cutting-edge cardiovascular and valvular biomaterials in reconstructive surgery.
... However, there were few myofibroblasts in the graft walls. We believe that these findings are due to DE toxicity, which was lower than GA toxicity [17,19,25]. The cytotoxic properties of GA have been previously described [11,12,19,26]. ...
... GA released from the prosthesis tissues may inhibit the growth and metabolism of endothelial cells [13,14,28,29]. Simultaneously, DE had no cytotoxic effects on endothelial cell cultures, corroborating the results obtained [25]. Similar results have been demonstrated in studies on biomaterials cross-linked with polyepoxy compounds [30,31]. ...
Valved conduits are often required to replace pulmonary arteries (PA). A widely used Contegra device is made of bovine jugular vein (BJV), preserved with glutaraldehyde (GA) and iso-propanol. However, it has several drawbacks that may be attributed to its chemical treatment. We hypothesized that the use of an alternative preservation compound may significantly improve BJV conduit performance. This study aimed to compare the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the BJV treated with diepoxide (DE) and GA in a porcine model. Twelve DE-BJVs and four Contegra conduits were used for PA replacement in minipigs. To assess the isolated influence of GA, we included an additional control group—BJV treated with 0.625% GA (n = 4). The animals were withdrawn after 6 months of follow-up and the conduits were examined. Explanted DE-BJV had a soft elastic wall with no signs of thrombosis or calcification and good conduit integration, including myofibroblast germination, an ingrowth of soft connective tissue formations and remarkable neoangiogenesis. The inner surface of DE-BJVs was covered by a thin neointimal layer with a solid endothelium. Contegra grafts had a stiffer wall with thrombosis on the leaflets. Calcified foci, chondroid metaplasia, and hyalinosis were observed within the wall. The distal anastomotic sites had hyperplastic neointima, partially covered with the endothelium. The wall of GA-BJV was stiff and rigid with degenerative changes, a substantial amount of calcium deposits and dense fibrotic formations in adventitia. An irregular neointimal layer was presented in the anastomotic sites without endothelial cover in the GA BJV wall. These results demonstrate that DE treatment improves conduit integration and the endothelialization of the inner surface while preventing the mineralization of the BJV, which may reduce the risk of early conduit dysfunction.
... Неизбежно наступающая несостоятельность компонентов биопротеза в сроки до 15 лет, достигающая частоты 19-49% [9][10][11], обуславливает необходимость увеличения длительности функционирования и разработку подходов для повторных вмешательств на дисфункциональных биопротезах. Среди основных факторов возникновения и развития дисфункции выделяют [12]: ...
Bioprosthetic valve dysfunction represent a serious drawback that limits the wider clinical use of these medical devices for valvular heart disease surgery. Modern studies describe the view of pathophysiologists on this problem as a multifactorial multi-stage process that causes irreversible changes in bioprosthesis components, ultimately leading to its dysfunction. However, in addition to under- standing the causes and manifestations of prosthetic valve dys- function, an applied question arises about the treatment strategies — determining the most attenuated and accessible low-risk method/ device. The aim of this review was to analyze and systematize current literature data on methods and designs used in repeated surgical and transcatheter interventions on heart valves.
... Glutaraldehyde (GA) is a chemical agent used commercially to ______________________________ stabilize the structure of collagenous tissues. Unfortunately, GA cross-linked biomaterial might be exposed to premature calcification [14], [27] and cytotoxicity [4], [34]. Moreover, GA-treatment introduces changes in the organization of collagen fibrils and decreases their alignment [17], [33]. ...
Purpose
The aim of study was to determine the influence of factors such as temperature and glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration on the mechanical properties of porcine pericardia, and to propose the recommended optimal conditions for a cross-linking process. It was also to verify whether tannic acid (TA), a natural cross-linking agent that stabilizes collagenous tissues by different mechanism than GA, may positively influence the strength of pericardium.
Methods
The samples were incubated at various temperatures (4, 22, and 37°C) and GA concentration solutions (0.6%, 1.5%, 3%) for 7 days. Three series were selected and additionally cross-linked with 0.3% TA for another 7 days. Mechanical properties of cross-linked pericardium samples, i.e. ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus (E), were measured in uniaxial tensile testing. The hyperelastic model for incompressible materials – isotropic by Ogden and anisotropic by Fung was utilized to describe the mechanical behaviour of treated pericardium.
Results
The temperature has influence on cross-linking effects; the lowest values of UTS were reported for specimens cross-linked at 22°C, while the mechanical properties of series treated at 4°C or 37°C were comparable. At a particular temperature of incubation, the GA concentrations have not affected the mechanical properties of tissues. The dependence between mechanical parameters and agent concentration was only observed for specimens treated with GA at 37°C.
Conclusions
The conditions of the cross-linking process affect the mechanical properties of the porcine pericardium. Room temperature (22°C) and the concentration of 1.5% GA were ineffective. The mechanical properties of GA-treated pericardium were improved by an additional TA cross-linking.
