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Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus (syn. A. fijiensis; ITEM 7037), culture plates are 9 cm diam, colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 d. A. CYA colonies. B. MEA colonies. C. CREA colonies. D–E. Stipes smooth or with a limited surface granulation just below the vesicle, globose to ellipsoidal vesicle, and conidia. F. Globose to ellipsoidal, conidia, with echinulate surface. Bars = 10 µm.
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Aspergillus floridensis and A. trinidadensis spp. nov. are described as novel uniseriate species of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from air samples. To describe the species we used phenotypes from 7-d Czapek yeast extract agar culture (CYA), creatine agar culture (CREA) and malt extract agar culture (MEA), with support by molecular analysis of...
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... ITEM 14837 ITEM 14813 ITEM 14811 ITEM 14810 ITEM 14798 ITEM 14815 ITEM 14816 ITEM 14830 ITEM 14824 ITEM 14823 ITEM 14788 ITEM 14801 ITEM 14834 ITEM 14822 ITEM 14793 ITEM 14835 ITEM 14818 ITEM 14792 ITEM 14814 ITEM 14817 ITEM 14808 ITEM 14797 ITEM 14828 ITEM 14789 ITEM 14836 ITEM Description: Colony diameters after 7 d incubation at 25 °C on CYA (Fig. 3a) > 85 mm (50-75 mm 5 d), MEA (Fig. 3b) 45-75(< 85) mm, CY20S 50-65 mm, OA 55-70 mm, CREA (Fig. 3c) displayed poor sporulation but commonly good to very good acid production, conidial heads on CYA brown to dark brown near black, commonly abundant, velutinous to slightly floccose, white to buff mycelium, commonly moderate radial ...
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... 14810 ITEM 14798 ITEM 14815 ITEM 14816 ITEM 14830 ITEM 14824 ITEM 14823 ITEM 14788 ITEM 14801 ITEM 14834 ITEM 14822 ITEM 14793 ITEM 14835 ITEM 14818 ITEM 14792 ITEM 14814 ITEM 14817 ITEM 14808 ITEM 14797 ITEM 14828 ITEM 14789 ITEM 14836 ITEM Description: Colony diameters after 7 d incubation at 25 °C on CYA (Fig. 3a) > 85 mm (50-75 mm 5 d), MEA (Fig. 3b) 45-75(< 85) mm, CY20S 50-65 mm, OA 55-70 mm, CREA (Fig. 3c) displayed poor sporulation but commonly good to very good acid production, conidial heads on CYA brown to dark brown near black, commonly abundant, velutinous to slightly floccose, white to buff mycelium, commonly moderate radial sulcation, exudate clear to brown, sparse to ...
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... ITEM 14823 ITEM 14788 ITEM 14801 ITEM 14834 ITEM 14822 ITEM 14793 ITEM 14835 ITEM 14818 ITEM 14792 ITEM 14814 ITEM 14817 ITEM 14808 ITEM 14797 ITEM 14828 ITEM 14789 ITEM 14836 ITEM Description: Colony diameters after 7 d incubation at 25 °C on CYA (Fig. 3a) > 85 mm (50-75 mm 5 d), MEA (Fig. 3b) 45-75(< 85) mm, CY20S 50-65 mm, OA 55-70 mm, CREA (Fig. 3c) displayed poor sporulation but commonly good to very good acid production, conidial heads on CYA brown to dark brown near black, commonly abundant, velutinous to slightly floccose, white to buff mycelium, commonly moderate radial sulcation, exudate clear to brown, sparse to abundant, soluble pigment not seen, occasionally present and ...
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... buff to orange-brown, reverse buff to yellow. On MEA conidial heads are brown, sclerotia absent, mycelium white, reverse uncolored to yellowish-gray. Incubation for 7 d on CYA at 5 °C produced no growth or germination of conidia. Incubation for 7 d on CYA at 35 °C and 37 °C produced growth of 35-63 mm, and (12-)17-26 mm diam, respectively. Stipes (Fig. 3d-e) smooth or with a limited surface granulation just below the vesicle, hyaline or pigmented just below the vesicle, (75-)200-800(-1600) × (8-)10-15(-21) µm, isolate ITEM 7037 has longer stipes (400-)800-2000 (-3400) × (8-)10-15(-18) µm than other A. brunneoviolaceus isolates, vesicles globose to elipsoidal, (30-)35-70(-90) µm diam, ...
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... just below the vesicle, (75-)200-800(-1600) × (8-)10-15(-21) µm, isolate ITEM 7037 has longer stipes (400-)800-2000 (-3400) × (8-)10-15(-18) µm than other A. brunneoviolaceus isolates, vesicles globose to elipsoidal, (30-)35-70(-90) µm diam, conidial heads uniseriate, phialides (6-)7-9(-10) × 3.5-4.5(-5) µm covering entire vesicle, conidia (Fig. 3e) globose to ellipsoidal, 3.5-4.5(-6) × 3.5-4.5(-5) µm, occasionally subglobose to angular 2.5-3.5 µm, brown near black, with coarsely roughened to echinulate ...
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The Penicillium species are among the most commonly occurring and economically important members of micro-fungi family. In this study, Molecular identification of fungal isolates were used to group and determine genetic variability of Penicillium isolate from Egyptian Gamiza11 wheat grains Triticum aestivum were obtained from Agricultural Administr...
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... According to this research, it was observed that fungi are one of the best bio-resources for synthesizing metal nanoparticles. By keeping this in mind we have used the Aspergillus trinidadensis for our research work which is well-known black aspergilli derived from section Nigri [31]. The main sources have extreme worldwide distribution for their uses in industries to develop various enzymes and organic molecules [32,33]. ...
... BLAST analysis of amplified sequences of CaM and β-tubulin genes displayed 100% and 99% similarity with Accession Nos. MH644923 and KY608858, respectively, representing A. tubingensis [42]. Phylogenetic analyses exhibited the presence of amplified sequence in the same clade with above mentioned sequences ( Fig. 2; Fig. 3). ...
Quality of apricot fruit is affected by different biotic stresses during growth, harvesting and storage. Due to fungal attack, huge losses of its quality and quantity are observed. The present research was designed for the diagnoses and management of postharvest rot disease of apricot. Infected apricot fruit were collected, and the causative agent was identified as A. tubingensis. To control this disease, both bacterial-mediated nanoparticles (b-ZnO NPs) and mycosynthesized nanoparticles (f-ZnO NPs) were used. Herein, biomass filtrates of one selected fungus (Trichoderma harzianum) and one bacterium (Bacillus safensis) were used to reduce zinc acetate into ZnO NPs. The physiochemical and morphological characters of both types of NPs were determined. UV-vis spectroscopy displayed absorption peaks of f-ZnO NPs and b-ZnO NPs at 310-380 nm, respectively, indicating successful reduction of Zinc acetate by the metabolites of both fungus and bacteria. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) determined the presence of organic compounds like amines, aromatics, alkenes and alkyl halides, on both types of NPs, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed nano-size of f-ZnO NPs (30 nm) and b-ZnO NPs (35 nm). Scanning electron microscopy showed flower-crystalline shape for b-ZnO NPs and spherical-crystalline shape for f-ZnO NPs. Both NPs showed variable antifungal activities at four different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg/ml). Diseases control and postharvest changes in apricot fruit were analyzed for 15 days. Among all treatments, 0.50 mg/ml concentration of f-ZnO NPs and 0.75 mg/ml concentration of b-ZnO NPs exhibited the strongest antifungal activity. Comparatively, f-ZnO NPs performed slightly better than b-ZnO NPs. Application of both NPs reduced fruit decay and weight, maintained higher ascorbic acid contents, sustained titratable acidity, and preserved firmness of diseased fruit. Our results suggest that microbial synthesized ZnO NPs can efficiently control fruit rot, extend shelf life, and preserve the quality of apricot.
... A. brunneoviolaceus is a rare member of the group of black aspergilli, which has utmost significance in the industry [26]. To date, A. brunneoviolaceus was isolated from soil (CBS [14,[27][28][29]. This is first study to isolate A. brunneoviolaceus from a spider in Korea, thereby revealing its significance as a member of the ecosystem of an arthropod. ...
An investigation of species of the genus Aspergillus present in arthropod, freshwater, and soil led to the discovery of seven undescribed species in Korea. Based on their morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny analyses using a combined data set of β-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM) sequences, the isolated strains CNUFC IGS2-5, CNUFC YJ1-19, CNUFC WD27, CNUFC U8-70, CNUFC AS2-24, CNUFC S32-1, and CNUFC U7-48, were identified as Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus, A. capensis, A. floccosus, A. inflatus, A. parvulus, A. polyporicola, and A. spelaeus, respectively. In the present study, the detailed morphological descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of these species are provided.
... A. brunneoviolaceus, which is phylogenetically related and considered to be synonymous with A. fijiensis (Vo et al., 2021). The fungus belongs to the commercially important Aspergillus Section Nigri, which are employed in the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids (Vo et al., 2021;Jurjević et al., 2012;Varga et al., 2011). One of the most widely used enzymes in the food industry, βfructofuranosidase (invertase), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose, was isolated from A. brunneoviolaceus and found to be a safe and suitable source of enzymes for use by the food industry (Vo et al., 2021). ...
... A. brunneoviolaceus thrives in a variety of environments. This fungus has previously been isolated from food, soil, water, plants, animal droppings, industrial material, indoor air environment, corneal scrapings, and human sputum (Rozaliyani et al., 2022;Mistry et al., 2021;Ezekiel et al., 2020a;Ezekiel et al., 2020b;Jurjević et al., 2012;Varga et al. 2011). ...
The antimicrobial properties of secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus associated with the Nigerian plant Bryophyllum pinnatum were investigated in this study. Standard procedures were followed for fungal isolation and identification, as well as fermentation and extraction of fungal secondary metabolites. The agar-well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the fungal extract. At 1 mg/mL, the fungal extract demonstrated broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis), with inhibition zone diameters (IZD) ranging from 14 to 16 mm. The extract also exhibited antifungal activity with an IZD of 16 mm produced against Candida albicans. The findings of this study indicate that endophytic A. brunneoviolaceus associated with B. pinnatum has the potential to be a promising source of novel antimicrobial compounds with pharmaceutical importance.
... The second attempt of the calmodulin sequencing revealed both of the species as A. aculeatus. Recent evidence suggests that A. brunneviolaceus and A. aculeatus are genetically closely related [40,41]. Two strains of A. brunneviolaceus were previously identified as A. aculeatus, all of them coming from the same highly supported clade [40]. ...
... Recent evidence suggests that A. brunneviolaceus and A. aculeatus are genetically closely related [40,41]. Two strains of A. brunneviolaceus were previously identified as A. aculeatus, all of them coming from the same highly supported clade [40]. In addition, the MSP dendogram from MALDI-TOF MS clustered A. brunneviolaceus and A. aculeatus together while the phylogenetic tree based on calmodulin clearly separated these two species. ...
Cryptic species of Aspergillus have rapidly increased in the last few decades. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a debilitating fungal infection frequently affecting patients with previous TB. The identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of different species of Aspergillus are important to support the management of CPA. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular and susceptibility profiles of Aspergillus isolated from CPA patients. The species identity of isolates was determined by combined DNA analyses of internal transcribed space (ITS), partial β-tubulin genes, and part of the calmodulin gene. We revealed a high (27%) prevalence of cryptic species among previous tuberculosis patients with persistent symptoms. Twenty-nine (49%) patients met the criteria for diagnosis of CPA with 24% containing Aspergillus cryptic species. This is the first report of five cryptic Aspergillus species from clinical isolates in Indonesia: A. aculea tus, A. neoniger, A. brunneoviolacues, A. welwitschiae, and A. tubingensis. Significantly, there was decreased sensitivity against itraconazole in the CPA group (66% susceptible to itraconazole) compared to the non-CPA group (90% susceptible to itraconazole) (p = 0.003). The species-level characterisation of Aspergillus and its antifungal susceptibility tests demands greater attention to better the management of CPA patients.
... The strain isolated in this study was found in mud. Note: CNUFC JCW3-4 also has similar morphological characteristics with the previously described species of A. floridensis [29]. However, the vesicles and conidia are slightly smaller than those of. ...
... However, the vesicles and conidia are slightly smaller than those of. A. floridensis [29] [Vesicles: (14À)35-65(À105) mm diam; conidia: 4-5(À6)Â3.5-5.5 mm]. In addition, the colony diameter of CNUFC JCW3-4 (24-31 mm) was shorter than that of A. floridensis NRRL 62478 (80-85 mm) on CYA [29]. ...
... A. floridensis [29] [Vesicles: (14À)35-65(À105) mm diam; conidia: 4-5(À6)Â3.5-5.5 mm]. In addition, the colony diameter of CNUFC JCW3-4 (24-31 mm) was shorter than that of A. floridensis NRRL 62478 (80-85 mm) on CYA [29]. Colony characteristics: On CYA, colonies plane; mycelium white to gray green at the center, wrinkled, radially sulcate toward the center; sporulation sparse; soluble pigments absent; reverse honey yellow; and reached 20-22 mm in diameter after 7 days at 25 C. On MEA, colonies plane; mycelium green; sporulation bluish green; soluble pigments absent; reverse brownish orange, and reached 10-12 mm in diameter after 7 days at 25 C. On YES, colonies plane, radially sulcate; mycelium pale white; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; reverse deep orange; and reached 20-23 mm in diameter after 7 days at 25 C. ...
During a survey of fungal diversity associated with insects, mud, soil, and freshwater niches in different areas in Korea, nine interesting fungal strains were isolated. Based on their morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny analyses, using a combined data set of β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) sequences, the strains CNUFC AM-44, CNUFC JCW3-4, CNUFC S708, CNUFC WT202, CNUFC AS1-29, CNUFC JCW3-5, CNUFC JDP37, and CNUFC JDP62 were identified as Aspergillus alabamensis, A. floridensis, A. subversicolor, Penicillium flavigenum, P. laevigatum, P. lenticrescens, Talaromyces adpressus, and T. beijingensis, respectively. The strain CNUFC JT1301 belongs to series Westlingiorum in section Citrina and is phylogenetically related to P. manginii. However, slow growth when cultivated on CYA, MEA, CREA is observed and the property can be used to easily distinguish the new species from these species. Additionally, P. manginii is known to produce sclerotia, while CNUFC JT1301 strain does not. Herein, the new fungal species is proposed as P. aquadulcis sp. nov. Eight species, A. alabamensis, A. floridensis, A. subversicolor, P. flavigenum, P. laevigatum, P. lenticrescens, T. adpressus, and T. beijingensis, have not been previously reported in Korea. The present study expands the known distribution of fungal species belonging to the families Aspergillaceae and Trichocomaceae in Korea.
... 22,23 A. brunneoviolaceus (syn. A. fijiensis) belongs to Aspergillus Section Nigri, which are commercially important species, including A. niger, employed by the enzyme industry to produce enzymes and organic acids. [24][25][26] Food enzymes obtained from microbial sources, such as those within Aspergillus Section Nigri, have the potential to contain mycotoxins or other toxic secondary metabolites that may be produced by the source organism. [26][27][28] The strain of A. brunneoviolaceus described herein has been demonstrated to lack the ability to produce toxic mycotoxins and secondary metabolites, thus demonstrating its suitability as a source organism for enzymes used by the food and beverage industry. ...
... 13,40 It is known that A. brunneoviolaceus phylogenetically lies within the Aspergillus Section Nigri, which contains the commercially important A. niger. 24,25 The safety of A. niger for the production of food ingredients and enzymes is well established in the scientific literature and has been extensively reviewed by the United States Food and Drug Administration and JECFA, who have collectively raised no safety concerns with the use of this microorganism in food production. 41,42 A. brunneoviolaceus has been screened for the production of common secondary metabolites and mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, fumonisin B1 and B2, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and T-2 toxin by incubation up to 14 days in darkness at 25°C on Czapek yeast autolysate agar, malt extract agar, and yeast extract sucrose agar. ...
β-Fructofuranosidase (β-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.26) is used in the production of fructo-oligosaccharides that are commonly used by the food industry as prebiotics for their purported health benefits. The β-fructofuranosidase discussed herein is obtained from a novel source organism that is a non-genetically modified strain of Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus, which phylogenetically belongs to the Aspergillus section Nigri. The safety of β-fructofuranosidase was evaluated in a series of toxicology studies as prescribed by Tier 1 toxicity testing by the European Food Safety Authority, including an evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity potential using the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation and mammalian chromosomal aberration assays, as well as systemic toxicity in a 90-day oral subchronic toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. β-Fructofuranosidase was demonstrated to lack mutagenic or genotoxic potential based on the results of the in vitro assays due to absence of increased revertant colonies in the bacterial reverse mutation test and incidence of chromosome aberrations in the chromosomal aberration assay. Administration of β-fructofuranosidase by gavage at doses up to 1200 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight/day for 90 days did not elicit any systemic toxic effects in rats based on a lack of adverse effect in any study parameter, and therefore the no-observed-adverse-effect level of β-fructofuranosidase was concluded to be 1200 mg TOS/kg body weight/day, the highest dose tested. The results of the toxicology studies on β-fructofuranosidase from A. brunneoviolaceus demonstrate this species to be a safe and suitable source of enzymes for use by the food industry.
... In accordance with the description in [33], isolates HZ23 and HZ10 with similar characteristics were identified as Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus based on the colony growth patterns on different media after 7 days of incubation ( Figure 6). In detail, on CYA, conidial heads: brown to dark brown near black, velutinous to slightly floccose, white to buff mycelium. ...
Land reclamation may expand the supply of usable land for food security. Immature soil is not suitable for plant growth and needs to be amended by the addition of organic matter and plant growth-promoting (PGP) microorganisms. However, the effects of different PGP fungi on plant growth in immature soil are largely unexplored. In order to obtain beneficial soil microorganisms with a good PGP ability in new reclamation land, 162 fungal isolates were isolated from different abandoned wastelands, four isolates of which were obtained in this study by the screening of P solubilization, siderophore production, and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. The result of this study revealed that isolate HZ123 had the highest ability to solubilize P and produce siderophores and IAA, followed by HZ23, HZ10, and HZ06. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analyses, isolate HZ06 was identified as Penicillium oxalicum, isolates HZ23 and HZ10 were identified as Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus, and isolate HZ123 was identified as Aspergillus tubingensis. Furthermore , the results of in vivo PGP assays demonstrated that isolate HZ123 has a minimal negative effect on the growth of eggplant; however, the other three isolates, particularly isolate HZ06, caused the greatest increase in eggplant biomasses. Overall, these results indicate that isolate HZ06 has great potential as a PGP fungus to develop biofertilizer for application in eggplant production in immature soil from new reclamation land.
... This approach was also used for species delimitation in the genus Aspergillus by the previous studies (Crous et al., 2018;Vesth et al., 2018;Matsuzawa et al., 2019;Cai et al., 2020) to clarify the taxonomic position of Aspergillus species. Previous studies have reported that benA and cam gene regions are required for validation of the Aspergillus species, while rbp2, tef1, and act genes can be used in Aspergillus taxonomy (Geiser et al., 2007;Perrone et al., 2008;Jurjević et al., 2012;Fungaro et al., 2017;Crous et al., 2018;Vesth et al., 2018;Matsuzawa et al., 2019;Cai et al., 2020). Our phylogenetic analyses of a combined five genes (cam, benA, rpb2, tef1, and act) revealed that three new species, A. chiangmaiensis, A. pseudopiperis, and A. pseudotubingensis, formed distinct lineages within the Aspergillus section Nigri. ...
Some soil fungi play an important role in supplying elements to plants by the solubilizing of insoluble minerals in the soil. The present study was conducted to isolate the mineral-solubilizing fungi from rhizosphere soil in some agricultural areas in northern Thailand. Seven fungal strains were obtained and identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach with multilocus phylogenetic and phenotypic (morphology and extrolite profile) analyses. All obtained fungal strains were newly identified in the genus Aspergillus section Nigri, Aspergillus chiangmaiensis (SDBR-CMUI4 and SDBR-CMU15), Aspergillus pseudopiperis (SDBR-CMUI1 and SDBR-CMUI7), and Aspergillus pseudotubingensis (SDBR-CMUO2, SDBR-CMUO8, and SDBR-CMU20). All fungal strains were able to solubilize the insoluble mineral form of calcium, copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, feldspar, and kaolin in the agar plate assay. Consequently, the highest phosphate solubilization strains (SDBR-CMUI1, SDBR-CMUI4, and SDBR-CMUO2) of each fungal species were selected for evaluation of their plant growth enhancement ability on Arabidopsis and onion in laboratory and greenhouse experiments, respectively. Plant disease symptoms were not found in any treatment of fungal inoculation and control. All selected fungal strains significantly increased the leaf number, leaf length, dried biomass of shoot and root, chlorophyll content, and cellular inorganic phosphate content in both Arabidopsis and onion plants under supplementation with insoluble mineral phosphate. Additionally, the inoculation of selected fungal strains also improved the yield and quercetin content of onion bulb. Thus, the selected strains reveal the potential in plant growth promotion agents that can be applied as a biofertilizer in the future.
... They were the most frequent among the three sections of interest and prevailed at post-flood locations, where they comprised 33% of airborne and 28% of dust borne Aspergilli. Most of the isolates were identified as A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae, in agreement with previously conducted research on black Aspergilli in indoor air [17,18]. Mycotoxin FB 2 was produced by A. niger and A. welwitschiae, while the concentrations of FB 2 detected in corresponding fungal extracts were 11.24 ± 18.30 µg/mL and 6.76 ±13.51 µg/mL, respectively (Table 1, Supplementary Materials, Table S9). ...
... In 2008, it was introduced in the section Nigri and isolated from grape berries from multiple Southern European countries [74]. Later, it was reported in indoor and outdoor air samples in the United States [17], as well as indoor air samples from Turkey [18]. In this study, A. niger was isolated from indoor and outdoor air samples at post-flood locations in the winter and control locations in the summer, in addition to a single dust borne isolate collected at a repaired location in the winter. ...
Mycotoxin-producing Aspergilli (Circumdati, Flavi, and Nigri), usually associated with contaminated food, may also cause respiratory disorders and are insufficiently studied in water-damaged indoor environments. Airborne (N = 71) and dust borne (N = 76) Aspergilli collected at post-flood and control locations in Croatia resulted in eleven different species based on their calmodulin marker: A. ochraceus, A. ostianus, A. pallidofulvus, A. sclerotiorum, and A. westerdijkiae (Circumdati); A. flavus (Flavi); and A. tubingensis, A. welwitschiae, A. niger, A. piperis, and A. uvarum (Nigri). Most of the airborne (73%) and dust borne (54%) isolates were found at post-flood locations, and the highest concentrations measured in indoor air (5720 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3) and dust (2.5 × 105 CFU/g) were up to twenty times higher than in the control locations. A. flavus dominated among airborne isolates (25%) at the unrepaired locations, while 56% of the dust borne Aspergilli were identified as A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae. The ability of identified isolates to produce mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and ochratoxin A were assessed by LC-MS analysis. All ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Circumdati belonged to A. westerdijkiae (13.7 ± 15.81 µg/mL); in the section, FlaviA. flavus produced AFB1 (2.51 ± 5.31 µg/mL), while A. welwitschiae and A. niger (section Nigri) produced FB2 (6.76 ± 13.51 µg/mL and 11.24 ± 18.30 µg/mL, respectively). Water damage dominantly supported the occurrence of aflatoxigenic A. flavus in indoor environments. Yet unresolved, the causal relationship of exposure to indoor Aspergilli and adverse health effects may support the significance of this research.
