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Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lipid peroxide (LPO) in Lamellidens marginalis muscle tissue collected from 20 different sites of Dhimbe reservoir. Different superscripts on the top of each bar differ significantly (p < 0.01) with respect to each enzyme. Data expressed as mean ± SE (n = 6)
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The concentrations of 14 metals, namely, chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), arsenic (As), strontium (Sr), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), mercury, (Hg), and lead (Pb), have been studied in freshwater mollusk Lamellidens marginalis collected from Dhimbe reservoir. In addition, also...
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The present study delineate the various biochemical and histopathological tool to evaluate as strong biomarker in the field condition for detection of the least and maximize level of pollution and contamination. We have collected Labeo rohita from 13 different sites from East Kolkata wetland to determine biochemical and histopathological status to...
The present study assessed the toxic effect of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on haemato-immunological responses, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzyme activities in Labeo rohita fingerlings, as well as the possible ameliorative effect of dietary vitamin E. The experiment was conducted for 30 days (15-da...
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... (2) Additionally, there may be other unaccounted factors that can cause metabolic changes with negative impacts on the nervous system function, not just trematodes. For example, similar symptoms, including anaerobiosis, protein catabolism, and ACE inhibition, were observed in the bivalve Lamellidens marginalis following exposure to heavy metal pollution (Kumar et al. 2017). This suggests that different types of intoxication can lead to comparable consequences, which can obscure the effects of trematode infection. ...
The intricate relationships between parasites and hosts encompass a wide range of levels, from molecular interactions to population dynamics. Parasites influence not only the physiological processes in the host organism, but also the entire ecosystem, affecting mortality of individuals, the number of offspring through parasitic castration, and matter and energy cycles. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern host-parasite relationships and their impact on host physiology and environment remains challenging. In this study, we analyzed how infection with Microphallus trematodes affects the metabolome of two Littorina snail species inhabiting different intertidal zone shore levels. We applied non-targeted GC–MS-based metabolomics to analyze biochemical shifts induced by trematode infection in a host organism. We have identified changes in energy, amino acid, sugar, and lipid metabolism. In particular, we observed intensified amino acid catabolism and nitrogenous catabolites (glutamine, urea) production. These changes primarily correlated with infection and interspecies differences of the hosts rather than shore level. The changes detected in the host metabolism indicate that other aspects of life may have been affected, both within the host organism and at a supra-organismal level. Therefore, we explored changes in microbiota composition, deviations in the host molluscs behavior, and acetylcholinesterase activity (ACE, an enzyme involved in neuromuscular transmission) in relation to infection. Infected snails displayed changes in their microbiome composition. Decreased ACE activity in snails was associated with reduced mobility, but whether it is associated with trematode infection remains unclear. The authors suggest a connection between the identified biochemical changes and the deformation of the shell of molluscs, changes in their behavior, and the associated microbiome. The role of parasitic systems formed by microphallid trematodes and Littorina snails in the nitrogen cycle at the ecosystem level is also assumed.
... Liver, muscle, gill, brain, and kidney tissues were collected to determine arsenic concentrations. These experimental water samples and tissues were processed using a microwave digestion system (Microwave Reaction System, Multiwave PRO, Anton Paar GmbH, Austria, Europe) and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Agilent 7700 series, Agilent Technologies, USA), following the method described by Kumar et al. 38,39 . ...
The persistent challenges posed by pollution and climate change are significant factors disrupting ecosystems, particularly aquatic environments. Numerous contaminants found in aquatic systems, such as ammonia and metal toxicity, play a crucial role in adversely affecting aquaculture production. Against this backdrop, fish feed was developed using quinoa husk (the byproduct of quinoa) as a substitute for fish meal. Six isonitrogenous diets (30%) and isocaloric diets were formulated by replacing fish meal with quinoa husk at varying percentages: 0% quinoa (control), 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%. An experiment was conducted to explore the potential of quinoa husk in replacing fish meal and assess its ability to mitigate ammonia and arsenic toxicity as well as high-temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The formulated feed was also examined for gene regulation related to antioxidative status, immunity, stress proteins, growth regulation, and stress markers. The gene regulation of sod, cat, and gpx in the liver was notably upregulated under concurrent exposure to ammonia, arsenic, and high-temperature (NH3 + As + T) stress. However, quinoa husk at 25% downregulated sod, cat, and gpx expression compared to the control group. Furthermore, genes associated with stress proteins HSP70 and DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP) were significantly upregulated in response to stressors (NH3 + As + T), but quinoa husk at 25% considerably downregulated HSP70 and DDIP to mitigate the impact of stressors. Growth-responsive genes such as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) were remarkably downregulated, whereas growth hormone receptor (GHR1 and GHRβ), insulin-like growth factors (IGF1X, IGF2X), and growth hormone gene were significantly upregulated with quinoa husk at 25%. The gene expression of apoptosis (Caspase 3a and Caspase 3b) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also noticeably downregulated with quinoa husk (25%) reared under stressful conditions. Immune-related gene expression, including immunoglobulin (Ig), toll-like receptor (TLR), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and interleukin (IL), strengthened fish immunity with quinoa husk feed. The results revealed that replacing 25% of fish meal with quinoa husk could improve the gene regulation of P. hypophthalmus involved in mitigating ammonia, arsenic, and high-temperature stress in fish.
... 19,20 Key enzymes like Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) counterbalance ROS generation, maintaining ATP production during stress. 22,23 Although Cu plays a crucial role in Fenton-like reactions, high concentrations can catalyze ROS production, disrupting the reaction. 24,25 Moreover, Cu binds to negatively charged proteins' SH groups, denaturing enzymes. ...
The current study focused on assessing the toxicological effects of copper (Cu) and copper nanoparticles (Cu‐NPs) in acute condition on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus . The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) for Cu and Cu‐NPs were determined as 8.04 and 3.85 mg L ⁻¹ , respectively. For the subsequent definitive test, varying concentrations were selected: 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0 mg L ⁻¹ for Cu, and 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, and 4.2 mg L ⁻¹ for Cu‐NPs. To encompass these concentration levels and assess their toxic effects, biomarkers associated with toxicological studies like oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and cellular metabolism were measured in the liver, kidney, and gill tissues. Notably, during the acute test, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐s‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxide in the liver, gill, and kidney tissues were significantly increased due to exposure to Cu and Cu‐NPs. Similarly, acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was notably inhibited in the presence of Cu and Cu‐NPs when compared to the control group. Cellular metabolic stress was greatly influenced by the exposure to Cu and Cu‐NPs, evident from the considerable elevation of cortisol, HSP 70, and blood glucose levels in the treated groups. Furthermore, integrated biomarker response, genotoxicity, DNA damage in gill tissue, karyotyping in kidney tissue, and histopathology in gill and liver were investigated, revealing tissue damage attributed to exposure to Cu and Cu‐NPs. In conclusion, this study determined that elevated concentrations of essential trace elements, namely Cu and Cu‐NPs, induce toxicity and disrupt cellular metabolic activities in fish.
... Lead accumulation has also been reported in aquatic organisms of commercial importance for human consumption. Bivalve mollusks such as the mussel Lamellidens marginalis accumulate 0.12-1.20 mg/kg (Kumar et al. 2017), the oysters Crassostrea corteziensis and Crassostrea virginica accumulate 1.11 µg/g (Páez-Osuna and Osuna-Martínez 2015) and up to 26.32 µg/g (Vázquez-Botello et al. 2004), respectively. Even the clam Dosinia exoleta accumulates lead exceeding the European limits for human consumption (Darriba and Sánchez-Marin 2013). ...
Aquatic ecosystems suffer alterations by the input of several pollutants as potentially toxic elements which interact with the planktonic community with likelihood of bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification through the trophic chains despite the fact of being in low concentrations. The goal of this study involves assessing the toxicity, bioaccumulation, and transfer of the lead under controlled laboratory conditions by estimating the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in organisms usually used in aquaculture, as Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae, Brachionus plicatilis rotifer, and the Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. We assessed toxicity, bioconcentration, and transfer of the lead from the microalgae to higher trophic levels, the rotifer, and the prawn larvae. We performed three bioassays: (1) lead-exposed microalgae, (2) rotifer fed with lead-exposed microalgae, and (3) prawn larvae fed with either lead-exposed microalgae or rotifers fed with these microalgae. The toxicity endpoints were obtained for microalgae. The concentration of the lead in all organisms was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for estimating BCF and BAF values. The endpoints No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Effective Concentration 50 (EC50) are 1 and 5.42 mg/L, respectively, for N. oculata. The BCF in the microalgae decreases as lead concentration increases. A BAF of 2948 in rotifers, and a BAF of 42.1 in prawns were obtained. In conclusion, lead can concentrate in microalgae, transfer, and accumulate through consumption toward the consecutive trophic levels, but not among invertebrates due to their detoxification mechanisms.
... Furthermore, protein metabolic enzymes such as ALT and AST showed elevated activities in response to Pb and high temperature, which could be attributed to enhanced gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, and protein catabolism (Nabi et al. 2013) allowing fish to meet the increased energy demands during stress (Kumar et al. 2017d(Kumar et al. , 2018a. However, supplementation with Se and Se-NPs restored ALT and AST activities in the liver and gill, likely due to Se's radical scavenging properties, which help protect tissue integrity and functions (Messarah et al. 2012). ...
Pollution and climate change pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, with adverse impacts on aquatic animals, including fish. Climate change increases the toxicity of metal in aquatic ecosystems. To understand the severity of metal pollution and climate change, an experiment was conducted to delineate the mitigation potential of selenium (Se) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) against lead (Pb) and high temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. For the experiment, five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared, varying in selenium supplementation as Se at 0, 1, and 2 mg kg⁻¹ diet, and Se-NPs at 1 and 2 mg kg⁻¹ diet. The fish in stressor groups were exposed to Pb (1/20th of LC50 concentration, 4 ppm) and high temperature (34 °C) throughout the experiment. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation of Se at 1 and 2 mg kg⁻¹ diet, as well as Se-NPs at 1 mg kg⁻¹ diet, significantly reduced (p < 0.01) the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in both liver and muscle tissues. Additionally, the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in both gill and liver tissues were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) with the inclusion of Se and Se-NPs in the diets. Furthermore, the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in gill and liver tissues, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in liver and muscle tissues, and acid phosphatase in liver tissue were remarkably reduced (p < 0.01) due to the supplementation of Se and Se-NPs. Moreover, dietary supplementation of Se and Se-NPs significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) the activity of pyruvate kinase, glucokinase, hexokinase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, protease, amylase, lipase, and RNA/DNA ratio in the fish. Histopathological examination of gill and liver tissues also indicated that Se and Se-NPs protected against structural damage caused by lead and high-temperature stress. Moreover, the study examined the bioaccumulation of selenium and lead in muscle, water, and diets. The aim of the study revealed that Se and Se-NPs effectively protected the fish from lead toxicity and high-temperature stress, while also improving the function of cellular metabolic enzymes in P. hypophthalmus.
... The completely digested samples were cooled to room temperature, and then 5 mL of a 6 M HCl (50%) solution was added and heated to 110 C until 1 mL of liquid remained. The final volume was fixed to 50 mL for further Se analysis by LC-AFS (Beijing Haiguang Instrument Co., Ltd, China) (Kumar et al., 2017;Kumar and Singh, 2019). A Se calibration standard solution was used to prepare a standard curve (R 2 > 0.999). ...
It has been reported that selenium (Se) can reduce hepatopancreas lipid accumulation induced by high-fat diet. However, its mechanism is still unknown. This study aims to investigate the specific mechanisms by which Se alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation. Grass carp were fed control diet (4.8% lipid, Con), high-fat diet (8.8% lipid, HFD) or HFD supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg nano-Se (HSe0.3) for 10 weeks. Growth performance, Se deposition, lipid accumulation, hepatic ultrastructure, and gene and protein expression levels associated with autophagy were examined. Furthermore, oleic acid (OA) was used to incubate the grass carp hepatocytes (L8824) for 24 h, and then the L8824 were incubated with sodium selenite in presence or absence of an autophagy inhibitor for 24 h. L8824 was analyzed for triglyceride concentration, immunofluorescence, and gene and protein expression levels associated with autophagy. We found that dietary nano-Se improved the growth of fish fed HFD and also decreased hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio of fish fed HFD (P < 0.05). HFD significantly increased hepatopancreas lipid accumulation and decreased autophagic activity (P < 0.05). Treatment of grass carp fed HFD with nano-Se decreased lipid accumulation and restored hepatic autophagy (P < 0.05). In vitro, Se (100 μM sodium selenite) obviously activated autophagy in L8824 incubated with OA, and consequently reduced the lipid accumulation induced by OA (P < 0.05). Furthermore, using pharmacological inhibition (chloroquine) of the autophagy greatly diminished the beneficial effects of Se on alleviating OA-induced lipid accumulation and increased the co-localization of lipid droplets with autophagosome (P < 0.05), which indicated that Se increased autophagic flux. In conclusion, these results suggest that Se alleviates HFD-induced hepatopancreas lipid accumulation by activating lipophagy.
... The multi-element standard solutions of 10 μg mL − 1 were used to prepare the calibration curve. The calibration curves with R 2 > 0.999 were accepted for concentration calculation (Kumar et al., 2017a(Kumar et al., , 2017b(Kumar et al., , 2017c. ...
... Thermal tolerance study was performed using method standardized by Beitinger et al. (2000) Dalvi et al. (2009) and Kumar et al. (2017aKumar et al. ( , 2017b after 72 days of experimental trial. The feeding was stopped before 24 h of the thermal experiment. ...
... Oxygen was provided with an external source through aeration. During the experiment, the temperature was reduced/enhanced at constant rate of 0.2 • C min − 1 until the loss of equilibrium (LOE) was reached in CTmax/CTmin (Beitinger et al., 2000;Dalvi et al., 2009;Kumar et al., 2017aKumar et al., , 2017b. LTmax and LTmin were determined further by increasing/decreasing temperature until the opercula movement ceased (Tsuchida, 1995;Kita et al., 1996), and the brain fails to maintain the balance called loss of equilibrium (LOE). ...
Chromium (Cr) is considered as the most common ubiquitous pollutant for aquatic animals including fish. An experiment was conducted to determine the acute and chronic toxicity of Cr, pH and high temperature in Anabas testudineus. Lethal concentration (LC50) of Cr alone was determined as 55.02 mg L⁻¹, Cr and low pH 48.19 mg L⁻¹ and Cr, low pH and high temperature 47.16 mg L⁻¹. The chronic toxicity of low dose of Cr, pH and high temperature (1/10th and 1/20th of LC50) was designed to execute the experiment for 72 days. The stress enzymes and biomarkers were determined viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, lipid peroxide, acetylcholine esterase, cortisol, HSP-70, blood glucose, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, ATPase and genotoxicity in this study. We had also studied the integrated biomarker response (IBR), which revealed that Cr toxicity enhanced with concurrent exposure to pH and high temperature. All the biochemical attributes were significantly (p < 0.01) altered with exposure to Cr alone and with low pH and high temperature except gill SOD. Further, thermal tolerance was also determined, and results revealed that thermal tolerance was significantly reduced with exposure to Cr alone and Cr and low pH exposure in A. testudineus. The present study concluded that, the chronic toxicity of Cr is enhanced with low pH and high temperature and it has led to understanding the multi-approach of Cr toxicity which affect, stress biomarkers, cellular metabolic stress and thermal tolerance of A. testudineus.
... This process represents the energy status of the photosynthetic apparatus. Aspartate aminotransferase controls the biosynthesis of Asp, and its activity is sensitive to environmental stresses [58]. The significantly greater reduction in the Asp concentration in B 100 indicates increased stress under the monochromatic blue light treatment. ...
Hyperaccumulation of heavy metals is substantial in some hyperaccumulators; however, few studies have been conducted to reveal the effect of light irradiation on the variations of representative amino acids and photosynthetic indices, which can represent the antioxidant capacity of plants during phytoremediation. The physiochemical responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to Cd stress were compared during six light irradiation treatments. The results of the experiment showed that the stress adaptation of A. thaliana was enhanced in all light irradiation treatments, except for monochromatic blue-light irradiation. The concentrations of glutamic acid and glutamine decreased significantly in pure blue light compared with the other treatments. The decrease in the concentrations of these two amino acids might be induced by an intensive biosynthesis of defensive factors, as manifested in the declined photosynthetic indices. Concentrations of aspartic acid and asparagine involved in the ammonification, absorption, and transportation of nitrogen in vascular plants increased in the red and blue combined irradiation treatments compared with the control, corresponding to the improved photosynthetic capacity of the species. The concentration of proline, which can represent environmental stresses including metal toxicity and excessive light energy, generally increased with an increasing ratio of blue light. This study proposes the key roles of amino acids and photosynthetic indices in light-motivated Cd pollution responses in A. thaliana.
... This wastewater is generally discharged into the Arabian Sea without proper treatment, affecting marine fishes with metal pollution (Deshpande et al., 2009). Metal contamination in water bodies induces oxidative stress in aquatic animals, especially fishes (Kumar et al., 2017c(Kumar et al., , 2018a(Kumar et al., , 2019aPadmini and Rani, 2009). Contaminants also release free radicals, which reduce molecular oxygen into superoxide (Lushchak, 2011). ...
In the present study, the bioaccumulation of chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic, strontium, cadmium, tin, antimony and lead in tissues of thirty marine fish species collected from New Ferry Whorf, Sassoon dock and Versova fishing harbour in Mumbai, India, were analysed. The bioaccumulation patterns of these twelve elements were determined to assess pollution biomarkers based on cellular and oxidative stresses. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase, glycolytic enzymes viz. lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, protein metabolism enzymes viz. aspartate transferase and alanine transferase, and lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in muscle and gill tissues. The activities of the neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholine esterase in muscle and brain tissues was inhibited due to pollution. This study suggested that biochemical attributes such as oxidative stress enzymes, cellular biomarkers, neurotransmitter enzymes and metal and metalloid contamination could be successfully employed, even at low concentrations, as reliable biomarkers for biomonitoring of contaminated marine ecosystems.
... The literature documents the use of mollusks as bioindicators to assess water quality in compliance with ecological and human safety legislation (Tietze and De Francesco 2010;Kumar et al. 2017). Generally, freshwater gastropods are considered good indicators of water quality owing to their relatively long-life cycle and low mobility (de Freitas Tallarico 2015). ...
With this study we investigated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn), six indicators (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ6 NDL-PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and microplastics in S. quadrata (edible part) collected from two sampling sites (1 and 2) from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). A risk assessment of the implications for human health was also performed. Levels of potentially toxic elements in gastropods from site 2 were slightly higher and the Σ6 NDL-PCB concentration was significantly higher (7.32 ng g⁻¹vs. 3.07 ng g⁻¹) compared to site 1 due to higher anthropogenic pressures. The concentration of chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene was below the limit of quantification (0.5 μg kg⁻¹). Benzo[a]anthracene was detected in gastropods from both sites (0.5 ± 0.02 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.7 ± 0.02 μg kg⁻¹ from site 1 and 2, respectively). The microplastics frequency (mainly polyethylene terephthalate) differed significantly between the sites (site 1, 0.8 ± 1.30; site 2, 1 ± 0.37 items/specimen). All contaminant levels were compliant with international regulatory limits and guidelines. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were far below the safety values of 1 × 10–4. Similarly, the ILCR values from the Monte Carlo simulation model were all within the safety region of 1 × 10–4 and 1 × 10–6. Findings from the health risk assessment indicated no adverse effects for human health from any of the contaminants analysed here, except for microplastics for which no limits or legislation are currently in force.
