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Asian glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis) feeding on Ficus sp. (Photograph by: Chris Li). Fig. 6. Buffed-vented bulbul (Iole olivacea) feeding on a Ficus consociata individual. (Photograph by: Mark Chua).
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... that seem to have the strongest ecological and evolutionary interactions with syconia globally are the parrots (Psittacidae), pigeons (Columbidae), starlings (Sturnidae), and the crow and its allies (Corvidae). On looking at fig plant-animal interactions in the Indo-Australian region, bulbuls (Pycnonotidae; Figs. 5, 6), starlings (Sturnidae; Fig. 7), hornbills (Bucerotidae; Fig. 8), old world fruit bats (Pteropodidae), old world monkeys (Cercopithecidae), Asian barbets (Megaliaimidae; Figs. 9-11), and squirrels (Sciuridae) seem to be the most obvious. Generally, these animals can be broadly categorised as fig specialists, generalists or casual consumers ( Shanahan et al., 2001). ...
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... It is noteworthy that pig soil disturbance's effect size was larger than previously described environ- Previous studies on M. crenata's invasion mechanisms suggest generalist birds that travel between forest and non-forest areas may be important dispersers (Fujinuma & Harrison, 2012;Peters, 2001;Waddell et al., 2020). Urban-adapted generalist birds (both native and exotic) are abundant in Singapore and prefer more open habitats at forest fringes (Lim et al., 2003;Lok et al., 2013;Schneiberg et al., 2020). These birds may provide higher propagule pressure and explain the higher densities of M. crenata at forest edges. ...
Halting biological invasions and rewilding extirpated native fauna are conservation interventions to bolster biodiversity, species interactions, and ecosystems. These actions are often considered separately and the potential for reintroduced wildlife to facilitate invasive plants has been largely overlooked. Here, we investigated the role of Singapore's recolonizing native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in facilitating an invasive weed Miconia crenata into tropical rainforests, which are normally highly resistant to invasion. We conducted line-transect surveys in 11 Singaporean rain forests and used generalized linear mixed models to consider the contribution of pigs' soil disturbances, human forest paths, and other environmental covariates, on the density of M. crenata. We found that M. crenata was more abundant at forest edges and invasion into forest interior was facilitated by pigs, paths, and canopy gaps, but that these effects were all additive, not synergistic (i.e., not multiplicative). These results highlight how modern invasions are driven by multiple disturbances as well as propagule pressure (e.g., urban birds dispersing seeds at forest edges where they establish in pig soil disturbances). Singapore's extensive native forest restoration efforts may have provided plentiful edge and secondary forests that are well suited to pigs and M. crenata, which in turn undermine the aims of fostering later-successional native plant communities. To prevent negative externalities, we suggest that plant restoration and rewilding projects consider the potential role of wildlife in facilitating non-native plants, and couple these actions with preliminary screening of unintended consequences and continued monitoring, as well as limiting human-mediated weed invasion to minimize propagule sources.
... In view of their fruit production, they act as seedling recruitment foci whereby they attract seed dispersers, thus inducing rapid forest restoration (Cottee-Jones et al. 2016). Also, many frugivorous birds feed on Ficus spp.(Corlett 2005(Corlett , 2006Caughlin et al. 2012;Lok et al. 2013). With respect to the numerous economic bene ts and ecological importance of the above-mentioned hosts, it is important to study and report the diverse fungi associated with them.Phyllosticta species have a wide global distribution. ...
Phyllosticta is a cosmopolitan group of fungi found on various host plants, occurring as pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. Diseases caused by Phyllosticta commonly include leaf and fruit spots that affect economically important plants. The genus is characterized mainly by aseptate and hyaline conidia and ascospores. However, its conidia are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath, with a single mucoid apical appendage while ascospores exhibit a mucoid cap at both ends. Given that many Phyllosticta taxa are cryptic and share similar morphological features, it is arduous to depict taxonomically relevant characters solely on the basis of morphological and ecological features. Coupled with morphological description, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of species comprising complexes are used to broadly describe this genus and understand species boundaries. Despite several published taxonomic revisions and enumerations of Phyllosticta species, there is still considerable confusion when identifying these taxa. Herein, we introduce a new species ( P. chiangmaiensis ) and three new host records ( P. capitalensis ) in Thailand, and one new host and country record ( P. citribrasiliensis ) in Russia. We provide an updated phylogenetic tree, including all Phyllosticta species with sequence data.
... Ficus is a genus of the Moraceae that can be a key resource in tropical forests (Kuaraksa et al. 2012). The presence of Ficus spp. in urban areas has been widely studied in various big cities (Lok et al. 2013;Ebika et al. 2015;Pradana et al. 2018), leading it to become an environmental indicator (Reyes et al. 2012) and restoration plants (Cottee-Jones et al. 2016). Ficus spp. in urban areas has various ecological benefits as a food source and habitat for urban animals (birds, bats, and small mammals), creating a microclimate, and maintaining water conservation (Siswo et al. 2019). ...
Ficus (Moraceae) is a keystone resource species in the tropical region, and it contributes significantly to Bogor City's vegetation composition. Ficus spp. provide habitat for urban animals and contribute to providing environmental services for the community. Minimum data distribution and increasing land-use change possibly decrease Ficus diversity in Bogor City. This study aimed to analyse the diversity and distribution of Ficus spp. in Bogor City. The research was conducted by dividing Bogor City into 128 plots sized 1 x 1 km. Relative abundance and distribution analysis used QGIS version 3.10.2-A Coruña. A total of 37 species of Ficus spp. from six subgenera were found in Bogor. The highest distribution is mainly located around the Bogor Botanic Gardens and the Ahmad Yani City Forest in a tree and hemiepiphyte. Ficus benjamina and Ficus septica were the most common species found and spread throughout Bogor City. The significant land-use change in Bogor City has resulted in Ficus spp. generally spread in the northern and central parts. In contrast, in the southern part, they are relatively low. Some Ficus can also be bioindicators because they have growing habitats that tend to be specific and spread in certain areas. The presence of the Bogor Botanic Gardens has an important role in increasing the diversity of Ficus spp. in Bogor City.
... Figs (Ficus spp.) belong to the family Moraceae. They are mainly tropical species that are distributed in lowland areas, especially in Asia [1], and occur in different life forms, from trees, shrubs, climbers, hanging roots, hemi-epiphytes (strangler), and holo-epiphytes [2]. Unlike many other fruit bearing trees in the forest that have seasonal fruiting, figs produce fruits at different times of the year (asynchronous fruiting); therefore, they can provide food for wildlife all year long [3,4] and reserve food supply during periods of general food scarcity. ...
... However, a study in several habitat types in an urban area of Yogyakarta reported a total of six species of figs, with F. benjamina distributed in 8 of 10 study sites [22]. On the other hand, study abroad, such as in Singapore (637.5 km 2 or 637,500 ha), an urban city/country in tropical South-East Asia similar to the study site, has 46 fig species [2]. While Hong Kong, located in subtropics, having a size of 1,100 km 2 (equal to 110,000 ha), was reported to harbor 14 Ficus species [13]. ...
Fig ( Ficus spp.) trees have been known as keystone species in the tropics and provide food sources for various species. The study aimed to reveal the diversity of fig trees in a tropical urban residential area of Sentul City, Bogor, West Java, as a part of a bigger study on the wildlife-fig relationship. A purposively selected sample (270 ha of housing, boulevard) and all Ficus were censused. Data on species diversity, height, diameter, and fruiting stage were taken. There were 389 Ficus trees, belonging to 10 species, namely F. benjamina, F. binnendykii, F. caulocarpa, F. elastica, F. kurzii, F. lyrata, F. maclellandii, F. macrocarpa, F. septica, and F. variegata , of which two species ( F. lyrata and F. maclellandii ) were non-native species. Ficus were planted as a border, roadsides, shading trees, or ornament. Based on the number of individuals, the most common species was F. benjamina (63.75%), followed by F. kurzii (14.4%) and F. lyrata (9.5%). As the F. benjamina can grow big, only about half (56.4%) were in full tree condition, while the rest were pruned (15.5%), trimmed (14.7%), or cut off (13.4%). This study showed that the diversity of fig trees in residential areas of Sentul City, Bogor is affected by the area’s management.
... Both Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis are LC tree species. The Genus Ficus is an important food source for ecologically important frugivores (van Noort et al., 2003;Lok et al., 2013). Ficus benghalensis, in sacred groves, plays the role of a keystone species providing a niche for a large number of birds and plants (Oliver King et al., 1997). ...
Business-as-usual is no more an option on the table for biodiversity conservation. Disruptive transformation at both policy and polity levels are pressing needs. The possibilities presented by the current wave of information and communication technology can act as travelators to meet the conservation targets. Here, we introduce twin concepts of biodiversity clock and conservation triangle that posit as convergence plane to seamlessly consolidate ongoing discrete efforts and convey real-time biodiversity information in a lucid schematic form. In its present form, the biodiversity clock depicts 12 ecological and 6 biophysical components. The universal consistency in clock-reading facilitates the biodiversity clock to be read and interpreted identically across the world. A ternary plot of the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) species conservation status is presented as the conservation triangle. Together, the biodiversity clock and the conservation triangle are invaluable in strategizing biodiversity conservation, post-2020. Leveraged smartly, they make possible pre-emptive intervention for biodiversity conservation.
... Thus, indirectly, the appearance of figs could be used as an assessment material to inspect the ecosystem's health or restoration progress (Sreekar et al. 2010;Cottee-Jones et al. 2016). In urban environments, native figs have proven to be a vital resource to maintain biodiversity (Lok et al. 2013;Lim et al. 2017;Walther et al. 2017). ...
Wijaya IMS, Defiani MR. 2020. Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus: Moraceae) in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia.
Biodiversitas 22: 233-246. Fig (Ficus) is an important species in tropical regions, but there is a lack of updated data on fig diversity in
Bali. This study of fig diversity and distribution in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia was conducted to record the alpha-diversity of figs.
The intensive exploration method was applied at seven locations representing the seven sub-districts of Gianyar. Habitats and
coordinates were recorded, and the appropriate samples were preserved as dried or spirit specimens. The results showed that there were
23 identified species of figs from six subgenera: Ficus (1), Pharmacosycea (2), Sycidium (5), Sycomorus (5), Synoecia (2), and
Urostigma (9). Based on location, three species had restricted distribution: F. fulva, F. tinctoria ssp. globosa, F. virens, and F.
subcordata, whereas six species were adapted in every location: F. montana, F. hispida, F. septica, F. pumila, F. benjamina, and F.
superba. The figs were primarily distributed near bodies of water, especially riverbanks.
... Ficus are very important for pollinating and seed disperser animals (Mills et al. 1993), beetles (Harrison 2003) and fruit-eating birds (Lambert and Marshall 1991). They serve as source of food for mammals such as squirrels, civets (Lok et al. 2013), and primates (Gautier-Hion 1980) including surili (Ruhiyat 1983), Javan langurs (Ihsanu et al. 2013), long-tailed monkeys (Chivers and Langer 1994), and Javan gibbons (Farida and Harun 2000). It can also function as tree for resting for fauna such as Tarsius sp. ...
Hendrayana Y, Widodo P, Kusmana C, Widhiono I. 2019. Short Communication: Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus spp.) across altitudes in Gunung Tilu, Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1568-1574. The genus of Ficus is significant component in tropical rainforest ecosystem, consisting of large number of species and spreading across altitudes. This research was aimed to examine the diversity and distribution of species belong to Ficus genus in Gunung Tilu, Kuningan District, West Java as a basis for building conservation strategies. There were 12 species of Ficus found from the altitudes of 600 to 1000 m asl. The highest number of species was found at the altitudes of 600 - 700 m above sea level with 10 species, while the lowest number of species were found at the altitudes above 1000 m asl with only two species. The highest individual density was found at an altitude of 600 m asl, while the lowest density was at the altitude of 1000 m asl. The distribution pattern of Ficus spreads throughout the region of Gunung Tilu, Kuningan.
... Ficus are very important for pollinating and seed disperser animals (Mills et al. 1993), beetles (Harrison 2003) and fruit-eating birds (Lambert and Marshall 1991). They serve as source of food for mammals such as squirrels, civets (Lok et al. 2013), and primates (Gautier-Hion 1980) including surili (Ruhiyat 1983), Javan langurs (Ihsanu et al. 2013), long-tailed monkeys (Chivers and Langer 1994), and Javan gibbons (Farida and Harun 2000). It can also function as tree for resting for fauna such as Tarsius sp. ...
Hendrayana Y, Widodo P, Kusmana C, Widhiono I. 2019. Short Communication: Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus spp.) across altitudes in Gunung Tilu, Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1568-1574. The genus of Ficus is significant component in tropical rainforest ecosystem, consisting of large number of species and spreading across altitudes. This research was aimed to examine the diversity and distribution of species belong to Ficus genus in Gunung Tilu, Kuningan District, West Java as a basis for building conservation strategies. There were 12 species of Ficus found from the altitudes of 600 to 1000 m asl. The highest number of species was found at the altitudes of 600-700 m above sea level with 10 species, while the lowest number of species were found at the altitudes above 1000 m asl with only two species. The highest individual density was found at an altitude of 600 m asl, while the lowest density was at the altitude of 1000 m asl. The distribution pattern of Ficus spreads throughout the region of Gunung Tilu, Kuningan.
... The genus Ficus (Fig genus) is an important and large genus among the 40 genera of the Moraceae family (Mulberry), [1] and consists of approximately 735 species. [2] Ficus consociata Blume. is a good droughttolerant species, preserved in Vietnam national parks e.g. Di Linh, Nam Cat Tien. ...
Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of Ficus consociata leaves, collected at Bien Hoa city, Dong Nai province, led to the isolation and structural elucidation of seven compounds, including luteolin (1), cirsiliol (2), isoquercetin (3), quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (4), nikotoflorin (5), hesperidin (6) and (2E,4E,1'S,2'R,4'S,6'R)-dihydrophaseic acid (7). Their chemical structures were elucidated by a combination of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments and spectroscopic data (HR-MS, 1D, 2D NMR) analysis, and comparison with those reported in the literature. Although, these compounds were already known in other species, but this is the first report on chemical constituents of F. consociata.
... A case study in Madagascar demonstrates how the Merina people have used Ficus lutea and Ficus polita as symbols of power and have planted them in strategic places to assert their authority and claim territories (Aumerruddy- Thomas et al. 2018). Fig trees are often planted as ornamentals and sacred trees in tropical cities, where they are also natural colonists (Lok et al. 2013). Such trees provide welcome food for urban animals. ...
