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Asexual morph of Ascotaiwania limnetica . a. Conidia in vivo; b. ascoma with macroconidia scattered on wood surface; c–h. conidia and conidiogenous cells on PDA; i. colony on PCA; j – m. conidia on PCA (a, c – h. CBS 126576; b. PRM 933850; j – m. CBS 126792; a, c – m. 21 d, 25 °C); a, c – h, j, k: DIC; l, m: ESEM. — Scale bars: a, c – h, j, k, l = 20 μm; b = 250 μm; i = 5 mm; m = 10 μm.
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Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal and protein-coding loci support the placement of several perithecial ascomycetes and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from freshwater and terrestrial environments in two monophyletic clades closely related to the Savoryellales. One clade formed by five species of Conioscypha, and a second clade...
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... However, subsequent observation of the production of the asexual morph of Conioscyphascus varius in culture led them to identify phylogenetic links between Conioscypha and Conioscyphascus, based on LSU sequence data, resulting in Conioscyphascus being synonymised with Conioscypha. The family Conioscyphaceae was subsequently introduced by Réblová et al. (2016) to accommodate the monotypic genus Conioscypha based on phylogenetic analyses. Members of Conioscypha are distributed in terrestrial and freshwater habitats worldwide (Calabon et al. 2022). ...
... Members of Conioscypha are distributed in terrestrial and freshwater habitats worldwide (Calabon et al. 2022). The sexual morphs of these taxa are characterised by inconspicuous, superficial, or immersed, weakly pigmented ascomata, eight-spore asci that are unitunicate with a refractive J-apical annulus, and fusiform ascospores, without a mucilaginous sheath or appendage (Réblová and Seifert 2004;Zelski et al. 2015;Réblová et al. 2016;Hyde et al. 2020a). By contrast, the asexual morphs are characterised by micronematous conidiophores, enteroblastic, terminal, cup-like collarette conidiogenous cells, and subglobose or elliptical, pigmented conidia (Shearer and Motta 1973;Luo et al. 2019). ...
Lignicolous freshwater fungi form a highly diverse group and are primarily distributed in the classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. During an investigation of lignicolous freshwater fungi on the Tibetan Plateau, China, four collections were obtained from submerged wood in freshwater habitats. Morphological studies combined with multi-gene phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, LSU, SSU, and RPB2 indicated that the collected taxa belonged in the orders Conioscyphales and Cordanales in Sordariomycetes. Based on evidence from morpho-molecular analyses, two new species, Conioscypha xizangensis and Cordana linzhiensis, are introduced with descriptions of their hyphomycetous asexual states. Conioscypha xizangensis shows a close phylogenetic relationship with Conioscypha tenebrosa but, unlike that species, has phialidic and integrated conidiogenous cells. Cordana linzhiensis forms a distinct clade within the genus and possesses unique characteristics compared with existing species in having swollen conidiophores, polyblastic, clavate, or cylindrical conidiogenous cells, and solitary or acropleurogenous conidia with a hyaline mucoid sheath. These new discoveries further add to the diversity of freshwater fungi on the Tibetan Plateau. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Perithecia, which have a small tube-like ostiolum, peri physes and sometimes paraphyses, are typically globose to flask-shaped and mostly immersed (Réblová et al. 2016). Among the lichens that possess perithecia are A. radiata and P. cruenta. ...
Pasaribu N, Atni OK, Siregar JP. 2023. Diversity and species composition of lichens across altitudinal range in the Batang Toru Forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 2171-2178. West Block of Batang Toru Forest, located in North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra is one of the protection forest areas which has uniqueness and high biodiversity, one of them is the lichen. The information regarding the lichen species found in the West Block of Batang Toru Forest Research Station has never been reported. Its various types and distributions are unknown. This study aimed to observe lichen at the Batang Toru Forest Research Area, which was carried out from September 2021 to March 2022. The study was carried out with the exploration method by exploring along the track. From the results of the study, there was a total of 54 species of lichen consisting of 23 families and 38 genera. Based on the types of the thallus, it was found 23 species of lichen classified as foliose, 21 crustose, 4 fruticose, 3 squamulose, and 3 filamentous. The most common lichen family found at the study site was Lobariaceae, with a total of six species. The species collected in this study were mostly found on the bark substrate. This study reveals important information about the variety of lichen species in the West Block of Batang Toru Forest, highlighting the urgent need for further research and conservation efforts to protect this unique and diverse ecosystem.
... Notes: Conioscyphales is a monotypic order established by Réblová et al. (2016c) based on a six-gene phylogenetic study. The order has a close systematic relationship with Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales within the subclass Savoryellomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) . ...
... Notes: Conioscyphaceae was introduced to accommodate Conioscypha which was linked to the sexual genus Conioscyphascus based on cultural and molecular studies (Réblová and Seifert 2004;Zelski et al. 2015;Réblová et al. 2016c). Conioscyphaceae species are frequently reported from freshwater habitats (Shearer 1973;Zelski et al. 2015;Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2017;Luo et al. 2019;Yuan et al. 2020) on decayed wood, leaves, or bamboo stems, while some have been isolated from soil or animal skin and hairs (Udagawa and Toyazaki 1983;Crous et al. 2018c). ...
... Notes: Fuscosporellaceae comprises two sexual genera Plagiascoma and Pseudoascotaiwania and four asexual genera Bactrodesmiastrum, Mucispora, Fuscosporella and Parafuscosporella. The family is characterized by immersed to semi-immersed ascomata, papillate or with a rostrate neck, non-amyloid apical annulus of asci, uniseriate, septate, fusiform, hyaline, or versicolor ascospores; micronematous to macronematous conidiophores, monoblastic conidiogenous cells and brown, septate, ellipsoidal to obovoid, pyriform or obpyramidal conidia (Fallah et al. 1999;Boonyuen et al. 2016;Réblová et al. 2016c;Yang et al. 2016bYang et al. , 2017. Fuscosporella J. Yang, J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde ...
Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world. During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes, a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, we introduce four new genera, viz. Aquabispora, Neocirrenalia, Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella, and 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys chishuiensis, A. effusa, A. pyriformis, Actinocladium aquaticum, Annulatascus tratensis, Aquabispora setosa, Aqualignicola setosa, Aquimassariosphaeria vermiformis, Ceratosphaeria flava, Chaetosphaeria polygonalis, Conlarium muriforme, Digitodesmium chishuiense, Ellisembia aquirostrata, Fuscosporella atrobrunnea, Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, H. caohaiense, Hongkongmyces aquisetosus, Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis, Monilochaetes alsophilae, Mycoenterolobium macrosporum, Myrmecridium splendidum, Neohelicascus griseoflavus, Neohelicomyces denticulatus, Neohelicosporium fluviatile, Neokalmusia aquibrunnea, Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa, Neomyrmecridium naviculare, Neospadicoides biseptata, Ocellisimilis clavata, Ophioceras thailandense, Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus, Phialoturbella aquilunata, Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum, Pseudodactylaria denticulata, P. longidenticulata, P. uniseptata, Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca, Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Shrungabeeja fluviatilis, Sporidesmium tratense, S. versicolor, Sporoschisma atroviride, Stanjehughesia aquatica, Thysanorea amniculi, Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata, with an illustrated account, discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa. Seven new combinations are introduced, viz. Aquabispora grandispora (≡ Boerlagiomyces grandisporus), A. websteri (≡ Boerlagiomyces websteri), Ceratosphaeria suthepensis (≡ Pseudohalonectria suthepensis), Gamsomyces aquaticus (≡ Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum), G. malabaricus (≡ Gangliostilbe malabarica), Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora), and Rhamphoriopsis glauca (≡ Chloridium glaucum). Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats. Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora). Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium, Aqualignicola, and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections. Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated. The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.
... Bactrodesmiastrum, Fuscosporella (type genus), Mucispora, Parafuscosporella, Plagiascoma, and Pseudoascotaiwania [7]. Plagiascoma and Pseudoascotaiwania are known for their sexual morphs, which have immersed to semi-immersed, dark brown to black ascomata, unitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-fusiform, stipitate, 8-spored asci with a non-amyloid apical ring, and uniseriate, hyaline or light brown, fusiform, septate ascospores [7,8]. Asexual genera Bactrodesmiastrum, Fuscosporella, and Parafuscosporella share the features of having sporodochial conidiomata, semi-macronematous to macronematous, hyaline to brown, smooth-walled conidiophores, monoblastic, integrated, hyaline to dark brown conidiogenous cells and ellipsoidal, obovoid to pyriform, brown to dark brown, septate conidia [7,9,10]. ...
... Sexual morphs of Savoryellales have non-stromatic, immersed, semi-immersed to superficial, dark, coriaceous ascomata, clavate to cylindrical unitunicate asci with a non-amyloid apical ring, ellipsoid to fusiform, transversely septate ascospores with hyaline polar cells and brown middle cells. Asexual morphs in Savoryellales are characterized by semi-macronematous conidiophores, monoblastic conidiogenous cells and transversely septate or dictyoseptate conidia [4,8,12,[17][18][19]. Fuscosporellales and Savoryellales were initially placed in Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) [7,12], whereafter, based on the phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses, they were referred to as a new subclass of Savoryellomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) along with Conioscyphales and Pleurotheciales by Hongsanan et al. [20]. ...
... In this study, we provide the first record of Fuscosporella in China. Neoascotaiwania taxa are widely distributed in France, Spain and Thailand [7,8,14]. Neoascotaiwania guizhouensis, N. fusiformis, and N. limnetica are also found on decaying submerged wood in freshwater habitats [7,8,14,16,55], while N. terrestris was isolated from soil [14], which indicates that they are widely distributed and not limited by the growth environment. ...
During a survey of freshwater fungi in Guizhou Province, China, six hyphomycetous collections were founded on decaying wood from freshwater habitats. These taxa were characterized and identified based on morphology, phylogeny, and culture characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, SSU, ITS, RPB2 and TEF1α sequence data indicated that our six isolates formed three distinct lineages and were distributed within Fuscosporellaceae and Savoryellaceae. They can be organized as three new species: Fuscosporella guizhouensis, Mucisporaaquatica and Neoascotaiwaniaguizhouensis. Fuscosporella guizhouensis and Neoascotaiwania guizhouensis have sporodochial conidiomata, micronematous conidiophores and dark brown conidia. The former possesses irregularly ellipsoidal conidia with apical appendages, while the latter has fusiform to obovoid conidia. Mucispora aquatica is characterized by macronematous conidiophores, elongating percurrently and dark brown, narrowly obovoid conidia. The detailed, illustrated descriptions and notes for each new taxon are provided, and the species of Fuscosporella is reported for the first time in China.
... Pleurotheciales was introduced by Réblová et al. (2016) to accommodate a single family Pleurotheciaceae. The order was originally placed in Hypocreomycetidae by Réblová et al. (2016). ...
... Pleurotheciales was introduced by Réblová et al. (2016) to accommodate a single family Pleurotheciaceae. The order was originally placed in Hypocreomycetidae by Réblová et al. (2016). Hongsanan et al. (2017) showed that Pleurotheciales clustered with Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales and Savoryellales in a monophyletic clade within Sordariomycetes. ...
... Pleurotheciaceae was introduced by Réblová et al. (2016) with Pleurothecium Höhn. as the type genus. ...
During the study of lignicolous freshwater fungi from Thailand, three pleurotheciaceous species were collected from freshwater habitats in Thailand. Two were identified as Pleurothecium aquaticum and Rhexoacrodictys fimicola , and the third is a new species Dematipyriforma muriformis sp. nov.. Rhexoacrodictys is accepted in Pleurotheciaceae based on phylogenetic analysis. Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora is transferred to Dematipyriforma based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters. Pleurothecium aquaticum and Rhexoacrodictys fimicola are reported from Thailand for the first time.
... Pleurotheciales was introduced by Réblová et al. (2016), based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses. Members of Pleurotheciales are mostly saprobic on wood ) and some species have been identified as opportunistic human pathogens (Guarro et al. 2000, Chew et al. 2010, Réblová et al. 2020. ...
... Members of Pleurotheciales are mostly saprobic on wood ) and some species have been identified as opportunistic human pathogens (Guarro et al. 2000, Chew et al. 2010, Réblová et al. 2020. Species of the order were collected on submerged decaying wood in lentic and lotic habitats in temperate, subtropical and tropical zones in Asia, Europe, Melanesia and North America (Matsushima 1971, Réblová et al. 2012, Réblová et al. 2016, Réblová et al. 2020, Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017, Luo et al. 2018a). ...
... Pleurotheciaceae is a single family of Pleurotheciales. It is typified by Pleurothecium with P. recurvatum as the type species (Morgan) Höhn (Réblová et al. 2016). Recently, updated the phylogenetic tree for Pleurotheciales and introduced a new genus Neomonodictys Y.Z. ...
In this study, a new species Neomonodictys aquatica was collected from submerged decaying wood in Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province, China.
Neomonodictys aquatica is characterised by acrogenous, solitary, oval, dictyospores (most are transverse septum, occasionally vertical septum, in immaturity the septum is clear, but when mature, the conidia becomes darker so the septum is not clear), smooth-walled conidia. The immature conidia are usually hyaline to olivaceous and mature conidia are usually darkened to black, sometimes with one pale basal cell. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS and LSU sequence data showed that the new collection is distinct from other Neomonodictys species. Description and illustration are provided as well.
... Crous et al. 2015, Li et Ye 2017, Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2020) and the phylogeny of this group has been studied in more detail using DNA sequence data from rDNA (ITS, LSU and SSU regions) and the RPB2 gene. Réblová et al. (2016) pointed to the polyphyly of the Triadelphia genus and reclassified T. uniseptata into the Savoryellales. In their phylogenetic study, Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2020) transferred synnematic representatives to the new genus Synnematotriadelphia. ...
... P h y l o g e n y. The sequences of ITS, LSU and RPB2 of the Triadelphiaceae members were retrieved from previous studies (Réblová et al. 2016, Lu et al. 2018, Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2020 and their accession numbers are listed in Tab. 1. Alignments of the regions were performed using the FFT-NS-i option implemented in MAFFT online (Katoh et al. 2019). The alignments were trimmed, concatenated, and then analysed using the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. ...
Triadelphia (Ascomycota, Microascales) is a genus encompassing pleomorphic dematiaceous micromycetes occurring sporadically on rotting wood and other plant material, infrequently also on other substrates. In this study, we document a second record of Triadelphia morgoensis, found on a twig of Populus nigra near Prague (Czech Republic), after its original description from decaying wood in Hungary. This fungus is characterized by the production of three types of conidia. The identification was achieved by a combination of morphological, physiological and genetic traits. The description of the fungus is emended, and its differentiation from similar species is discussed. Multigene phylogeny showed that T. morgoensis is most closely related to T. loudetiae and T. heterospora. The DNA data from three loci generated in this study (ITS, LSU, RPB2) will facilitate identification of the species in the future. Our results add to the knowledge on the ecology and phylogeny of this understudied fungus, for which neither living type material nor a molecular sequence has been preserved.
... The four orders clustered as a robust clade in all studies [1][2][3]. Pleurotheciales, with a single-family Pleurotheciaceae [4], is the largest order in Savoryellomycetidae. ...
... Pleurotheciaceae species have mostly been isolated from decaying wood or plant debris as saprobes, while few species were also identified as opportunistic human pathogens (Phaeoisaria clematidis) [5]. Multi-locus phylogenetic relationships of Pleurotheciaceae species were investigated to better understand their taxonomy [3,4,[6][7][8][9][10] and as a result, eleven genera were accepted in the family [11]. ...
... Pleurotheciaceae is an assemblage of genera representing a highly diverse morphology, especially in the asexual morphs. Pleurotheciella and Pleurothecium (type) generally have macronematous, unbranched conidiophores, holoblastic, sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells with a conspicuous rachis of denticles, and hyaline, septate conidia [4,9,10,12,13]. Anapleurothecium has macronematous, unbranched conidiophores, sympodial, denticulate conidiogenous cells which are the cases of Pleurotheciella and Pleurothecium, but it has botuliform to cylindrical and brown conidia with a paler basal cell [7]. Phaeoisaria has synnematous conidiophores with tiny aseptate conidia [13]. ...
Pleurotheciales is the largest order in Savoryellomycetidae with a large proportion of species known from freshwater habitats. In order to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of taxa within Pleurotheciales and contribute to their diversity, submerged wood was collected from freshwater habitats in China (Yunnan Province) and Thailand. Two dematiaceous, sporodochial hyphomycetes and one annulatascales-like ascomycete with unusual morphology as compared to extant ones were discovered. They were subjected to DNA-based phylogenetic analyses and the results revealed three distinct lineages in Savoryellomycetidae. This morpho-phylo taxonomic study supports the establishment of five novel taxa including two novel genera, Obliquifusoideum and Saprodesmium, and three novel species, Coleodictyospora muriformis, Obliquifusoideum guttulatum and Saprodesmium dematiosporum. Coleodictyospora muriformis and S. dematiosporum are placed in Pleurotheciales, while O. guttulatum is referred to Savoryellomycetidae genera incertae sedis. The phylogenetic relationships are also presented for Coleodictyospora and Pseudocoleodictyospora, which raises an intriguing taxonomic issue. These two genera are positioned in two different classes, viz Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes, although they are quite similar except for the presence of a conidial sheath. This study expands our knowledge of the fungal diversity of freshwater fungi, and also indicates that Pleurotheciales species are mostly found in freshwater habitats.
... In this study, the phylogenetic topology of Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales, Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales is presented. The result is in agreement with previous studies (Boonyuen et al. 2016, Réblová et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2016, (Hyde et al. 2020a. Parafuscosporella species have only been found in freshwater habitats in Thailand or China (Boonyuen et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2016, while Vanakripa species are reported from both freshwater and terrestrial habitats worldwide (Pinnoi et al. 2003, María et al. 2008, Leao-Ferreira et al. 2013. ...
A collection of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the Greater Mekong Subregion resulted in four interesting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with similar morphology. The taxa had sporodochial colonies, micronematous to semi-macronematous conidiophores and subglobose, ellipsoidal to broadly pyriform, 0–1-septate, dark brown to black conidia. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, SSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence data, Parafuscosporella aquatica sp. nov., P. pyriformis sp. nov., Conioscypha tenebrosa and Vanakripa minutiellipsoidea are identified. Parafuscosporella aquatica and P. pyriformis cluster within Fuscosporellaceae (Fuscosporellales), while C. tenebrosa and V. minutiellipsoidea are placed within Conioscyphales. This is the first report on the phylogenetic placement of Vanakripa. Descriptions and illustrations of the new collections are provided.
... They are part of the life cycle of Ascotaiwania, Canalisporium, Dematiosporium, Neoascotaiwania and Savoryella (e.g. Sivichai et al. 1998, Chang 2001, Boonyuen et al. 2011, R eblov a et al. 2016a, Yang et al. 2016, Hern andez-Restrepo et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2019). On the other hand, asexual morphs linked with the Pleurotheciales represent a diverse assemblage of fungi classified in 10 holomorphic or asexually reproducing genera. ...
... They produce effuse colonies or rarely sporodochial conidiomata, mononematous or synnematous conidiophores and usually thin-walled, hyaline or pigmented, straight or helicoid, septate, dry or slimy conidia formed mostly on short denticles or rachis on sympodially extending conidiogenous cells (e.g. Fallah , Fern andez et al. 1999, R eblov a & Seifert 2011, R eblov a et al. 2012, 2016a, b, Cheng et al. 2014, Hern andez-Restrepo et al. 2017, Luo et al. 2018. ...
... Of the 12 known species of Pleurotheciella, sexual morphs have been reported for two other species only, P. centenaria (R eblov a et al. 2012) and P. fusiformis (Luo et al. 2018). Members of the genus were collected on submerged decaying wood in lentic and lotic habitats in temperate, subtropical and tropical zones in Asia in China and Thailand, Europe in France, Melanesia in Papua New Guinea and North America in Canada (Matsushima 1971, R eblov a et al. 2012, 2016a, Luo et al. 2018 Ascospores up to 5 μm wide……………………………11 10b. ...
The newly discovered systematic placement of Bactrodesmium abruptum, the lectotype species of the genus, prompted a re-valuation of the traditionally broadly conceived genus Bactrodesmium. Fresh material, axenic cultures and new DNA sequence data of five gene regions of six species, i.e. B. abruptum, B. diversum, B. leptopus, B. obovatum, B. pallidum and B. spilomeum, were studied. Bactrodesmium is a strongly resolved lineage in the Savoryellales (Sordariomycetes), supported by Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods. The genus Bactrodesmium is emended and delimited to hyphomycetes characterised by sporodochial conidiomata, mononematous often fasciculate conidiophores, holoblastic conidiogenesis and acrogenous, solitary, dry, pigmented, transversely or rarely longitudinally septate conidia. The conidia are seceding rhexolytically, exhibiting multiple secession patterns. An identification key to 35 species accepted in Bactrodesmium is given, providing the most important diagnostic characters. Novel DNA sequence data of B. longisporum and B. stilboideum confirmed their placement in the Sclerococcales (Eurotiomycetes). For other Bactrodesmium, molecular data are available for B. cubense and B. gabretae, which position them in the Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes, respectively. All four species are excluded from Bactrodesmium and segregated into new genera, Aphanodesmium, Gamsomyces and Kaseifertia. Classification of other 20 species and varieties not recognised in the genus is discussed. Based on new collections of Dematiosporium aquaticum, the type species of Dematiosporium, the genus is emended to accommodate monodictys-like freshwater lignicolous fungi of the Savoryellales characterised by effuse colonies, holoblastic conidiogenous cells and dictyosporous, pigmented conidia with a pore in each cell. Study of additional new collections, cultures and DNA sequence data revealed several unknown species, which are proposed as taxonomic novelties in the Savoryellales and closely related Pleurotheciales. Ascotaiwania latericolla, Helicoascotaiwania lacustris and Pleurotheciella erumpens are described from terrestrial, lentic and lotic habitats from New Zealand and France, respectively. New combinations are proposed for Helicoascotaiwania farinosa and Neoascotaiwania fusiformis. Relationships and systematics of the Savoryellales are discussed in the light of recent phylogenies and morphological patterns newly linked with the order through cultural studies.
