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Two new species of ectotrophic root-infecting fungi pathogenic to warm-season turfgrasses are described. Magnaporthe garrettii P. T. W. Wong & M. L. Dickinson sp. nov. causes a serious patch disease on couch (Cynodon dactylon) bowling greens in South Australia, and Magnaporthe griffinii P. T. W. Wong & A.M. Stirling sp. nov. is associated with a di...
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... Several wellknown genera of ERI fungi have been described on turfgrass, including Gaeumannomyces, Ophiosphaerella, and Magnaporthiopsis [11−13] . Recently, a new genus of ERI fungi, Candidacolonium, was described by Vines [14] , and was associated with the decline of ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) in late summer and early fall in the Deep South of the USA [14,15] . Virulence tests revealed that C. cynodontis was one of the most destructive and aggressive ERI fungi and the main cause of summer decline observed on ultradwarf bermudagrass [14] . ...
... Moreover, creeping bentgrass are weakened by many stressed factors during the hot summer months, and become increasingly vulnerable to ERI fungi [9] . Similar pathogenicity results were observed in other ERI fungi, including C. cynodontis, which caused more severe disease at 30 °C than at 20 °C in an in vivo evaluation [15] . The pathogenicity analysis in this study successfully recreated the disease symptoms; however, they were not as severe as observed by the superintendents at golf courses. ...
Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is one of the most preferred turfgrass species for putting greens on golf courses throughout China. In autumn 2020 and summer 2021, a summer patch-like disease was observed on creeping bentgrass putting greens at two golf courses in East China. Fungal isolates with similar morphology were consistently isolated from the dark root tissues. Four representative isolates from the two golf courses were identified through morphological, biological, and phylogenetic analyses. Bayesian methods and maximum likelihood were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on both multiple and single loci of partial sequences of the 18S nuc rDNA (SSU), ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 28S nuc rDNA (LSU) regions, and of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), minichromosome maintenance complex 7 (MCM7), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) genes, respectively. The isolates consistently formed a highly supported clade within the genus Candidacolonium, which was further supported by distinctive morphological characters. In pathogenicity tests, the fungus produced slightly lobed or mitten-shaped hyphopodia, colonized roots of creeping bentgrass via ectotrophic, dark runner hyphae, and caused disease symptoms with root discoloration, root and shoot mass reduction, and yellow leaf spots. This pathogenic fungus is described as a new species, Candidacolonium agrostis sp. nov., and is most likely the cause of a summer patch-like disease on creeping bentgrass in East China.
... These species are widely distributed and have been reported from Australia, China, Philippines, Thailandand, the United States (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993, Wong et al. 1999, Ranghoo et al. 2001, Khemmuk et al. 2016, Luo et al. 2019, Dong et al. 2017, Steinrucken et al. 2022. Wongia is established by Khemmuk et al. (2016) (Wong et al. 2012, Khemmuk et al. 2016; W. aquatica and W. fusiformis were isolated on decaying wood from freshwater habitats in China and Thailand, respectively (Luo et al. 2019 and W. ficherai was reported as pathogenic fungi on leaves and stems from Australia (Steinrucken et al. 2022). Wongia garrettii and W. griffinii are the sexual morphs which are characterized by superficial and immersed ascomata with long or short neck, and asci with non-amyloid apical rings and 3-septate ascospores with dark brown middle cells and pale brown to subhyaline shorter distal cells (Khemmuk et al. 2016 ...
... With the development of molecular technology, molecular phylogenetics combined with morphological methods can quickly and accurately determine the natural taxonomic status of species and provide a better insight into species complexes than traditional methods. For example, the two root-infecting fungi, Magnaporthe garrettii and M. griffinii were originally assigned to Magnaporthe in Magnaporthales based on traditional classification methods (Wong et al. 2012). Subsequent phylogenetic analysis by Khemmuk et al. (2016) showed that M. garrettii and M. griffinii were sister species and formed a well-supported clade out of Magnaporthales. ...
Diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi in Yuanjiang (Red River) basin, Yunnan, China is currently being studied. Three fresh collections of Papulosaceae were collected. Wongia suae sp. nov. and W. fusiformis were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, SSU and tef1-α sequence data. The detailed descriptions and illustrations of these two species are provided, as well as the morphological comparison with similar taxa.
... Wongia contains four other species, two (W. garrettii and W. griffinii) that are associated with disease symptoms in some grasses (Wong et al. 2012, Khemmuk et al. 2016, and two (W. aquatica and W. fusiformis) that have been isolated as saprobes on decayed wood in freshwater habitats (Bao et al. 2021). ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia , Agaricus albofoetidus , Agaricus aureoelephanti and Agaricus parviumbrus on soil, Fusarium ramsdenii from stem cankers of Araucaria cunninghamii , Keissleriella sporoboli from stem of Sporobolus natalensis , Leptosphaerulina queenslandica and Pestalotiopsis chiaroscuro from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis , Serendipita petricolae as endophyte from roots of Eriochilus petricola , Stagonospora tauntonensis from stem of Sporobolus natalensis , Teratosphaeria carnegiei from leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis and Wongia ficherai from roots of Eragrostis curvula . Canada , Lulworthia fundyensis from intertidal wood and Newbrunswickomyces abietophilus (incl. Newbrunswickomyces gen. nov.) on buds of Abies balsamea . Czech Republic , Geosmithia funiculosa from a bark beetle gallery on Ulmus minor and Neoherpotrichiella juglandicola (incl. Neoherpotrichiella gen. nov.) from wood of Juglans regia . France , Aspergillus rouenensis and Neoacrodontium gallica (incl. Neoacrodontium gen. nov.) from bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum feeding on Quercus wood, Endoradiciella communis (incl. Endoradiciella gen. nov.) endophytic in roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum and Entoloma simulans on soil. India , Amanita konajensis on soil and Keithomyces indicus from soil. Israel , Microascus rothbergiorum from Stylophora pistillata . Italy , Calonarius ligusticus on soil. Netherlands , Appendopyricularia juncicola (incl. Appendopyricularia gen. nov.), Eriospora juncicola and Tetraploa juncicola on dead culms of Juncus effusus , Gonatophragmium physciae on Physcia caesia and Paracosmospora physciae (incl. Paracosmospora gen. nov.) on Physcia tenella , Myrmecridium phragmitigenum on dead culm of Phragmites australis , Neochalara lolae on stems of Pteridium aquilinum , Niesslia nieuwwulvenica on dead culm of undetermined Poaceae , Nothodevriesia narthecii (incl. Nothodevriesia gen. nov.) on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum and Parastenospora pini (incl. Parastenospora gen. nov.) on dead twigs of Pinus sylvestris . Norway , Verticillium bjoernoeyanum from sand grains attached to a piece of driftwood on a sandy beach. Portugal , Collybiopsis cimrmanii on the base of living Quercus ilex and amongst dead leaves of Laurus and herbs. South Africa , Paraproliferophorum hyphaenes (incl. Paraproliferophorum gen. nov.) on living leaves of Hyphaene sp. and Saccothecium widdringtoniae on twigs of Widdringtonia wallichii . Spain , Cortinarius dryosalor on soil, Cyphellophora endoradicis endophytic in roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum , Geoglossum laurisilvae on soil, Leptographium gemmatum from fluvial sediments, Physalacria auricularioides from a dead twig of Castanea sativa , Terfezia bertae and Tuber davidlopezii in soil. Sweden , Alpova larskersii , Inocybe alpestris and Inocybe boreogodeyi on soil. Thailand , Russula banwatchanensis , Russula purpureoviridis and Russula lilacina on soil. Ukraine , Nectriella adonidis on overwintered stems of Adonis vernalis . USA , Microcyclus jacquiniae from living leaves of Jacquinia keyensis and Penicillium neoherquei from a minute mushroom sporocarp. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... Koch's postulates to determine pathogenicity status.-Inoculation procedures for fulfillment of Koch's postulates were adopted and modified from those described by Wong et al. (2012). Aerial stolons (runners) of "Champion" and "MiniVerde" ultradwarf bermudagrass cultivars, which were produced by growing each cultivar in a greenhouse prior to initiation of pathogenicity trials, served as plant material for this study. ...
The genus Magnaporthiopsis of Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) contains species that are predominantly necrotrophic pathogens, often producing simple hyphopodia and dark, ectotrophic runner hyphae on plant roots and stems during colonization. Fungal isolates from turfgrass roots with dark and ectotrophic runner hyphae were examined and identified based on morphological, biological, and phylogenetic analyses. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods were implemented to obtain phylogenetic trees for partial sequences of the 18S nuc rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer, and 28S nuc rDNA regions, and of the minichromosome maintenance complex 7 (MCM7), largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) genes. Our isolates consistently formed a distinct and highly supported clade within Magnaporthiopsis. These findings were reinforced by common and distinctive biological and morphological characters. Additionally, we conducted pathogenicity evaluations and demonstrated the ability of this fungus to colonize roots of ultradwarf bermudagrass, one of its native hosts, via ectotrophic, dark runner hyphae, causing disease symptoms including root discoloration and reduced root and shoot mass. Altogether, our discoveries enabled recognition and description of a new species, Magnaporthiopsis cynodontis, which has widespread distribution in the United States.
... Based on morphology and phylogeny, we identify our species as Fluminicola thailandensis. (2016) Notes: Khemmuk et al. (2016) re-examined Magnaporthe garrettii and M. griffinii that are pathogenic on roots of couch and hybrid couch (Wong et al. 2012) and established the genus Wongia. Wongia is the fourth genus to be placed in Papulosaceae, along with Brunneosporella (Ranghoo et al. 2001), Fluminicola (Wong et al. 1999a, b) and Papulosa (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993). ...
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. Freshwater Sordariomycetes play an important role in ecosystems and some of them have the potential to produce bioactive compounds. This study documents and reviews the freshwater Sordariomycetes, which is one of the largest and important groups of fungi in aquatic habitats. Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology, we introduce a new order Distoseptisporales, two new families, viz. Ceratosphaeriaceae and Triadelphiaceae, three new genera, viz. Aquafiliformis, Dematiosporium and Neospadicoides, 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys fluminicola, Aquafiliformis lignicola, Aquapteridospora fusiformis, Arthrinium aquaticum, Ascosacculus fusiformis, Atractospora aquatica, Barbatosphaeria lignicola, Ceratosphaeria aquatica, C. lignicola, Chaetosphaeria aquatica, Ch. catenulata, Ch. guttulata, Ch. submersa, Codinaea yunnanensis, Conioscypha aquatica, C. submersa, Cordana aquatica, C. lignicola, Cosmospora aquatica, Cylindrotrichum submersum, Dematiosporium aquaticum, Dictyochaeta cangshanensis, D. ellipsoidea, D. lignicola, D. submersa, Distoseptispora appendiculata, D. lignicola, D. neorostrata, D. obclavata, Hypoxylon lignicola, Lepteutypa aquatica, Myrmecridium aquaticum, Neospadicoides aquatica, N. lignicola, N. yunnanensis, Ophioceras submersum, Peroneutypa lignicola, Phaeoisaria filiformis, Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola, Rhodoveronaea aquatica, Seiridium aquaticum, Sporidesmiella aquatica, Sporidesmium lageniforme, S. lignicola, Tainosphaeria lunata, T. obclavata, Wongia aquatica, two new combinations, viz. Acrodictys aquatica, Cylindrotrichum aquaticum, and 9 new records, viz. Chaetomium globosum, Chaetosphaeria cubensis, Ch. myriocarpa, Cordana abramovii, Co. terrestris, Cuspidatispora xiphiago, Sporidesmiella hyalosperma, Stachybotrys chartarum,S. chlorohalonata. A comprehensive classification of the freshwater Sordariomycetes is presented based on updated literature. Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequence analyses of a combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1α dataset comprising species of freshwater Sordariomycetes are provided. Detailed information including their habitats distribution, diversity, holotype, specimens collected and classification are provided.
... Magnaporthe was morphologically characterised by having dark perithecia with long necks immersed in host tissue, unitunicate asci, and 4-celled fusiform hyaline to pale brown ascospores (Krause & Webster 1972). Subsequently, seven species were assigned to Magnaporthe based on morphology, namely, M. salvinii (Krause & Webster 1972), M. grisea (Barr 1977), M. rhizophila (Scott & Deacon 1983), M. poae (Landschoot & Jackson 1989), M. oryzae (Couch & Kohn 2002), and M. garrettii and M. griffinii (Wong et al. 2012). Most of these species belong to other genera, specifically Magnaporthiopsis, Nakataea, and Pyricularia (Luo & Zhang 2013). ...
... Most of these species belong to other genera, specifically Magnaporthiopsis, Nakataea, and Pyricularia (Luo & Zhang 2013). The two exceptions are the Australian ectotrophic species, M. garrettii and M. griffinii, which infect roots of some turf grasses (Wong et al. 2012). One of these species, M. griffinii, was found by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to be distant from Sordariomycetes based on ITS sequences (GenBank JQ390311, JQ390312). ...
... This led us to re-examine two Australian species, M. garrettii and M. griffinii, pathogenic on roots of couch (Cynodon dactylon) and hybrid couch (C. dactylon × transvaalensis) (Wong et al. 2012). We establish Wongia here to accommodate these two species, based on molecular and morphological analysis. ...
The classification of two root-infecting fungi, Magnaporthe garrettii and M. griffinii, was examined by phylogenetic analysis of multiple gene sequences. This analysis demonstrated that M. garrettii and M. griffinii were sister species that formed a well-supported separate clade in Papulosaceae (Diaporthomycetidae, Sordariomycetes), which clusters outside of the Magnaporthales. Wongia gen. nov, is established to accommodate these two species which are not closely related to other species classified in Magnaporthe nor to other genera, including Nakataea, Magnaporthiopsis and Pyricularia, which all now contain other species once classified in Magnaporthe.
... avenae (Wong et al. 2000;Smiley et al. 2005), G. wongoonoo Wong (Wong 2002) and Magnaporthe spp. (Wong et al. 2012). The couch rhizomes also showed extensive colonisation by dark mycelium and mycelial plates. ...
... emend. Snyder and Hansen culture (Wong et al. 2012). The pots were randomised in blocks in a temperature-controlled glasshouse with a temperature cycle of 12 h at 30°C (day temperature) and 12 h at 25°C (night temperature). ...
... Attempts were made to induce sporulation by growing the fungal isolates (a) on various media such as cornmeal agar, malt extract agar, potato carrot agar and water agar, (b) on sterilised (autoclaved) plant substrates such as couch stems, kikuyu stems and wheat straw placed on water agar, and (c) on the above media and incubating under UV light (360 nm) for 3 months. Agar cultures were also (a) exposed to alternating dark and diffuse natural light on a laboratory bench (20-25°C) for up to 6 months, which had been successful in inducing perithecial formation in some fungal pathogens (Hornby 1998;Wong et al. 2012) and (b) stored in a cool room at 4-5°C for up to 15 months to induce the conidial state (Wang and Wilcox 1985;Wang et al. 2009). ...
Since 2005, a serious emerging disease called fairway patch has occurred on the fairways, tees and green surrounds of a number of golf courses in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia. It occurs most commonly on couch or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) but has also been found on kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) fairways at one golf course in Sydney. The disease begins as small patches (5–10 cm diam.) of yellow to tan-coloured grass. The patches enlarge into tan-coloured rings up to 1 m in diameter, which often coalesce to form unsightly brown networks of dead and dying grass. The patches are present all the year round but are most pronounced from late spring to late autumn. Fungal isolation from diseased roots and pathogenicity tests have proven that a slow-growing (ca. 2 mm/day on PDA at 25 °C), dark, septate, non-sporulating fungus is the cause of fairway patch. Phylogenetic analysis of the pathogen’s rDNA ITS and partial 28S sequences has shown that it is a new taxon and is described as Phialocephala bamuru P.T.W. Wong & C. Dong sp. nov. It belongs to a heterogeneous clade that includes Phialocephala, Acephala, Vibrissea, Phaeomollisia and Mollisia spp., but, as it is phylogenetically closest to Phialocephala spp. (94–95 % ITS affinities), it has been described as a Phialocephala species although it has not been shown to produce spores in culture. Research is continuing to study the biology and ecology of this ectotrophic rootinfecting fungal pathogen and develop practical strategies to manage the disease.
... Mycelium superficial and immersed branched, septate, smooth, hyaline and irregular. Notes: The morphology and phylogeny of taxa in the family Magnaporthaceae have been studied in detail (Walker 1972;Hirata et al. 2007;Huhndorf et al. 2008;Thongkantha et al. 2009;Wong et al. 2012;Luo and Zhang 2013;Murata et al. 2014). Our new species can be separated from other genera in Magnaporthaceae by morphology combined with the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 28). ...
This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa, including one new family, 10 new genera, and 76 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new family, Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology. The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae. The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Amphibambusa (Amphisphaeriaceae), Brunneomycosphaerella (Capnodiales genera incertae cedis), Chaetocapnodium (Capnodiaceae), Flammeascoma (Anteagloniaceae), Multiseptospora (Pleosporales genera incertae cedis), Neogaeumannomyces (Magnaporthaceae), Palmiascoma (Bambusicolaceae), Paralecia (Squamarinaceae) and Sarimanas (Melanommataceae). The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii, Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis, A. muriformia, Alternaria cesenica, Amphibambusa bambusicola, Amphisphaeria sorbi, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Atrotorquata spartii, Brunneomycosphaerella laburni, Byssosphaeria musae, Camarosporium aborescentis, C. aureum, C. frutexensis, Chaetocapnodium siamensis, Chaetothyrium agathis, Colletotrichum sedi, Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis, Cytospora berberidis, C. sibiraeae, Diaporthe thunbergiicola, Diatrype palmicola, Dictyosporium aquaticum, D. meiosporum, D. thailandicum, Didymella cirsii, Dinemasporium nelloi, Flammeascoma bambusae, Kalmusia italica, K. spartii, Keissleriella sparticola, Lauriomyces synnematicus, Leptosphaeria ebuli, Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium, L. ravennicum, Lophiotrema eburnoides, Montagnula graminicola, Multiseptospora thailandica, Myrothecium macrosporum, Natantispora unipolaris, Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola, Neosetophoma clematidis, N. italica, Oxydothis atypica, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Paraconiothyrium nelloi, P. thysanolaenae, Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola, Paralecia pratorum, Paraphaeosphaeria spartii, Pestalotiopsis digitalis, P. dracontomelon, P. italiana, Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis, Phragmocapnias philippinensis, Pseudocamarosporium cotinae, Pseudocercospora tamarindi, Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata, P. thailandica, Psiloglonium multiseptatum, Saagaromyces mangrovei, Sarimanas pseudofluviatile, S. shirakamiense, Tothia spartii, Trichomerium siamensis, Wojnowicia dactylidicola, W. dactylidis and W. lonicerae. The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus, A. hanthanaensis, A. parvibicolor, A. sodalis, Cantharellus luteostipitatus, Lactarius atrobrunneus, L. politus, Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi, Meliola tamarindi, Pallidocercospora acaciigena, Phaeosphaeria musae, Plenodomus agnitus, Psiloglonium colihuae, P. sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum, A. nitens, A. stygium, Biscogniauxia marginata, Fasciatispora nypae, Hypoxylon fendleri, H. monticulosum, Leptosphaeria doliolum, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Neomicrothyrium, Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei, Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae. A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs (or drawings). Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.
... Once inside the host, the fungus can progress through the vascular tissue to the aerial parts of the plant leading to subsequent foliar necrosis. Two new Magnaporthe species affecting warm-season turfgrasses have been recently described in Australia whose symptoms look similar to those produced by M. poae (Wong et al. 2012 ] associated with a disease complex ("summer decline") of hybrid couch (C. dactylon  C. transvaalensis). ...
The Magnaporthaceae family includes fungal species that cause devastating diseases on cereals and grasses. The causal agent of take-all disease of wheat Gaeumannomyces graminis, the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and Magnaporthe poae which causes the grey leaf spot on turfgrasses, belong to this family. M. poae and G. graminis are considered root pathogens, whereas M. oryzae is found on aerial plant tissues. Remarkably, M. oryzae can also infect roots and distinct mechanisms control its root infection ability compared to leaf colonisation. Since G. graminis and M. poae are genetically intractable, M. oryzae underground infection process can be used to dissect genetic pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying root infection in other members of Magnaporthaceae. Interestingly, M. oryzae root infection process also shares similarities with ancient mycorrhizal associations. Here, we highlight the latest advances on the mechanisms regulating pathogenicity in these economically significant plant pathogens.
Hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) is widely used as turf in southern and transition zones of China. From June to September in 2022, an unknown disease was consistently observed on hybrid bermudagrass in different regions of Nanjing China, exhibiting distinct symptoms of leaf necrosis, severe root rot and circular or irregular necrotic patches with 20-300 cm in diameter. In this study, culture -independent and dependent methods were used to elucidate the dominant fungal pathogens associated with the disease. Basidiomycota and Marasmiellus were shown to be the dominant phyla (51.96%-70.60%) and genera (50.09%-69.84%) in the symptomatic samples. A total of 128 fungal strains were isolated from symptomatic root tissues, and 40 strains representing the largest proportion (31.25%), were identified as Marasmiellus mesosporus, based on the morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU rDNA region, and pathogenicity testing. Temperature sensitivity tests revealed that M. mesosporus grew well at high temperature (growth rate of 13.74 mm/d at 36 ℃). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. mesosporus causing root rot disease on hybrid bermudagrass during hot summer months. The study will have important implications for the management of the disease.
