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Ascochyta spp. A, B, D. Disease symptoms. A. Symptoms caused by Ascochyta koolunga on field pea seedlings. B, D. Symptoms caused by Ascochyta pisi on Pisum sativum cv. 'Lifter'. C, E-L. Sexual morph. C, E. Ascomata on host surface. C. Ascomata of Ascochyta pisi on stem of Pisum sativum cv. 'Lifter'. E. Ascomata of Ascochyta clinopodiicola (holotype MFLU 17-1034) on dead aerial stem of Clinopodium nepeta. F. Section through ascoma of Ascochyta clinopodiicola (holotype MFLU 17-1034). G, H. Asci. G. Ascochyta pisi (WSP 71448). H. Ascochyta clinopodiicola (holotype MFLU 17-1034). I, K, L. Ascospores. I. Ascochyta phacae (holotype ZT Myc 54988). K. Ascochyta clinopodiicola (holotype MFLU 17-1034). L. Ascochyta rosae (ex-type MFLUCC 15-0063). J, M-T. Asexual morph. J, M. Conidiomata forming on OA. J. Ascochyta benningiorum (ex-type CBS 144957). M. Ascochyta koolunga (CBS 372.84). N. Section through the conidioma of Ascochyta benningiorum (ex-type CBS 144957). O, P. Conidiogenous cells. O. Ascochyta koolunga (CBS 372.84). P. Ascochyta pilosella (ex-type CBS 583.97). Q-T. Conidia. Q. Ascochyta clinopodiicola (CBS 123526). R. Ascochyta pisi (ex-epitype CBS 122785). S, T. Ascochyta koolunga (CBS 372.84). Scale bars: N = 50 μm; F = 15 μm; G, H, O, Q-T = 10 μm; I, K, L, P = 5 μm. Picture A taken from Davidson et al. (2009); B-D, G from Chilvers et al. (2009); E, F, H, K from Hyde et al. (2018); I, R from Chen et al. (2015b); L from Tibpromma et al. (2017); J, N from Hou et al. (2020b); M, O, S, T from Chen et al. (2017); P, Q from Hou et al. (2020a).
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This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera...
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... Cadophora luteo-olivacea. Spain, Valencia, grapevine rootstock 110 Richter, 2007, D. Gramaje, culture ex-type CBS 128576 = Clo-18. This Whole Genome Shutgun project has been deposited at GenBank under the accession JALRMC000000000 (BioProject: PRJNA827019, BioSample: SAMN27594411; present study). DNA barcodes (species): tub1, tub2, tef1. Table 3. Fig. ...
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... were not observed. A distinctive morphological feature of Cel. foliorum is a lack of paraphyses among conidiophores that is reported present in other species. Long paraphysis-like structures were occasionally observed but they were atypical conidiogenous cells. Celoporthe hawaiiensis is a phylogenetic closest relative to Cel. foliorum (Fig. 11). Celoporthe hawaiiensis was reported from Hawaii on Pisidium and Syzygium infected by Austropuccinia psidii (Roux et al. 2020). They are morphologically similar to each other based on the observation of in vitro cultures with Eucalyptus stem sections: their optimal growth temperature is 30 °C and conidial dimensions are 2.5-4 × 1-1.5 ...
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... Based on the results of the combined phylogenetic tree, two isolates obtained from Alyssopsis mollis cluster in a distinct wellsupported clade (Fig. 14). No Cercospora species is presently known from Alyssopsis (Crous & Braun 2003, Farr & Rossman 2022. As Arabis secunda, Nasturtium sagittatum and Sisymbrium molle are synonyms of Alyssopsis mollis, we also checked the Cercospora species reported on these genera. Cercospora armoraciae, Cer. cruciferarum, Cer. kuznetzoviana and Cer. ...
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... Cytospora associated with canker and dieback disease in China using a six-gene matrix (ITS, LSU, act1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2), of which 13 species were new to science. Morphologically, six locule types were widely accepted (Spielman 1983(Spielman , 1985. Lamyelloid refers to multiple independent locules with multiple ostioles, e.g. Cy. ceratosperma (Fig. 18E, I). Cytosporoid refers to a divided locule and shared walls, including most species of Cytospora, e.g. Cy. chrysosperma (Fig. 18F, J). Torsellioid refers to multiple independent locules with one ostiole. Cyclocytosporoid refers to a toruloid locule with a central column. Leucostosporoid refers to divided locule and shared walls ...
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... 13 species were new to science. Morphologically, six locule types were widely accepted (Spielman 1983(Spielman , 1985. Lamyelloid refers to multiple independent locules with multiple ostioles, e.g. Cy. ceratosperma (Fig. 18E, I). Cytosporoid refers to a divided locule and shared walls, including most species of Cytospora, e.g. Cy. chrysosperma (Fig. 18F, J). Torsellioid refers to multiple independent locules with one ostiole. Cyclocytosporoid refers to a toruloid locule with a central column. Leucostosporoid refers to divided locule and shared walls surrounded by a black circle (conceptacle), e.g. Cy. leucostoma (Fig. 18G, K). Cytophomoid refers to an undivided locule and winglike ...
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... shared walls, including most species of Cytospora, e.g. Cy. chrysosperma (Fig. 18F, J). Torsellioid refers to multiple independent locules with one ostiole. Cyclocytosporoid refers to a toruloid locule with a central column. Leucostosporoid refers to divided locule and shared walls surrounded by a black circle (conceptacle), e.g. Cy. leucostoma (Fig. 18G, K). Cytophomoid refers to an undivided locule and winglike ectostroma around the ostiole (sometimes it is inconspicuous), e.g. Cy. pruinosa (Fig. 18H, ...
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... Cyclocytosporoid refers to a toruloid locule with a central column. Leucostosporoid refers to divided locule and shared walls surrounded by a black circle (conceptacle), e.g. Cy. leucostoma (Fig. 18G, K). Cytophomoid refers to an undivided locule and winglike ectostroma around the ostiole (sometimes it is inconspicuous), e.g. Cy. pruinosa (Fig. 18H, ...
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... Province, poplar tree in temperate region, collection date and collector unknown, strain YSFL. This Whole Genome Shutgun project has been deposited at GenBank under the accession LJZO00000000 (BioProject: PRJNA296468, BioSample: SAMN04099705); CFL2056 v1.0 in MycoCosm (Yin & Huang, unpublished). DNA barcodes (species): ITS, rpb2, tef1. Table 7. Fig. ...
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... and Di. infuscatispora clustered in a well-supported clade (Fig. 24). Morphologically, Di. uniseptata can be easily differentiated from the latter by producing larger conidiogenous cells (8.5-16.5 × 6-11.5 μm vs 6-8.5 × 5.5-8 μm) and conidia (8-13 × 4.5-6.5 μm vs 5-8.5 × 3.5-5.5 μm; ). DNA barcodes (species): ITS, tef1, tub1, tub2. Table 9. Fig. ...
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... with attenuated apices. Paraphyses or cylindrical sterile cells absent. Conidia (3.5-)4.5-5.5(-6) × 1-1.5 μm (av. 5 × 1.3 μm), hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate. Notes: Endothia cerciana isolated from Quercus species in China represents a fourth species in this genus (Table 9). It is closely related to E. gyrosa in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 31). Endothia cerciana, E. chinensis, E. gyrosa and E. singularis all produce perithecia embedded in stromata at irregular levels, with paraphyses or cylindrical sterile cells absent (asexual morph is unknown for E. chinensis) (Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b). Some differences have been observed among the four species in ...
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... 12. Fig 41. Ascomata perithecial, black, aggregated, subepidermal, erumpent, spherical or ovoid, with papillate ostioles. Asci short pedicellate, rounded at the apex, unitunicate-operculate, clavate, 8-spored. ...
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... temperature for growth: Optimum 25 °C, maximum 37 °C, minimum 5 °C. Notes: Nigrospora covidalis clustered in a well-supported clade closely related to N. musae (Fig. 41). Morphologically, N. covidalis can be differentiated from N. musae in the smaller size of its conidiogenous cells (5-8.5 × 4.5-7 μm vs 6.5-14 × 6-9 μm) and conidia (9-14 μm vs 15-19.5 μm). Additionally, vesicles were present in N. musae but absent in N. covidalis. discrete, determinate, sub-spherical or ampulliform, 8.5-9 × 3-4.5 μm ...
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... temperature for growth: Optimum 25 °C, maximum 37 °C, minimum 5 °C. Notes: Nigrospora globospora clustered with N. magnoliae and formed a distinct clade (Fig. 41). Morphologically, N. globosporium can be differentiated from N. magnoliae by its larger conidiogenous cells (8.5-9 × 3-4.5 µm vs 5-7× 5-6 µm) and smaller conidia (8.5-12 × 10.5-13.5 μm vs 10-14 × 10-13 µm). Etymology: Refers to a PhD career in academia, PhD represents the Latin phrase "philosophiae ...
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... temperature for growth: Optimum 25 °C, maximum 37 °C, minimum 5 °C. Notes: Nigrospora philosophiae-doctoris clustered in a wellsupported clade closely related to N. sacchari-officinarum and N. (Fig. 41). Nigrospora philosophiae-doctoris produces smaller conidiogenous cells when compared to those in N. sacchariofficinarum and N. gorlenkoana (4-9.5 × 3-7.5 μm in N. philosophiaedoctoris; 7-15.5 × 9 5-9.5 μm in N. sacchari-officinarum; 7-13.5 × 4-9 μm in N. gorlenkoana), and smaller conidia than those of N. sacchari-officinarum. ...
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... symptoms: Soilborne Phytophthora species cause damping-off, losses of fine roots and small lateral roots (Fig. 50A), necrotic bark lesions on woody roots (Fig. 50A), root rots (Fig. 51A), collar and stem rots (Fig. 50F, 51A, C) and bark lesions along the stem up to the canopy (aerial bark cankers or stem cankers; Fig. 50G) (Day 1938, Crandall et al. 1945, Tsao 1990, Shearer & Tippet 1989, Erwin & Ribeiro 1996, Harris 1991, Jung et al. 1996, 2000, b, 2017c, b, 2020, Hansen et al. 2000, Jung & Blaschke 2004, Tyler 2007, ...
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... symptoms: Soilborne Phytophthora species cause damping-off, losses of fine roots and small lateral roots (Fig. 50A), necrotic bark lesions on woody roots (Fig. 50A), root rots (Fig. 51A), collar and stem rots (Fig. 50F, 51A, C) and bark lesions along the stem up to the canopy (aerial bark cankers or stem cankers; Fig. 50G) (Day 1938, Crandall et al. 1945, Tsao 1990, Shearer & Tippet 1989, Erwin & Ribeiro 1996, Harris 1991, Jung et al. 1996, 2000, b, 2017c, b, 2020, Hansen et al. 2000, Jung & Blaschke 2004, Tyler 2007, Jung 2009, Green et al. 2013, Ginetti ...
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... by bark lesions results in acute wilting and mortality (Fig. 50C, D). Temporary waterlogging after heavy or prolonged rain or flooding provides ideal conditions for continuous zoospore production and infections often leading to acute patch dieback and mortality, in particular in agricultural ecosystems with highly susceptible, often clonal crops (Fig. 51A-D) and in riparian ecosystems ( Davison 1988, Harris 1991, Shearer & Tippett 1989, Erwin & Ribeiro 1996, Streito et al. 2002, Jung & Blaschke 2004, Dorrance 2013, Jung et al. 2018a). Splash-dispersal of soilborne sporangia and zoospores by heavy rain or sprinkler irrigation can cause leaf necroses, shoot dieback and fruit rot up to 2 m ...
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... Phytophthora species cause necrotic lesions on leaves, shoots and fruits (Fig. 51E-H), shoot dieback, defoliations, bleeding bark lesions and also root and foot rot (Erwin & Ribeiro 1996, Aragaki & Uchida 2001, Werres et al. 2001, Rizzo et al. 2002, Brasier et al. 2005, Brown & Brasier 2007, Brasier & Webber 2010, Reeser et al. 2013, Scanu & Webber 2016, Jung et al. 2016, Hansen et al. 2017). Analogous to fine root ...
Citations
... Phytophthora (Oomycota, Peronosporales) is a genus of mainly soilborne or aerial plant pathogens causing a range of diseases of woody plants like collar and root rots, aerial bleeding cankers on trunks, discolorations and small size of leaves or needles, and eventually dieback and mortality (Chen et al., 2022;Ho, 2018;Jung et al., 2013aJung et al., , 2018a). Phytophthora pathogens cause 66% of diseases affecting fine roots and over 90% of collar rot diseases of woody plants (Tsao, 1990). ...
... Most -if not all -exotic invasive Phytophthora spp. causing epidemics of non-coevolved native vegetation were introduced via the international trade in living plants and subsequently spread with nursery stock (Brasier, 2008;Brasier et al., 2022;Chen et al., 2022;Jung et al., 2016Jung et al., , 2018aJung et al., , 2021. For example, the devastating 'Sudden oak death' (P. ...
... A previously unknown Phytophthora species from phylogenetic Clade 13 was obtained during this survey from seedlings of Quercus robur in nursery no. 3 and described in 2022 as Phytophthora transitoria (Abad et al., 2023;Chen et al., 2022). ...
Phytophthora diversity was examined in
eight forest and ornamental nurseries in the Czech
Republic. A leaf baiting isolation technique and, in
two nurseries, also Illumina DNA metabarcoding
were used to reveal the diversity of Phytophthora in
soil and irrigation water and compare the efficacy of
both approaches. In total, baiting revealed the occurrence
of 12 Phytophthora taxa in 59.4% of soil samples
from seven (87.5%) nurseries. Additional baiting
of compost was carried out in two nurseries and
two Phytophthora species were recovered. Irrigation
water was examined in three nurseries by baiting or
by direct isolation from partially decomposed floating
leaves collected from the water source, and two Phytophthora
species were obtained. Illumina sequencing
of soil and water samples was done in two and
one nurseries, respectively. Phytophthora reads were
identified as 45 Phytophthora taxa, 15 of them previously
unknown taxa from Clades 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Another 11 taxa belonged to known or undescribed
species of the oomycete genera Globisporangium,
Hyaloperonospora, Nothophytophthora, Peronospora
and Plasmopara. Overall, with both techniques
50 Phytophthora taxa were detected with five taxa (P.
taxon organica, P. plurivora, P. rosacearum, P. syringae
and P. transitoria) being exclusively detected by
baiting and 38 only by DNA metabarcoding. Particularly
common records in DNA barcoding were P. cinnamomi
and P. lateralis which were not isolated by
baiting. Only seven species were detected by both
techniques. It is recommended to use the combination
of both techniques to determine true diversity of
Phytophthora in managed or natural ecosystems and
reveal the presence of rare or unknown Phytophthora
taxa.
... Phytophthora (Oomycota, Peronosporales) is a genus of mainly soilborne or aerial plant pathogens causing a range of diseases of woody plants like collar and root rots, aerial bleeding cankers on trunks, discolorations and small size of leaves or needles, and eventually dieback and mortality (Chen et al., 2022;Ho, 2018;Jung et al., 2013aJung et al., , 2018a). Phytophthora pathogens cause 66% of diseases affecting fine roots and over 90% of collar rot diseases of woody plants (Tsao, 1990). ...
... Most -if not all -exotic invasive Phytophthora spp. causing epidemics of non-coevolved native vegetation were introduced via the international trade in living plants and subsequently spread with nursery stock (Brasier, 2008;Brasier et al., 2022;Chen et al., 2022;Jung et al., 2016Jung et al., , 2018aJung et al., , 2021. For example, the devastating 'Sudden oak death' (P. ...
... A previously unknown Phytophthora species from phylogenetic Clade 13 was obtained during this survey from seedlings of Quercus robur in nursery no. 3 and described in 2022 as Phytophthora transitoria (Abad et al., 2023;Chen et al., 2022). ...
Phytophthora diversity was examined in eight forest and ornamental nurseries in the Czech Republic. A leaf baiting isolation technique and, in two nurseries, also Illumina DNA metabarcoding were used to reveal the diversity of Phytophthora in soil and irrigation water and compare the efficacy of both approaches. In total, baiting revealed the occurrence of 12 Phytophthora taxa in 59.4% of soil samples from seven (87.5%) nurseries. Additional baiting of compost was carried out in two nurseries and two Phytophthora species were recovered. Irrigation water was examined in three nurseries by baiting or by direct isolation from partially decomposed floating leaves collected from the water source, and two Phytophthora species were obtained. Illumina sequencing of soil and water samples was done in two and one nurseries, respectively. Phytophthora reads were identified as 45 Phytophthora taxa, 15 of them previously unknown taxa from Clades 6, 7, 8 and 9. Another 11 taxa belonged to known or undescribed species of the oomycete genera Globisporangium , Hyaloperonospora , Nothophytophthora , Peronospora and Plasmopara . Overall, with both techniques 50 Phytophthora taxa were detected with five taxa ( P. taxon organica, P. plurivora, P. rosacearum, P. syringae and P. transitoria ) being exclusively detected by baiting and 38 only by DNA metabarcoding. Particularly common records in DNA barcoding were P. cinnamomi and P. lateralis which were not isolated by baiting. Only seven species were detected by both techniques. It is recommended to use the combination of both techniques to determine true diversity of Phytophthora in managed or natural ecosystems and reveal the presence of rare or unknown Phytophthora taxa.
... The delimitation of species within the genus Sphaerulina is still under discussion. Many of the species in Mycosphaerellaceae were suggested to be host-specific, based on various inoculation tests and phylogenetic analyses including species occurring on single host plant genera (Crous et al. 2013, Groenewald et al. 2013, Nakashima et al. 2016, Videira et al. 2017, Chen et al. 2022. The same relationships between host plants and Sphaerulina species were observed in this study. ...
Sphaerulina species are plant pathogenic fungi causing leaf spot diseases of various hosts, including arboreous and herbaceous plants. The morphological characteristics of their asexual morphs and leaf spot symptoms are like those of Septoria spp. Due to their similar morphology, species of Sphaerulina have largely been subsumed under Septoria s. lat. A recent revision of the genus Septoria based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships resulted in the separation of Sphaerulina from Septoria. This study reveals the diversity of the genus Sphaerulina in Japan, and the species relationships based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, results of our phylogenetic analysis revealed seven novel species (Sph. farfugii, Sph. hydrangeicola, Sph. idesiae, Sph. lapsanastri, Sph. miurae, Sph. styracis, and Sph. viburnicola) which are described, and two species (Sep. duchesnea and Sep. nambuana) which are transferred to the genus Sphaerulina.
... accessed on 25 May 2024) was established to provide updated descriptions of each genus of plant pathogenic fungi, ensuring the application of the genus name whenever possible. It also provides a general description of currently accepted species, their DNA barcodes, and relevant literature [17,[39][40][41]. ...
Mexico generates specific phytosanitary regulations for each product and origin to prevent the entry of quarantine pests and/or delay their spread within the national territory, including fungi and oomycetes. Phytosanitary regulations are established based on available information on the presence or absence of these pathogens in the country; however, the compilation and precise analysis of reports is a challenging task due to many publications lacking scientific rigor in determining the presence of a taxon of phytosanitary interest in the country. This review evaluated various studies reporting the presence of plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes in Mexico and concluded that some lists of diseases and phytopathogenic organisms lack technical-scientific basis. Thus, it highlights the need and presents an excellent opportunity to establish a National Collection of Fungal Cultures and a National Herbarium for obligate parasites, as well as to generate a National Database of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes present in Mexico, supported by the combination of morphological, molecular, epidemiological, pathogenicity, symptom, and micrograph data. If
realized, this would have a direct impact on many future applications related to various topics, including quarantines, risk analysis, biodiversity studies, and monitoring of fungicide resistance, among others.
... Phytophthora species are fungal-like organisms within the kingdom Stramenopiles/Chromista and SAR supergroup (Beakes et al., 2015). More than 260 species are currently described (Brasier et al., 2022;Chen et al., 2022;Jung et al., 2022Jung et al., , 2024Abad et al., 2023) and most of them are pathogens causing numerous diseases and devastating epidemics of agricultural crops, ornamental plants, and natural ecosystems worldwide (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996;Jung et al., 2018;Brasier et al., 2022;Abad et al., 2023). The Phytophthora genus contains both generalist pathogens like the notorious P. cinnamomi Rands and P. ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in 't Veld with particularly wide host ranges (Grünwald et al., 2012;Hardham and Blackman, 2018;Jung et al., 2021) and specialists like the oak-specific P. quercina or the species from the "Phytophthora alni complex" which are exclusively pathogenic to alder (Alnus spp.) trees (Brasier and Kirk, 2001;Jung et al., 2018). ...
Introduction: Mortality of the riparian alder population caused by Phytophthora pathogens has been studied for over 20 years throughout Europe, recently gaining more importance in the context of evident climate change. The main objective of this study was to examine the pathogenicity of species from the “Phytophthora alni complex” present in the Czech Republic (P. ×alni and P. uniformis) and P. plurivora to Alnus glutinosa seedlings grown at ambient and
elevated CO2 concentration.
Methods: An underbark inoculation test was performed with seedlings grown from seeds collected from two Czech alder populations, one suffering from severe Phytophthora decline and the other disease-free.
Results: The results showed significant differences in lesion development and seedling mortality. After a 13-week experimental period, at both CO2 levels P. ×alni and P. uniformis showed high aggressiveness to A. glutinosa seedlings causing lesions of variable sizes and mortality of 33.3%, and 45.8% of plants, respectively. In contrast, P. plurivora did not cause mortality to any plant, and
lesion sizes did not differ significantly from those in control plants. Physiological measurements did not reveal any significant differences between Phytophthora species except for plants inoculated with P. plurivora showing increased values in
specific physiological parameters 4 weeks post-inoculation. Net photosynthesis decreased over the measurement period in all treatments with significant differences found between measurements conducted 2 and 4 weeks after the inoculation. Transpiration showed a decreasing trend in all inoculated plants with
no significant differences between Phytophthora species at both CO2 levels. Chemical analyses of root samples showed high variability in sugars and phenolic compounds related to the plant’s health status.
Discussion: This is the first study to examine the response of alder seedlings to Phytophthora pathogens at different CO2 levels. The findings demonstrate high aggressiveness of P. ×alni and P. uniformis and weaker aggressiveness of P. plurivora to alder seedlings regardless of the CO2 level.
... In addition, members of this genus are associated with many woody and herbaceous plants and cause necrotic lesions on fruits, flowers, bracts, and seeds. These fungi are widespread worldwide in various climatic conditions (Bakhshi et al. 2015a(Bakhshi et al. , b, 2018Chen et al. 2022;Groenewald et al. 2013). ...
... Later, Bakhshi et al. (2018) suggested three other gene regions to increase the predictive and consolidate resolution of phylogenetic relationship among Cercospora species. These genes are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and beta-tubulin (TUB2) (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Zare 2020a;Chen et al. 2022). Currently, multi-locus phylogenetic analysis combined with morphology and cultural features, as well as ecology, referred to as the Consolidated Species Concept (CSC) (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014), proved the most effective and reliable method for delimitation of Cercospora species (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Zare 2020a;Chen et al. 2022;Groenewald et al. 2013). ...
... These genes are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and beta-tubulin (TUB2) (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Zare 2020a;Chen et al. 2022). Currently, multi-locus phylogenetic analysis combined with morphology and cultural features, as well as ecology, referred to as the Consolidated Species Concept (CSC) (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014), proved the most effective and reliable method for delimitation of Cercospora species (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Zare 2020a;Chen et al. 2022;Groenewald et al. 2013). ...
Soybean diseases induced by Cercospora spp. exhibit a global prevalence worldwide. Cercospora kikuchii causes both Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS), whereas Cercospora sojina is a causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS). Eighteen Cercospora isolates originating from soybean plants exhibiting CLB, PSS, and FLS symptoms were obtained from continental Russia, the Crimea Peninsula, and South America. The identification was based on the Consolidated Species Concept and involved multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, assessment of cercosporin production capacity, and pathogenicity testing. Ten isolates were identified as C. sojina; the eight remaining ones were categorized into seven distinct species. Two isolates of C. kikuchii were obtained from South America, along with a single isolate each of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae and Cercospora sp. Q from the Russian Far East and South America, respectively. Three isolates from the Russian Far East were identified as Cercospora cf. alchemillicola and Cercospora celosiae. A single isolate formed a distinct monophyletic clade that did not include ex-type or representative Cercospora strains and is, therefore, considered a candidate for a new Cercospora species. Cercosporin production in vitro is not a stable and reliable feature for species identification; it could vary and depends on factors such as the nutrient medium composition and the specific lighting conditions during the culturing process. In Russia, multiple Cercospora species are associated with PSS: at least C. cf. alchemillicola, C. cf. sigesbeckiae, and C. celosiae, which are new records for Russia. Cercospora kikuchii and Cercospora sp. Q emerge as causal agents of PSS in South America. PSS and CLB symptoms evident on soybeans are intricate features; thus, they can no longer be definitively regarded as unequivocal signs for the presence of C. kikuchii.
... Pathogenic fungal genera affecting pine conifer species were also detected: Cadophora (previously identified as decline-causing fungal genus, Chen et al., 2022), Gibberella (to which the pathogen G. circinata belongs) Heterobasidion (including the pathogen H. annosum) and Mycosphaerella, which includes the pathogenic species M. pini. Since our experimental approach does not allow the identification of ASVs at the species level, actual presence of phytopathogenic fungal species can neither be confirmed nor ruled out. ...
... The oomycete genus Phytophthora currently includes eight obligate biotrophic and 210 culturable necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic described species which are soil-, water-or airborne plant pathogens causing some of the most damaging diseases of horticultural and agricultural crops, forests and other natural ecosystems (Erwin & Ribeiro 1996, Jung et al. 2018a, Brasier et al. 2022, Chen et al. 2022, Abad et al. 2023a. Recently Abad et al. (2023a) have consolidated the formal taxonomy of the genus by designating lectotypes, epitypes or neotypes for numerous species, validating other species and providing additional taxonomic descriptions. ...
... Recently Abad et al. (2023a) have consolidated the formal taxonomy of the genus by designating lectotypes, epitypes or neotypes for numerous species, validating other species and providing additional taxonomic descriptions. Phytophthora is monophyletic and currently resolves into 15 major phylogenetic clades with numerous subclades , Brasier et al. 2022, Chen et al. 2022, Abad et al. 2023a). In addition, phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies demonstrated that the 20 genera of obligate biotrophic downy mildews are residing as two separate clades within the genus Phytophthora as a result of a paraphyletic evolutionary jump followed by rapid global radiation driven by specialization to non-woody host plants (Cooke et al. 2000, Thines & Choi 2016, Jung et al. 2017a, McCarthy & Fitzpatrick 2017, Bourret et al. 2018, Fletcher et al. 2018, Scanu et al. 2021, Brasier et al. 2022, Abad et al. 2023a. ...
... citricola complex' using multigene phylogenetic analyses, enlarged Clade 2 to 34 described species. These reside in five evolutionary divergent subclades, Clades 2a-2e (Aragaki & Uchida 2001, Reeser et al. 2007, Abad et al. 2008, 2011, 2023a, Hong et al. 2009, 2011, Jung & Burgess 2009, Scott et al. 2009, Bezuidenhout et al. 2010, Rea et al. 2010, Vettraino et al. 2011, Ginetti et al. 2014, Henricot et al. 2014, Ann et al. 2015, Man In't Veld et al. 2015, Brazee et al. 2017, Crous et al. 2017, Ruano-Rosa et al. 2018, Albuquerque Alves et al. 2019, Burgess et al. 2020, Bose et al. 2021a, Dang et al. 2021, Decloquement et al. 2021, Chen et al. 2022). Half of these species, including P. acaciae, P. acaciivora, P. amaranthi, P. botryosa, P. capsici, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. colocasiae, P. frigida, P. gloveri (previously P. glovera; Abad et al. 2011Abad et al. , 2023a, P. meadii, P. mekongensis, P. mengei, P. multibullata, P. oleae, P. theobromicola, P. tropicalis and P. ×vanyenensis cause severe root rots, bark cankers, fruit rots or leaf blights on tropical and subtropical crops, tree crops and plantation trees (Erwin & Ribeiro 1996, Aragaki & Uchida 2001, Drenth & Guest 2004, Abad et al. 2011, Hong et al. 2009, Ann et al. 2015, Crous et al. 2017, Ruano-Rosa et al. 2018, Albuquerque Alves et al. 2019, Burgess et al. 2020, Dang et al. 2021, Decloquement et al. 2021, Brasier et al. 2022, Chen et al. 2022. ...
During 25 surveys of global Phytophthora diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43 new species were detected in natural ecosystems and,
occasionally, in nurseries and outplantings in Europe, Southeast and East Asia and the Americas. Based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and four
mitochondrial gene regions they were assigned to five of the six known subclades, 2a–c, e and f, of Phytophthora major Clade 2 and the new subclade 2g.
The evolutionary history of the Clade appears to have involved the pre-Gondwanan divergence of three extant subclades, 2c, 2e and 2f, all having disjunct
natural distributions on separate continents and comprising species with a soilborne and aquatic lifestyle and, in addition, a few partially aerial species in
Clade 2c; and the post-Gondwanan evolution of subclades 2a and 2g in Southeast/East Asia and 2b in South America, respectively, from their common
ancestor. Species in Clade 2g are soilborne whereas Clade 2b comprises both soil-inhabiting and aerial species. Clade 2a has evolved further towards an
aerial lifestyle comprising only species which are predominantly or partially airborne. Based on high nuclear heterozygosity levels ca. 38 % of the taxa in
Clades 2a and 2b could be some form of hybrid, and the hybridity may be favoured by an A1/A2 breeding system and an aerial life style. Circumstantial
evidence suggests the now 93 described species and informally designated taxa in Clade 2 result from both allopatric non-adaptive and sympatric adaptive
radiations. They represent most morphological and physiological characters, breeding systems, lifestyles and forms of host specialism found across the
Phytophthora clades as a whole, demonstrating the strong biological cohesiveness of the genus. The finding of 43 previously unknown species from a single
Phytophthora clade highlight a critical lack of information on the scale of the unknown pathogen threats to forests and natural ecosystems, underlining the
risk of basing plant biosecurity protocols mainly on lists of named organisms. More surveys in natural ecosystems of yet unsurveyed regions in Africa, Asia,
Central and South America are needed to unveil the full diversity of the clade and the factors driving diversity, speciation and adaptation in Phytophthora.
... Phytophthora, a member of the Oomycota phylum, exhibits morphological traits and life cycle similarities with fungi but is phylogenetically closer to diatoms and brown algae within the Stramenopilia kingdom (Chen et al. 2022). This genus encompasses plant pathogens present in airborne, aquatic (waterborne), and soilborne environments, differing from fungi in several aspects. ...
... It lacks the ability for sterol synthesis, making it resistant to antibiotics like pimaricin, yet it relies on sterols for sporulation. Genetically, structurally, and biochemically, it diverges from fungi in characteristics such as genome size and secondary metabolites (Chen et al. 2022). As a significant plant pathogen, Phytophthora leads to substantial agricultural losses, posing threats to global food security and ecological stability (Kamoun et al. 2015). ...
... As a significant plant pathogen, Phytophthora leads to substantial agricultural losses, posing threats to global food security and ecological stability (Kamoun et al. 2015). Presently, there are about 200 recognized Phytophthora species (Chen et al. 2022). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of copper-boron (Cu-B) nanoalloys against a range of Phytophthora species, including P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. plurivora, P. inundata, and P. megasperma. The nanoalloys were synthesized via mechanical alloying under an argon atmosphere, resulting in the formation of nanocrystalline Cu-B nanoalloys with irregular morphology and particle sizes ranging from 50 to 240 nm. At a concentration of 250 µg mL−1, the Cu-B nanoalloys demonstrated complete inhibition of mycelial growth, sporangium production, and zoospore germination in all tested Phytophthora species. The EC50 values for mycelial growth ranged from 28.02 to 120.17 µg mL−1, while for sporangium production and zoospore germination, they were below 10 µg mL−1. Furthermore, the nanoalloys exhibited fungicidal activity against specific Phytophthora species, such as P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. inundata, and P. megasperma, at concentrations of 100, 250, 250, and 250 µg mL−1, respectively. Notably, the Cu-B nanoalloys displayed significant protective and curative effects on tuber rot severity in P. nicotianae-inoculated potatoes, resulting in reductions of 94.13% and 92.61% compared to the control, respectively, at a concentration of 10 µg mL−1 (P < 0.05). These findings highlight the potential of Cu-B nanoalloys as a promising fungicide for the management of plant diseases caused by Phytophthora spp.
... Nigrospora was currently classified in the family Apiosporaceae within Amphisphaeriales evidenced by the phylogeny of molecular data [4,5]. Subsequently, several novel species of Nigrospora were revealed on the basis of the molecular and morphological evidence [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
... Reference sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) based on recent publications on the genus Nigrospora [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], and sequences from the present study were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v. 7 [28] and manually edited using MEGA7 [29]. ...
... From the asexual morph, all members have spherical to subspherical conidiogenous cells and black and globose to subglobose conidia [3]. In recent publications, species were distinguished mainly by conidial sizes [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]32]. However, the new species from the present study, N. humicola, is difficult to distinguish from its related species N. chinensis and N. globosa. ...
The fungal genus Nigrospora is known to be a plant pathogen, endophyte, and saprobe, and it is usually isolated from various substrates like soil and air. During the surveys of soil fungi in Hebei Province of China, two isolates of Nigrospora were obtained. A multi-locus phylogeny of combined loci of the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking transcribed spacers (ITS), part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and the beta-tubulin (tub2) loci, in conjunction with morphological characters were used to identify the newly collected isolates. Nigrospora humicola sp. Nov. is described and proposed herein, which differs from its phylogenetically close species N. chinensis and N. globosa by the sequences of ITS, tef1, and tub2.
