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In Nepal morel mushroom is one of the most important wild edible fungi, which is exported, in larger quantities. They have been collected, consumed and traded for more than two decades. The morel mushroom trade is worth a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide. This study was carried out to elucidate the current harvest and trade of morel mushroom...
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... biodiversity is a reflection of its unique geographic position and variations in altitude and climate [5]. Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) collected in the Nepal are a non timber forest products (NTFPs) having considerable economic significance (Figure 1). They occur from temperate to sub-alpine in the wet and shady areas at an altitude of 1,800-3,500 m. ...
Context 2
... 2017, the restructuring of the country brought several changes in the government institutions from federal to state level that are responsible and accountable for forest biodiversity and agriculture biodiversity in Nepal. As per the provisions in the Constitution of Nepal (CoN 2015), Ministry of Forests and Environment is formed at the federal level with its Environment and Biodiversity Division designated to take stewardship to all environment and biodiversity issues. ...
Context 3
... biodiversity is a reflection of its unique geographic position and variations in altitude and climate [5]. Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) collected in the Nepal are a non timber forest products (NTFPs) having considerable economic significance (Figure 1). They occur from temperate to sub-alpine in the wet and shady areas at an altitude of 1,800-3,500 m. ...
Context 4
... 2017, the restructuring of the country brought several changes in the government institutions from federal to state level that are responsible and accountable for forest biodiversity and agriculture biodiversity in Nepal. As per the provisions in the Constitution of Nepal (CoN 2015), Ministry of Forests and Environment is formed at the federal level with its Environment and Biodiversity Division designated to take stewardship to all environment and biodiversity issues. ...
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... This contains a collection of mushrooms that may contain two or more different species, such as Morchella spp., Ganoderma spp., and Ophiocordyceps spp. (Raut et al. 2019). Mushrooms have long been a popular commodity (CDB 2010), and G. lucidum is a key non-timber forest product (NTFP) used to make pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, natural health products, cosmetics, and other personal care items (Wang et al. 2020) even though its trade started only a decade ago in Nepal. ...
... Dr. Keshari Laxmi Manandhar, a pioneering Nepalese scientist, made significant contributions to Ganoderma commercialization (Raut 2013). However, in the last two decades, its artificial production on a commercial scale has been unable to acquire attraction (Raut 2019). Almost all of Nepal's Ganoderma collections comes from natural sources. ...
... This contains a collection of mushrooms that may contain two or more different species, such as Morchella spp., Ganoderma spp., and Ophiocordyceps spp. (Raut et al. 2019). Mushrooms have long been a popular commodity (CDB 2010), and G. lucidum is a key non-timber forest product (NTFP) used to make pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, natural health products, cosmetics, and other personal care items (Wang et al. 2020) even though its trade started only a decade ago in Nepal. ...
... Dr. Keshari Laxmi Manandhar, a pioneering Nepalese scientist, made significant contributions to Ganoderma commercialization (Raut 2013). However, in the last two decades, its artificial production on a commercial scale has been unable to acquire attraction (Raut 2019). Almost all of Nepal's Ganoderma collections comes from natural sources. ...
Ganoderma has long been regarded as one of the most important medicinal mushrooms, particularly in China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula for millennia to enhance longevity and health. Ganoderma and its allied products are a multi-billion-dollar worth industry worldwide. Ganoderma, which is considered an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Nepal, has entered the industrial market only a decade ago. Besides the global market, the domestic market has grown dramatically in recent years. Ganoderma is collected in large quantities (about 4-10 tons per year) from Nepalese forests to meet its rising demand and is mostly sold to China in crude form. Since the authority has poor knowledge of the Ganoderma market it is transported with minimal royalty of US$ 0.043/kg under the heading entitled “sadharan chyau”. Almost all of Nepal's Ganoderma comes from natural stands, with the bulk coming from the Karnali (46%) and Far West (50%) provinces. With the great potential for the Ganoderma business, most of the other areas of the country have yet to be fully explored. By establishing processing units and offering locally priced micro-enterprise technologies, there are several opportunities for value addition. However, it looks that sustaining a steady supply of this highly sought mushroom will be tough. Concerns have been expressed about overexploitation of wild Ganoderma obtained in an unsustainable way or at an early stage. For the long-term management of Ganoderma and its habitat protection, a solid local resource monitoring system and scientific intervention for artificial cultivation are required. This study attempts to summarize the trade dynamics and development of the Ganoderma industry in Nepal with reference to the global Ganoderma industry.
... This contains a collection of mushrooms that may contain two or more different species, such as Morchella spp., Ganoderma spp., and Ophiocordyceps spp. (Raut et al. 2019). Mushrooms have long been a popular commodity (CDB 2010), and G. lucidum is a key non-timber forest product (NTFP) used to make pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, natural health products, cosmetics, and other personal care items (Wang et al. 2020) even though its trade started only a decade ago in Nepal. ...
... Dr. Keshari Laxmi Manandhar, a pioneering Nepalese scientist, made significant contributions to Ganoderma commercialization (Raut 2013). However, in the last two decades, its artificial production on a commercial scale has been unable to acquire attraction (Raut 2019). Almost all of Nepal's Ganoderma collections comes from natural sources. ...
Ganoderma has long been regarded as one of the most important medicinal mushrooms,
particularly in China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula for millennia to enhance longevity and
health. Ganoderma and its allied products are a multi-billion-dollar worth industry worldwide.
Ganoderma, which is considered an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Nepal, has
entered the industrial market only a decade ago. Besides the global market, the domestic market
has grown dramatically in recent years. Ganoderma is collected in large quantities (about 4-10 tons
per year) from Nepalese forests to meet its rising demand and is mostly sold to China in crude
form. Since the authority has poor knowledge of the Ganoderma market it is transported with
minimal royalty of US$ 0.043/kg under the heading entitled “sadharan chyau”. Almost all of
Nepal's Ganoderma comes from natural stands, with the bulk coming from the Karnali (46%) and
Far West (50%) provinces. With the great potential for the Ganoderma business, most of the other
areas of the country have yet to be fully explored. By establishing processing units and offering
locally priced micro-enterprise technologies, there are several opportunities for value addition.
However, it looks that sustaining a steady supply of this highly sought mushroom will be tough.
Concerns have been expressed about overexploitation of wild Ganoderma obtained in an
unsustainable way or at an early stage. For the long-term management of Ganoderma and its
habitat protection, a solid local resource monitoring system and scientific intervention for artificial
cultivation are required. This study attempts to summarize the trade dynamics and development of
the Ganoderma industry in Nepal with reference to the global Ganoderma industry.
Keywords – Fungi – Lingzhi – MAPs – Mushroom – NTFPs – Nutraceutical – Trade
... In Mexico, morel fruiting time is from August to October. Due to its culinary and medicinal importance, wild morels are intensively collected implying the overexploitation risk of wild populations (Raut et al. 2019). Moreover, their profitable commerce at local and international markets justifies the necessity of developing artificial Open Access *Correspondence: gvovaltor@gmail.com 1 Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares de la Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, UPIBI, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Barrio la Laguna s/n Ticomán, CP 07340 Mexico City, México Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Evangelista et al. ...
... Moreover, their profitable commerce at local and international markets justifies the necessity of developing artificial Open Access *Correspondence: gvovaltor@gmail.com 1 Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares de la Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, UPIBI, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Barrio la Laguna s/n Ticomán, CP 07340 Mexico City, México Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Evangelista et al. AMB Express (2021) 11:167 cultivation process (Raut et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2017;Du et al. 2015;Pilz et al. 2007). Commercial artificial cultivation under controlled environmental conditions has not been achieved yet. ...
Morels are gourmet wild edible mushrooms that can grow on several substrates with significant growth rate variations. Such variations have hindered the development of a standardized culture media to promote morel's sustainable production. The aim of this study is developing a novel culture media that takes advantage of coconut water as a complementary component of culture media. Coconut water has been extensively used as a growth-promoting component for plant tissue cultures; however, its application as component of fungi cultivation medium has not been fully developed. This study confirms that coconut water can be efficiently used as culture media component for morels using a kinetic characterization. Morchella sp. kinetic growth is evaluated in different cultures: agar, malt extract agar (MEA), lactose, coconut water (15%) and combinations of them. Kinetic growth parameters (lag phase, λ and maximum specific growth rate, µ max) are estimated using primary modeling methods. Among the selected models, the best fit is achieved using Baranyi's model. A significant increase from 15.8% to 43.4% of the µ max values was observed when culture media (agar, lactose, MEA) is supplemented with coconut water. The largest values of µ max are obtained in MEA-coconut cultures (21.13 ± 0.43-22.57 ± 0.35). Micro-sclerotia and late sclerotia are observed in all cultures containing coconut water justifying the development of a feasible and cost-effective way of culturing morels. The results demonstrate that coconut water can be used for formulation of standard media for morel cultivation leading to a cheap alternative to produce dense mycelium and promote sclerotia formation. Coconut water can be used for the formulation of a standard culture media for morels. Non-linear models are a robust parametric strategy to describe morels growth. Morel high quality mycelium and sclerotia can be produced by using coconut water.
... (rato-chyau) (Adhikari, 2008;Adhikari, 2009). They play an important role in the national bio-economy (Raut, 2019;Raut et al., 2019). In addition of wild collection, the artificial farming started in 1974 with button mushroom. ...
Mushrooms have been consumed by humans since antiquity and considered as a culinary wonder due to their organoleptic merits. In the era of healthy eating by cutting down the calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, mushrooms are bound to attract the public attention a lot. At present they are widely used across the globe not only as food but also in the area of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. In this chapter an attempt has been made to provide the up to date insight on the nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms. Mushroom proteins are considered of higher nutritional quality than those of vegetables, being comparable to proteins of animal origin such as meat, eggs and milk. Furthermore, modern mushroom culture produces more protein per unit area of land than any other kind of agricultural technology at present available. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has recommended mushrooms as a food item contributing significantly to the protein nutrition of the developing countries like Nepal, which depend heavily on the cereal diets. In the recent years, a lot of research has been done on the chemical composition of mushrooms around the globe including Nepal which revealed their several nutritional and medicinal attributes. Contemporary researches have also validated and documented much of the ancient knowledge on the mushrooms and recognized them as functional foods as well as a vital natural source for the development of pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals in the 21 st century.
... According to NTFPs price list 2020 reported in Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) (https://www.ansab.org.np/sub/ntfps-information-sheets), the price of morals are 91 and 108 USD in two major towns in Nepal. However, the price ranges from 132 to 165 in the national market depending upon the location and quality (Raut et al. 2019). In China, the annual export of dried morels increased fivefold in 2014 compared to the past 5 years, and the price average about 160 USD per kg (Du et al. 2015). ...
Morchella esculenta(Fr.) I.R. Hazll: Phallus esculentus L.; Helvella esculenta (L.) Sowerby; Morellus esculentus (L.) Eaton; Morilla esculenta (L.) Quél.; Phalloboletus esculentus (L.) Kuntze; Morchella rotunda var. esculenta (L.) Jacquet.; Morchella prunarii Schulzer; Morchella esculenta var. prunarii (Schulzer & Hazsl.) Sacc.; Phallus esculentus var. albus Bull.; Morchella vulgaris var. alba (Bull.) Clowez; Phallus esculentus var. cinereus Bull.; Phallus esculentus var. fuscus Bull.; Phallus tremelloides Vent.; Morchella tremelloides (Vent.) Pers.; Morilla tremelloides (Vent.) Quél.; Morchella vulgaris var. tremelloides (Vent.) Boud. [as ‘tremelloïdes’]; Phallus esculentus var. rotundus Pers.; Morchella esculenta var. rotunda (Pers.) Sacc.; Morchella rotunda (Pers.) Boud.; Morchella esculenta f. rotunda (Pers.) Reichert; Morchella conica Pers.; Morchella esculenta var. conica (Pers.) Fr.; Morilla conica (Pers.) Quél.; Morchella esculenta var. alba Mérat; Morchella rotunda var. alba (Mérat) Sacc.; Morchella esculenta var. cinerea Mérat; Morchella esculenta var. fulva Fr.; Morchella esculenta subsp. pubescens Pers.; Morchella pubescens (Pers.) Krombh.; Morchella rotunda var. pubescens (Pers.) Boud.; Morchella esculenta var. pubescens (Pers.) Sacc. & Traverso; Morchella esculenta var. grisea Pers.; Morchella conica var. metheformis Pers.; Morchella esculenta var. stipitata Lenz; Morchella conica var. pusilla Krombh.; Morchella conica var. rigida Krombh.; Morchella rigida (Krombh.) Boud.; Morchella rotunda var. rigida (Krombh.) Jacquet.; Morchella esculenta var. rigida (Krombh.) I.R. Hall; Morchella conica var. ceracea Krombh.; Morchella esculenta var. violacea Lév.; Morchella distans Fr.; Morchella conica var. distans (Fr.) Clowez; Morchella esculenta var. corrugata Sacc.; Morchella esculenta var. ovalis Fr. ex Sacc.; Morchella viridis Leuba; Morchella esculenta var. viridis (Leuba) Sacc. & D. Sacc.; Morchella abietina Leuba; Morchella esculenta var. abietina (Leuba) Sacc. & Trotter; Morchella lutescens Leuba; Morchella esculenta var. lutescens (Leuba) Sacc. & Traverso; Morchella conica var. elata Henn.; Morchella rotunda var. cinerea Boud.; Morchella umbrina Boud.; Morchella esculenta var. umbrina (Boud.) S. Imai; Morchella vulgaris var. albida Boud.; Morchella esculenta var. albida (Boud.) Sacc.; Morchella vulgaris var. cinerascens Boud.; Morchella rotunda var. alba Boud.; Morchella vulgaris var. alba Boud.; Morchella conica var. serotina Peck; Morchella conica var. angusticeps Peck; Morchella cylindrica Velen.; Morchella conica f. cylindrica (Velen.) Svrček; Morchella rotunda var. cinerea Grelet; Morchella rotunda var. fulva Grelet; Morchella vulgaris var. parvula Bánhegyi; Morchella esculenta var. atrotomentosa M.M. Moser; Morchella distans f. longissima Jacquet.; Morchella distans f. spathulata Jacquet.; Morchella umbrina f. macroalveola Jacquet.; Morchella esculenta f. alba Galli; Morchella rotunda var. pallida Jacquet.; Morchella rotunda var. crassipes Jacquet.; Morchella rotunda var. minutula Jacquet.; Morchella rotunda var. pallida Jacquet.; Morchella ovalis f. pallida (Jacquet.) Clowez & Luc Martin; Morchella esculenta f. dunensis Castañera; Morchella dunensis (Castañera, J.L. Alonso & G. Moreno) Clowez; Morchella esculenta var. dunensis (Castañera, J.L. Alonso & G. Moreno) Blanco-Dios; Morchella dunensis f. sterilis Picón [as ‘sterile’]; Morchella esculenta f. sterilis (Picón) Blanco-Dios; Morchella vulgaris var. aucupariae Clowez & J.-M. Moingeon; Morchella esculenta var. aurantiaca Clowez; Morchella esculenta var. brunnea Clowez; Morchella esculenta var. mahoniae Clowez & R. Durand bis; Morchella esculenta var. roseostraminea Clowez; Morchella esculenta var. rubroris Clowez & Luc Martin; Morchella esculenta var. theobromichroa Clowez & Vanhille; Morchella esculenta var. umbrinoides Clowez; Morchella vulgaris var. atrogrisea Clowez; Morchella vulgaris var. griseosordida Clowez & Franç. Petit; Morchella conica var. cilicicae Clowez, Baş Serm. & Işıloğlu; Morchella conica var. crassa Clowez; Morchella conica var. flexuosa Clowez & Luc Martin; Morchella conica var. meandriformis Clowez & Moyne; Morchella conica var. nigra Clowez & Moyne; Morchella conica var. pygmaea Clowez & Delaunoy; Morchella conica var. violeipes Clowez & Y. Mourgues; Morchella vulgaris var. parvipilea Clowez
... According to NTFPs price list 2020 reported in Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) (https://www.ansab.org.np/sub/ntfps-information-sheets), the price of morals are 91 and 108 USD in two major towns in Nepal. However, the price ranges from 132 to 165 in the national market depending upon the location and quality (Raut et al. 2019). In China, the annual export of dried morels increased fivefold in 2014 compared to the past 5 years, and the price average about 160 USD per kg (Du et al. 2015). ...
... According to NTFPs price list 2020 reported in Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) (https://www.ansab.org.np/sub/ntfps-information-sheets), the price of morals are 91 and 108 USD in two major towns in Nepal. However, the price ranges from 132 to 165 in the national market depending upon the location and quality (Raut et al. 2019). In China, the annual export of dried morels increased fivefold in 2014 compared to the past 5 years, and the price average about 160 USD per kg (Du et al. 2015). ...
... According to NTFPs price list 2020 reported in Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) (https://www.ansab.org.np/sub/ntfps-information-sheets), the price of morals are 91 and 108 USD in two major towns in Nepal. However, the price ranges from 132 to 165 in the national market depending upon the location and quality (Raut et al. 2019). In China, the annual export of dried morels increased fivefold in 2014 compared to the past 5 years, and the price average about 160 USD per kg (Du et al. 2015). ...
... Generally speaking, mushroom is traded as either fresh or processed. Processed mushrooms can be dried, frozen, pickled, powdered, canned, etc. (Raut, 2019;Chandirasekaran et al., 2020). Currently, fresh mushrooms are dominating the market; however, the processed mushroom market is projected to grow at a faster pace due to an increase in people's demand for ready-to-eat products (Raut, 2019). ...
... Processed mushrooms can be dried, frozen, pickled, powdered, canned, etc. (Raut, 2019;Chandirasekaran et al., 2020). Currently, fresh mushrooms are dominating the market; however, the processed mushroom market is projected to grow at a faster pace due to an increase in people's demand for ready-to-eat products (Raut, 2019). Chandirasekaran et al. (2020) also projected an increase in the consumption of processed foods over fresh foods even though his data showed that the market is currently dominated by fresh mushroom consumption. ...
... Generally, manual methods are used for cultivation of mushrooms, from spawn production to packaging, involving a high time investment from mushroom farmers. During conventional mushroom cultivation, hygienic conditions are hard to ensure in the cultivation area, with the result that pests and diseases can cause severe damage to crops (Ayaz et al., 2019;Raut et al., 2019). For large-scale cultivation of white button mushrooms, conditions like temperature, humidity, ventilation, and light should be strictly controlled for better production. ...
Most mushroom farming has been carried out using classical farming practices, giving one of the main reasons for low mushroom yield; in traditional mushroom farms routine practices are more labor intensive. Moreover, controlling insects, pests, and diseases is much more challenging and needs more vigilance. However, adapting innovative agricultural techniques can improve overall efficiency and productivity at a mushroom farm. One of the most advanced technologies is the application of the Internet of Things (IoT), which provides remote access to daily farm operations, and insect and pest control to the farmers. This sensor-based technique can be used to monitor crucial environmental factors including humidity, light, moisture, and temperature at a mushroom farm. The long-term benefits of semi- or fully automated farms result in high productivity, less labor, and reduced cost of production. Aside from the surrounding environmental conditions, controlling biotic stresses is also a challenging task at a mushroom farm. These may include insect pests, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and some viral diseases. The use of synthetic chemical products at a mushroom farm can be hazardous to mushroom cultivation; thus, integrated pest management (IPM) and use of modern molecular approaches to confer natural resistance to biotic stresses can be effective control measures.
