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The genus Arnebia Forssk. in India is taxonomically studied based on field surveys, collection of live plants, consultation of herbarium and literature. The genus is represented in India by 10 taxa including 8 species and 2 varieties viz., Arnebia bhattacharyyae K. Ambrish & S.K. Srivast., A. benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst., A. euchroma (R...
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During field surveys in Brahmakarmali (North Goa, India) we collected Semecarpus kathalekanensis Dasappa & Swaminath (2000: 78). In order to confirm the identity of the specimens, we examined the protologue and realized that the name Semecarpus kathalekanensis was not validly published, because the authors failed to indicate the herbarium in which...
Citations
... Within India, it is distributed in, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttrakhand. (Kumar A and Srivastava, 2014) [11] . They are used in coloring matter in hair oil. ...
... Following the mantra of 'think global and act local', the current study was carried out to forecast suitable habitats important for the conservation of an economically and ecologically important trans-Himalayan species (Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst.). The species Arnebia euchroma is a perennial herb with a thick rootstock containing purple dye and exhibits terminal cymes with numerous funnel-shaped flowers (Ambrish & Srivastava, 2014). The major chemical constituents (isohexenylnaphthazarins) isolated from the plant species are known for multiple pharmacological properties and are widely used in the traditional systems of the Unani, Ayurvedic and Chinese medicinal recipes. . ...
Climate change-driven rapid alteration of
ecosystems globally is further complicated by grow-
ing anthropogenic pressures, especially in the eco-
logically sensitive mountainous regions. However,
these two major drivers of change have largely been
considered separately in species distribution models,
thus compromising their reliability. Here, we inte-
grated ensemble modelling with the human pressure
index for predicting distribution and mapping prior-
ity regions across a whole range of occurrences for
vulnerable species, Arnebia euchroma. Our results
identifed 3.08% of the study area as ‘highly suitable’,
2.45% as ‘moderately suitable’, and 94.45% as ‘not
suitable’ or ‘least suitable’. Compared to current cli-
matic conditions, future RCP scenarios of 2050 and
2070 showed a signifcant loss in habitat suitability
and a slight shift in the distribution pattern of the tar-
get species. By excluding the high-pressure areas of
the human footprint from the predicted suitable habi-
tats, we were able to identify the unique areas (70%
of the predicted suitable area) that need special atten-
tion for conservation and restoration. Such models, if
well implemented, may play a pivotal role in achiev-
ing the efective targets under the aegis of the current
UN decade on ecological restoration (2021–2030) in
accordance with SDG 15.4.
... Within India, it is distributed in, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttrakhand. (Kumar A and Srivastava, 2014) [11] . They are used in coloring matter in hair oil. ...
... Arnebia genus has 25 species that occur in cold arid zone IHR (Mabberley, 2017) including the subtropical zone of North Africa, especially at the high altitudes (Polunin and Stainton, 1984). Some of the Arnebia species are as under (Ambrish and Srivastava, 2014): ...
... The specific locations and natural habitats of Arnebia euchroma distributed worldwide are known from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; https://www.gbif.org/species/7295249). The information related to traditional uses and medicinal importance, etc., was collected from the regional community of Spiti valley, Himachal Pradesh India, instead, the available literature (Ambrish and Srivastava, 2014;Mabberley, 2017). At the initial stage, the articles from different journals in the related field were selected in this study. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The present study has indicated phytochemical composition, distribution and ethno-medicinal uses of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M. Johnst, which is commonly known as “Ratanjot” in the Indian subcontinent. It has widely been used in the traditional systems of the Unani, Ayurvedic and Chinese medicines recipes due to its anti-fungal and anti-microbial properties. Instead, the gap of earlier studies is well defined that will be helpful for researchers to carry out more analysis and increase medicinal importance of this plant.
Aim of Study
The main aim of this review study is to demonstrate the phytochemical composition and traditional ethno-medicinal uses of A. euchroma in the world. Earlier studies related to this plant have been discussed in the present study and on that basis, future perspective of A. euchroma is also proposed.
Materials and methods
The information of A. euchroma has been gathered from various electronic database, reference books and available literature.
Results
The study has indicated that Arnebia euchroma owing to anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties is used in the traditional medicines and pharmaceutical industries for the treatment of hair problems, remitting, chronic diseases, burnt limbs, cough and cold, etc., and besides as a vegetable colorant and dyeing of cloths. The important phytochemical constituent’s viz., shikonin, acetyl-shikonin, iso-butyryi-shikonin, β,β-di-methylacryl-shikonin, isovaleryl-shikonin, β-hydroxy-isovaleryl-shikonin, deoxy-shikonin, isobutyl-shikonin, arnebinone, arnebin-7 and stigmasterol, etc., isolated from the roots of Arnebia euchroma are used for curing various harmful disease.
Conclusion
The earlier studies have confirmed that Arnebia euchroma is having wound healing, anti-microbial and anti-bacterial properties and thus used for the treatment of several diseases. Although, a little works is done on the experimental study regarding anti-HIV, anti-cancer diseases, etc. There is a requirement of more exploration via analytical studies on phytochemical compounds to treat such diseases. Moreover, the information of its clinical and pharmacokinetics uses is also limited. Therefore, further research is needed to understand bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of this species. In-situ and ex-situ conservation for the management of this endangered species is lacking in the Himalayan perspective. Such studies will emphasize to explore the possibilities for its conservation and development of agro-technological protocol.
... (tribe Lithospermeae Dumort.) comprises 25-30 species, distributed across Southwest and Central Asia, the Himalayas, Northeast Africa, and (Southeast) Mediterranean (Zhu et al., 1995;Mabberley, 2008;Ambrish and Srivastava, 2014;Coppi et al., 2015). Plants in the Arnebia are distinguishable from other Boraginaceae based on an actinomorphic corolla devoid of appendages, di-or tetra-stigmatic flowers, a style divided in two or four parts, a fruiting calyx often hardened and enclosing the nutlets, and nutlets without stipe (Forsskål, 1775;Zhu et al., 1995;Coppi et al., 2015). ...
... The taxonomic status of this species has been controversial. Several authors place A. tibetana as a synonym of A. guttata (Kazmi, 1970;Ambrish and Srivastava, 2014;Urgamal et al., 2014), whereas others consider that the biennial habitat and absence of blackish-purple spots on corolla lobes of A. tibetana support its classification as a separate species, independent from A. guttata (Zhu et al., 1995;Lazkov and Sultanova, 2014). ...
... Gynoecium characteristics, such as stylar lobation or stigma number and shape in Arnebia and related genera, are critical for distinguishing between groups and species (Zhu et al., 1995;Ambrish and Srivastava, 2014). In particular, the degree of lobation on the style is a key characteristic to discriminate the genera Arnebia and Huynhia, as well as Arnebia species (Coppi et al., 2015). ...
The genera Arnebia and Lithospermum (Lithospermeae-Boraginaceae) comprise 25–30 and 50–60 species, respectively. Some of them are economically valuable, as their roots frequently contain a purple-red dye used in the cosmetic industry. Furthermore, dried roots of Arnebia euchroma, A. guttata, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which have been designated Lithospermi Radix, are used as traditional Korean herbal medicine. This study is the first report on the floral micromorphology and complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of A. guttata (including A. tibetana), A. euchroma, and L. erythrorhizon. We reveal great diversity in floral epidermal cell patterns, gynoecium, and structure of trichomes. The cp genomes were 149,361–150,465 bp in length, with conserved quadripartite structures. In total, 112 genes were identified, including 78 protein-coding regions, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Gene order, content, and orientation were highly conserved and were consistent with the general structure of angiosperm cp genomes. Comparison of the four cp genomes revealed locally divergent regions, mainly within intergenic spacer regions (atpH-atpI, petN-psbM, rbcL-psaI, ycf4-cemA, ndhF-rpl32, and ndhC-trnV-UAC). To facilitate species identification, we developed molecular markers psaA- ycf3 (PSY), trnI-CAU- ycf2 (TCY), and ndhC-trnV-UAC (NCTV) based on divergence hotspots. High-resolution phylogenetic analysis revealed clear clustering and a close relationship of Arnebia to its Lithospermum sister group, which was supported by strong bootstrap values and posterior probabilities. Overall, gynoecium characteristics and genetic distance of cp genomes suggest that A. tibetana, might be recognized as an independent species rather than a synonym of A. guttata. The present morphological and cp genomic results provide useful information for future studies, such as taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analysis of Boraginaceae.
... Arnebia is an economically important genus comprises 25 species (Mabberley, 2008;Kumar and Srivastava, 2014). The genus occurs widely in Trans-Caucasus, North Africa, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, and India (Zhu et al., 1995;Kumar and Srivastava, 2014), spread due to natural growth outcomes. ...
... Arnebia is an economically important genus comprises 25 species (Mabberley, 2008;Kumar and Srivastava, 2014). The genus occurs widely in Trans-Caucasus, North Africa, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, and India (Zhu et al., 1995;Kumar and Srivastava, 2014), spread due to natural growth outcomes. Out of 25 species, 7 species, viz. A. benthamii, A. euchroma, A. guttata, A. hispidissma, A. linearifolia, A. griffithii Boiss., and A. nandadeviensis, and one variety A. euchroma var. ...
... Out of 25 species, 7 species, viz. A. benthamii, A. euchroma, A. guttata, A. hispidissma, A. linearifolia, A. griffithii Boiss., and A. nandadeviensis, and one variety A. euchroma var. grandis are reported from Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir (Shukla et al., 2011;Kumar and Srivastava, 2014). A. benthamii/A. ...
... China and, India. 20 The isolated chemosensors bind with Ni 2+ and Cu 2+ ions with high selectivity and sensitivity. These are well-reported pharmaceutical substances with wound healing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, but never studied for their metal binding properties. ...
Naphthazarin esters (C1–C4) isolated from the roots of Arnebia euchroma are found as skilled dual chemosensors for Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ among Pb²⁺, Na²⁺, K²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ metal ions. C1–C4 esters exhibited a red shift of 54 nm with Ni²⁺ and 30 nm with Cu²⁺ metal ions in absorption. There is a formation of red‐shifted bands between 517 and 613 nm in the absorption spectrum of C1–C4 sensors on binding with Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions. The addition of Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions to sensors C1–C4 stimulates a remarkable color change from reddish pink to purple and light blue, respectively. These color changes can be identified with the naked eye. The significant downfield shifts of CO and OH peaks in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum confirm the chelation as binding mechanism. With ultraviolet–visble and NMR studies, it is found that C1–C4 esters possessed notable selectivity and sensitivity toward Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ over other metal ions.
... (Boraginaceae) is represented by ca. 25 species, distributed in the Mediterranean region, Tropical Africa and the Himalaya in the dry areas (Mabberley, 2008). In India, Arnebia comprises of 8 species distributed in the upper Gangetic plains and the Himalayan region (Aswal and Mehrotra, 1994;Ambrish and Srivastava, 2014). Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johston is non-clonal perennial plant with a pleiocorm, having wide geographical distribution from Afghanistan to Central Nepal, Western and Central Asia and North Africa. ...
For the restoration and rehabilitation of a species, comprehensive information on the ecological elements and potential habitats are essentially required to the conservationists. This has necessitated initiating studies on habitat and population ecology of the threatened species. Keeping this in view, population ecology and niche modelling of endangered Arnebia euchroma in Himachal Pradesh was studied. Total 49 populations of A. euchroma were studied between 3325-4587m amsl in the Lahaul and Spiti and Kinnaur districts of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the populations (25) were found in steep slope and fall in east, north, northeast , northwest , south, southeast , southwest and west aspects. Maximum populations (11) were represented in the east aspect, followed by north and west (9 each) and northeast and northwest (6 each) aspects. Among the populations, richness of shrubs ranged from 1-7 and herbs 4-36; total shrubs density 2-119 Ind 100 m-2 ; total herbs density 460-7055 Ind 100 m-2 ; Concentration of dominance for shrubs 0.26-1 and herbs 0.05-0.37 and Species diversity (H') for shrubs 0.0-1.56 and herbs 1.26-3.29. Biological features, aspects, slope and pressure contributed to the critical population status of the A. euchroma. The particular geographical distribution (2022 km 2) under semi-arid conditions of the species indicated its habitat specificity. The present investigation revealed that A. euchroma populations showed fragmented pattern of distribution in the cold desert ecosystem. Therefore, re-introduction of A. euchroma in highly suitable habitat i.e., northwestern gentle dry slope with high pH (alkaline soils) and low total nitrogen, moisture, carbon and organic matter is suggested.
... The flower spikes often curl like a scorpion tail with the flowers blooming on the upper surface (17). Arnebia is a perennial plant, with thick underground shoots, whole part covered with trichrome, stems are erect, leaves are acuminate, sessile and alternate, flowers usually tubular or funnel-shaped, infundibular corolla and style simple or bifid with two stigmas (18,19). ...
Arnebia, a sub cosmopolitan and important genus of the Boraginaceae family, comprises 25 species distributed among the world. Based on the studies of Persian medicine texts, there are some promising bioactivities for this genus that is unknown in modern medicine and some of them are still the basis of new remedies. This article presents Arnebia according to the most important ancient information by the most famous Persian medicine books like Makhzan Al Advieh, Tohfat Al-Momenin, Al-Qanun, Al-Seidaneh and Ekhtiarate Badiei. A search of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar was done to find articles published between 1991 and 2017 on pharmacology and phytochemistry of Arnebia spp. In Persian medicine texts, Arnebia's different exclusive forms of preparations are effective for treatment of some disorders such as diarrhoea, amenorrhea, gout, kidney stone, jaundice, chronic fever and burn wounds. There are some activities that are the same in Persian and modern medicine research such as burn wound healing and fever amelioration. Phytochemical investigations on the title genus have led to characterization of many secondary metabolites. Naphthoquinones such as alkannins, shikonins, and their derivatives are the major constituents that have shown pharmacological activities in different Arnebia species. Among the major properties of Arnebia, only two of them (burn healing and fever amelioration) were investigated in modern medicine. The major aforementioned properties discussed in details in ancient sources might be a novel research sources leading to important discoveries in clinical usages of Arnebia.
... Flowers pink or purple to blue, calyx lobed, linear-lanceolate up to 4.5 cm long. The species can be identified with its allied species by having tubular corolla, tube up to 2.5 cm long (Kumar and Srivastava, 2014). It grows in alpine meadows at sandy-moist places from 2700-3300m altitude. ...
Arnebia Forssk. (Boraginaceae) is a genus of hispid herbs, mostly confined to Asia, with a few species occurring in the drier parts of north Africa. Seven species of Arnebia are known to occur in India. Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M.Johnst., is an erect, herbaceous perennial and major ingredient of the commercial drug available under the name "gaozaban", which has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. The roots yield a red pigment, shikonin (a dye), which has several medicinal properties and is marketed under the trade name "ratanjot". The chloroform extract of air dried aerial parts of A. benthamii on repeated coloumn chromatography over silica-gel afforded -sitosterol, -sitosterol--d-glucoside, kaempferol, kaempferol-7-o-methyl ether and aromadendrin. The identification of these compounds was made by concerted use of spectral and chemical methods.
